AGEP - Report On Mapping Green Building Codes in ASEAN, 2018

MAPPING OF GREEN BUILDING CODES
AND BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

IN ASEAN: TOWARDS GUIDELINES ON
ASEAN GREEN BUILDING CODES
Desk Research Report
MAPPING OF GREEN BUILDING CODES AND
BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ASEAN:
TOWARDS GUIDELINES ON ASEAN GREEN
BUILDING CODES
Desk Research Report
in ASEAN: Towards Guidelines on ASEAN Green Building Codes
Desk Research Report: Mapping of Green Building Codes and Building Energy Efficiency
Desk Research Report: Mapping of Green Building Codes and Building Energy
Efficiency in ASEAN: Towards Guidelines on ASEAN Green Building Codes
Editors:
• ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
• GreenA Consultants Pte. Ltd., Singapore
Published by:
ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
ACE Building, 6th floor

Complex Directorate General of Electricity
Jl. HR. Rasuna Said kav.7-8 Jakarta, Indonesia
Tel: (62-21) 527 8027 | Fax: (62-21) 529 6382
www.agep.aseanenergy.org
www.facebook.com/sustainableenergyforasean
October 2018
4
Acknowledgement
The Report on Mapping of Green Building Codes and Building Energy Efficiency in ASEAN: Towards
guidelines on ASEAN Green Building Codes’ was prepared under the guidance of Dr. Sanjayan
Velautham, Executive Director of ACE and Maria-José Poddey, Principal Advisor for AGEP, GIZ. The
study development was managed by Septia Buntara Supendi (ACE), Adilla Fatimah (ACE), Dr. Anant
Shukla (GIZ) and Melati Wulandari (GIZ).
The study was developed with support from GreenA Consultants, Singapore, under assistance of
Farizan Moran and Ana Maria Escobar.
Valuable feedback was also provided by the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Sub-Sector Network
(EE&C-SSN) Focal Points. Further support was provided by ACE colleagues Badariah Yosiana, Rio
Jon Piter Silitonga, Christopher Zamora and GIZ colleagues Rizky Fauzianto and Intan Cinditiara.
The report has benefitted from input by participants of AGEP EE Consultation Workshop that took
place on 18 April 2018 in Singapore. The AGEP Consultation Workshop participants include: Brunei
Darussalam: Md. Abd Muizz Faiz Hazwan bin Haji Mat Yassin, Asrul Sany Haji Mohammad Ali;
Indonesia: Catur Wahyu Prasetyo, Kunaefi; Malaysia: Mohd Zaini bin Abu Hassan, Ahmad Firdaus
Kamarazaman; Myanmar: Naing Naing Linn; Philippines: Jesus T Tamang; Singapore: Jonathan Goh,
Faith Gan, Latha Ratnam Ganesh, Agnes Koh, Derek Wu, Vanessa Koh, Charlton Lim, Gwendolyn
Cheah Si Yan, Wong Nian Tee, Tham Kwok Wai and others; Thailand: Dr. Pongpan Vorasayan,
Watcharin Boonyarit.
The report also gained valuable insight from participants of the focus group discussion (FGD) on
Energy Efficiency and Green Building Codes in ASEAN through mapping of Green Building Codes and
Energy Efficiency in buildings in ASEAN Member States (AMS) held on 18-19 July 2018 in Jakarta,
Indonesia. The FGD participants in ASEAN region actively working on green building codes, energy
efficiency in buildings, codes and standards in AMS, Associations and Green Building Councils and
project developers among others provided insights into the mapping of the green building codes and
energy efficiency in buildings in the AMS.
Special thanks to the AMS for their valuable support for their constructive feedback in enhancing the
quality, adding value to the report and support for the launch of this report at the 36th ASEAN Ministers
of Energy Meeting (AMEM) in October 2018 in Singapore.
5
Disclaimer
The Desk Research Report on Mapping of Green Building Codes and Building Energy Efficiency in
ASEAN: Towards Guidelines on ASEAN Green Building Codes was prepared jointly by the ASEAN
Centre for Energy (ACE) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
with technical assistance from GreenA Consultants, Singapore. The scope of the study is limited to the
Energy Efficiency in the building sector.
This publication and the material featured herein are provided “as is”.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by ACE and GIZ to verify the reliability of the material
featured in this publication. This publication is based on the documents and publications by various
agencies and the information available on the internet. Thus, it is important to note that the information
available in some Energy Codes was more limited than others. As a result, ACE and GIZ provide any
warranty, including as the accuracy, completeness, or fitness for a particular purpose or use of such
material, or regarding the non-infringement of third-party rights, and accepts no responsibility or liability
with regard to the use of this publication and the material featured therein.
The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views, opinions or judgements of
the AMS or of the individuals and institutions that contributed to this report, nor is it an endorsement of
any project, product or service provider. The designations employed and the presentation of material
herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of ACE and GIZ concerning the legal status
of any region, county, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers
or boundaries.
6
Foreword
Energy efficiency (EE) is one of the most cost-effective ways to ensure global energy security by
reducing user-side energy demand and consumption, therefore addressing the issue of limited global
reserve of fossil fuels and volatile energy prices. The ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation
(APAEC) 2016-2025 as the blueprint of ASEAN energy sector, envisages ASEAN’s target to reduce
energy intensity (EI) by 20% in 2020 and 30% in 2025 based on 2005 levels. As the ASEAN Member
States (AMS) become more rigorous in incorporating EE components in their national agenda, ASEAN
has successfully accomplished an EI reduction of 18.3% in 2015, placing the Member States in the
right track to reach its medium-term target in 2020.
In order to reach the long-term target of 30% EI reduction in 2025, stronger efforts are needed to implement
EE measures in energy-intensive areas. Combined, the residential and commercial sectors are currently
the most energy consuming sectors in ASEAN with a total share of 30% of final energy consumption
in 2015, as high as the industrial and transportation sectors. As most of the energy consumption in
commercial and residential sectors are attributed to buildings energy use, it is critical to incorporate more
stringent building codes and ensure the use of highly efficient building equipment, as well as ensuring the
availability of legal and regulatory framework to support energy efficiency in buildings.
Within this context, the ASEAN-German Energy Programme (AGEP) – a jointly implemented project by
the ASEAN Centre of Energy (ACE) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ) – has developed the report that maps the ASEAN Member States (AMS) for the available
Green Building Codes (GBC) and the Energy Efficiency standards at regional level. In this report,
the stakeholders, policies, regulations, standards, codes and financial incentives related to buildings
EE in each AMS are reviewed to better understand the status and progress of their implementation.
This review serves as a basis to identify the challenges and possible recommendations to accelerate
EE measures in the ASEAN region, which ultimately support the AMS to formulate a guideline in
developing regional Green Building and Energy Efficiency & Conservation (EE&C) Codes.
We strongly believe that the Report on Mapping of Green Building Codes and Building Energy
Efficiency in ASEAN: Towards Guidelines on ASEAN Green Building Codes will be of benefit to
policymakers, project developers and other relevant stakeholders in the ASEAN region involved in the
development of Energy Efficiency policies and its implementation in building sector through developing
various codes and standards and introducing support schemes in regional context.
Maria-José Poddey Dr. Sanjayan Velautham

Principle Advisor for AGEP Executive Director
GIZ ASEAN Centre for Energy
7
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................. 16
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 18
Background.......................................................................................................................................... 18
Objective and Scope............................................................................................................................ 19
Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 19
Overview on Green Builidng Code and Energy Efficiency in Buildings.......................................... 20
Brunei Darussalam.............................................................................................................................. 21
Cambodia............................................................................................................................................ 26
Indonesia............................................................................................................................................. 30
Lao PDR.............................................................................................................................................. 36
Malaysia............................................................................................................................................... 40
Myanmar.............................................................................................................................................. 46
Philippines........................................................................................................................................... 51
Singapore............................................................................................................................................ 56
Thailand............................................................................................................................................... 61
Vietnam................................................................................................................................................ 66
Overview Of existing Green Building Codes in ASEAN.................................................................... 70
National Green Building Codes and Energy Efficiency Standards...................................................... 70
Green Building Rating Tools................................................................................................................ 71
Economic Incentives............................................................................................................................. 78
Challenges and Key Recommendations on Green Building Codes and Energy Efficiency in ASEAN...... 82
1. Coordination between various governments (federal, provincial and local)................................ 86
2. Coordination between stakeholders: public and private.............................................................. 88
3. One-stop shop or dedicated institution for EE related matters.................................................... 88
4. Clear targets for achieving EE in buildings................................................................................. 88
5. Aligning policy with international practices.................................................................................. 89
6. Supporting policies, laws and regulations................................................................................... 89
7. Financing schemes to address initial capital investment and access to funds........................... 89
8. Low energy tariff and subsidised fossil-fuel................................................................................ 90
9. Limited skilled manpower............................................................................................................ 90
10. Passive building design strategies.............................................................................................. 91
11. Considering EE at an early stage of construction....................................................................... 92
12. Site survey and verification......................................................................................................... 92
13. Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV)........................................................................ 92
14. Overall scope of the building Energy Efficiency codes and standards........................................ 93
15. Availability of data and its analysis.............................................................................................. 93
16. Selection of building types/typologies......................................................................................... 94
17. Climatic responsive design......................................................................................................... 94
18. Urban Heat Island....................................................................................................................... 94
19. Calculation tools for estimating energy savings.......................................................................... 94
20. Limited awareness on EE measures and impacts...................................................................... 95
21. Building Energy Codes and Standards....................................................................................... 95
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 97
References............................................................................................................................................. 98
8
List of Abbreviations
A*STAR Agency for Science, technology and Research, Singapore

ABCi Autority Kalan Bangunan Dan Industri Pembinaan, Brunei Darussalam
AC Air-Conditioning
ACE ASEAN Centre for Energy
ACEM Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia
ACMV Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation
ADB Asian Development Bank
AEDP Alternative Energy Development Plan, Thailand
AEO ASEAN Energy Outlook
AGEP ASEAN-German Energy Programme
AMS ASEAN Member States
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APAEC ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN-SHINE ASEAN-Standard Harmonisation Initiative for Energy Efficiency
ASHRAE The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineer
BAGUS Brunei Accredited Green Unified Seal
BAPEQS Board of Architects, Professional Engineers and Quantity Surveyors, Brunei Darussalam
BAU Business as Usual
BCA Building and Construction Authority, Singapore
BCO Building Control Order, Brunei Darussalam
BCR Building Control Regulations, Brunei Darussalam
BEC Building Energy Code
BERDE Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence
BNERI Brunei National Energy Research Institute
BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
BREEF Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing
BSEEP Building Sector Energy Efficiency Project
CIDB Construction Industry Development Board, Malaysia
CIS Construction Industry Standard
CERs Certified Carbon Reduction
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Elektri/ Electrical Engineering Branch of the Public Works Depart-
CKE
ment, Malaysia
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CSPS Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies, Brunei Darussalam
DBS Department of Building Services, Brunei Darussalam
DEDE Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Thailand
DOE Department of Energy, Philippines
DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways, Philippines
9
DSM/EE Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency Program, Lao PDR
E2PO Energy Efficiency Programme Office, Singapore

EC Energy Commission, Malaysia
EDB Economic Development Board
EDGE Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies
EDL Electricite du Laos
EAS East Asia Summit
EE Energy Efficiency
EECD Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division, Myanmar
EEDP Energy Efficiency Development Plan, Thailand
EE&C-SSN Energy Efficiency and Conservation Sub-Sector Network
EEI Energy Efficiency Index
EEP Energy Efficiency Plan, Thailand
EERF Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund
EI Energy Intensity
EIDPMO Energy and Industry Department Prime Minister’s Office, Brunei Darussalam
EMA Energy Market Authority, Singapore
EMEER Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulations, Malaysia
EMP Energy Master Plan Myanmar
ENCON Act Energy Conservation Promotion Act, Thailand
EPC Energy Performance Contracting, Singapore
ERIA Economic Research Institute for ASEAN
ESD Environmentally Sustainable Design
ESCO Energy Service Company
EUI Energy Use Intensity
EV Electric Vehicle
FDI Foreign Direct Investments
FiT Feed-in Tariff
GBC Green Building Code
GBC-BEI Green Building Committee of Building Engineers Institute
GBPN Global Building Performance Network
GBI Green Building Index
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GDE General Department of Energy, Cambodia
GEF Global Environment Facility, Malaysia
GFA Gross Floor Area
GHG Green House Gases
GITA Green Investment Tax Allowance
GITE Green Income Tax Exemption
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH / German Internatio-
GIZ
nal Cooperation
GM Green Mark, Singapore
GMIS-DP Green Mark Incentive Scheme–Design Prototype
GMIS-EB Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings
10
GMIS-EBP Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings and Premises
GMFM Green Mark Facilities Manager
GMFP Green Mark Facilities Professional
GMM Green Mark Manager
GMP Green Mark Professional
GPP Green Public Procurement
GPP Plan Green Public Procurement Plan, Thailand
GREEN Geared for Resiliency and Energy Efficiency for the Environment, Philippines
GreenPASS Green Performance Assessment System, Malaysia
GreenRE Green Real Estate, Malaysia
GSB Green Building Index Sdn. Bhd.
GTFS Green Technology Financing Scheme, Malaysia
HDB Housing and Development Board, Singapore
HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
IDA Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore
IEA International Energy Agency
IEP Integrated Energy Planning, Myanmar
IFC International Finance Corporation
IIEE Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers, Philippines
IISBE International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment, Philippines
IHL Institute of Higher Learning
IMCSD Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development
IPEEC International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation
IREP Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion
ITA Investment Tax Allowance
ISO International Organization for Standardization
JTC Jurong Town Corporation, Singapore
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LHSE Lao Holding State Enterprise
LTA Land Transport Authority
LPA Lighting Power Allowance
MAMPAN Sustainable Construction Excellence Centre Malaysia
MEC Myanmar Engineering Council
MEI Ministry of Energy and Industry, Brunei Darussalam
MEM Ministry of Energy and Mines, Lao PDR
MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia
MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standard
MESTECC Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Malaysia
MEWR Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Singapore
MGBC Malaysia Green Building Confederation

MIDA Malaysian Investment Development Authority
MIME Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, Cambodia
MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, Cambodia
11
MNBC Myanmar National Building Code
MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand

MOC Ministry of Construction, Myanmar
MOC Ministry of Construction, Vietnam
MOD Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam
MOE Ministry of Energy, Myanmar
MOEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy, Myanmar
MOEP Ministry of Electric Power, Myanmar
MOI Ministry of Industry, Myanmar
MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam
MPWH Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia
MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Indonesia
MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification
MS Malaysian Standard
MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry, Singapore
MyCREST Malaysian Carbon Reduction and Environment Sustainability Tool
NBCDO National Building Code Development Office, Philippines
NEA National Environment Agency, Singapore
NEECC National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Committee, Brunei Darussalam
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NRF National Research Foundation
NTPC Nam Theun 2 Power Company
OTTV Overall Thermal Transfer Value
PAM Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
PBD Piawai Brunei Darussalam
PCD Pollution Control Department, Thailand
PDP Power Development Plan, Thailand
PDR Peoples Democratic Republic
PGBI Philippines Green Building Initiative
PH JKR Penarafan Hijau Jabatan Kerja Raya, Malaysia
PHILGBC Philippines Green Building Council
PIP Project Implementation Plan, Indonesia
PPP Public Private Partnership
PRE Person Responsible for Energy
PSTLES Public Sector Taking the Lead in Environmental Sustainability, SIngapore
QCVN Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật/National Technical Regulations, Vietnam
RE Renewable Energy
REHDA Real Estate and Housing Developers Association, Malaysia
Rencana Induk Konservasi Energi Nasional/ National Energy Conservation Master Plan,
RIKEN
Indonesia
RM Ringgit Malaysia/Malaysian Ringgit
RTTV Roof Thermal Transfer Value
SAVE Sustainability Achieved via Energy Efficiency
SCEM Singapore Certified Energy Manager
12
SEDA Sustainable Energy development Agency
SGBC Singapore Green Building Council
SGBP Singapore Green Building Product
SIEW Singapore International Energy Week
SNI Standar Nasional Indonesia/Indonesian National Standard
SOME Senior Officials Meeting on Energy
SS Singapore Standards
TEEAM Thailand Energy & Environmental Assessment Method
TEI Thailand Environmental Institute
TFEC Total Final Energy Consumption
TGBI Thailand Green Building Institute
TIEB Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint
TREES Thai’s Rating of Energy and Environmental Sustainability
UAP United Architects of the Philippines
UBBL Uniform Building by Laws
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UPMO Unified Project Management Office, Philippines
URA Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore
USA United States of America
USD United States Dollar
VFCEA Vietnam Federation of Civil Engineering Association
VGBC Vietnam Green Building Council
VNEEP Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Programme
YCDC Yangon City Development Committee, Myanmar
ZCPS Zero Capital Partnership Scheme (Singapore)
13
List of Measures
°C Degree Celsius
kVA Kilo Volt Ampere
Lx Lux
m Meter
m2 Square meter
W Watt
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt hour
ktoe Kilo Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
Mtoe Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
14
15
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Association of the Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) region has experienced an increase in the
demand of primary energy by 70 per cent since 2000. According to the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook
(AEO) scenario, in the absence of enhanced EE&C between 2015 and 2040, ASEAN’s total primary
energy supply is expected to double between 2015 and 2040 if enhanced energy efficiency initiatives
are not implemented. The Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) in the residential and commercial
sectors was 24 percent and 6 percent respectively in 2015, and while the share of the residential
sector is expected to reduce by 1 per centTFEC until 2040 if ASEAN adopts the EE initiatives, the
share of the commercial sector is expected to remain at 6 percent.
To review the capacity for growth of ASEAN’s building sectors in a sustainable manner, the ASEAN-
German Energy Programme (AGEP) conducted a mapping study of existing green building codes in
ASEAN and to identify recommendations for the adoption of green building codes. The study supports
the implementation of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016-2025.
This report, developed by AGEP, ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) and the ASEAN Energy Efficiency &
Conservation Network (EE&C-SSN), presents the mapping study and provides an overview on the current
situation of the existing GBC implemented in ASEAN building sectors. Due to the different stages of
development, AMS have implemented GBC as mandatory or on a voluntary basis as well as with codes at a
national level. Brunei and Thailand have made it mandatory for government buildings, whereas in Singapore
it is mandatory to have minimum environmental sustainability standards for new building development and
existing buildings undergoing major retrofitting with a gross floor area of 2000 m2 or more. In other cases,
some AMS have adopted GBC at specific and suitable to regional or provincial levels such as in Indonesia,
where the Green Building Codes are mandatory for large buildings, such as in Jakarta for buildings which
have a total area between 10000 to 50000 m2, as well as in Bandung for large buildings. Conversely, in other
AMS the GBC is implemented on a voluntary basis or are still in the development stages.
An overview on policies, rules, and regulations applicable to energy codes and standards as well as a
mapping of stakeholders, including government ministries and departments is included, among others.
The study highlights that countries like Singapore and Thailand have implemented measures that have
overcome most of the challenges. While Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and
Vietnam are at an advanced stage of implementing EE in their building sectors, Cambodia, Myanmar
and Laos have yet to put in place suitable policy mechanisms.
To address these challenges, key recommendations have been identified based on best practices in
the region and at an international level. The recommendations, classified under policy, technical and
common, serve as potential solutions for AMS in adopting GBC. Some of the major policy challenges
include coordination between various stakeholders, namely public and private, and the existence of
supporting policies, laws and regulations, low energy tariffs and subsidised fossil fuels, among others.
However, some AMS have overcome policy challenges such as in Singapore where
a “Whole of Government” approach through the multi-agency Energy Efficiency Programme Office
(E2PO) to jointly promote and facilitate the adoption of EE, while Thailand has introduced their Energy
Efficiency Conservation Promotion Act (ENCON) of 1992 to facilitate the financing of the EE&C and RE
by imposing taxes on petroleum products.
Various technical challenges such as measurement, reporting and verification, data availability, and
analysis, among others, are yet to be overcome by the AMS. Challenges such as limited awareness on
EE measures and its impact, building energy codes and standards are some of the challenges that are
yet to be overcome through addressing policy and technical know-how.
16
17
INTRODUCTION
Background
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an association of ten ASEAN Member
States, namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The ASEAN region is the third fastest growing economy after China
and India in Asia. In 2015, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of ASEAN was USD 2.4 trillion with an
annual growth rate of 5.3 per cent. The energy demand has increased by 70 per cent since 2000 and
is expected to continue to grow to meet economic growth in the region. To improve the EE in the AMS
and on a regional level the AMS have set national EE targets, as shown in Table 1 below:
Table 1:
AMS Energy Efficiency policies and targets
AMS Reference documents Official EE targets of ASEAN Member States
Brunei Energy White Paper
Reduce EI by 45% in 2035 (compared to 2010 level).
Darussalam 2014
Reduce total final energy consumption (TFEC) by 20% in 2035
Cambodia Cambodia EE Plan
compared to Business-as-Usual (BAU).
Reduce TFEC in 2025 by 17% in industry, 20% in transportation,
National Energy
15% in households, 15% in the commercial building sector
Policy (Government
Indonesia (compared to BAU).
Regulation No.
Achieve 1% energy intensity reduction per annum, up to 2025
79/2014)
and energy elasticity less than one in 2025.
National EE Policy
Lao PDR Reduce TFEC by 10% in 2030 (compared to BAU).
2016
Reduce electricity consumption by 8% over a decade, from 2016
Malaysia National EE Action Plan
until 2025 as compared to BAU.
Reduce electricity consumption in TEFC by 20% by 2030
Myanmar National EE&C Policy
(compared to BAU).
Reduce TFEC by 1% per year until 2040 (compared to BAU),
EE Roadmap for the equivalent with the reduction of 1/3 of energy demand.
Philippines
Philippines, 2017-2020 Reduce energy intensity by 40% by 2040 (compared to 2005
level).
Sustainable Singapore
Singapore Reduced EI by 35% in 2030 (compared to 2005 level).
Blueprint 2015
Thailand Thai EE Policy 2015 Reduced EI by 30% in 2036 (compared to 2010 level).
National Target Reduced TFEC by 8% in 2020 (compared to BAU).
Vietnam
Program for EE&C Reduced EI of energy intensive industries by 10% (2020).
According to the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO5), the commercial and residential sectors account
for 30 percent of the total final energy consumption of 2015. These sectors are expected to grow
further due to an increase in the built environment and growing middle class. In this regard, the ASEAN
Senior Officials Meeting on Energy (SOME) identified “Developing green building codes which support
the use of high energy efficient products” as a key outcome-based strategy under Programme Area
4 of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation
(APAEC) 2016-2025 Phase I:2016-2020. There is growing acceptance in ASEAN that energy efficiency
and green buildings make economic sense for buildings to save energy and costs as well as increase
their value. The significant energy savings from the buildings sector will also contribute to ASEAN’s
aspirational target to reduce energy intensity by 20 percent and 30 percent by 2020 and 2025
respectively, based on 2005’s level.
18
To advance the regions’ building sectors in a sustainable manner, it is important for the ASEAN
Member States (AMS) to develop guidelines for ASEAN green building codes that incorporates energy
efficiency measures for more stringent building codes as the next step.
Objective and Scope

The objective of this report is to map the existing policies, schemes, and incentives on building
energy efficiency and Green Building Codes in ASEAN and identify challenges as well as propose
key recommendations for the adoption of GBC for the region. Of note, some AMS have developed
clear policies, rules, and regulations to implement energy efficiency measures in buildings. Countries
like Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam have
established Green Building Codes (GBC) that promote energy efficiency (EE) measures. However, many
challenges still remain, such as development and enforcement of a comprehensive legal and regulatory
framework, developing roadmaps with clear targets, and regular coordination between public and private
stakeholders, etc., to ensure the adoption of green building codes and standards in ASEAN.
The study is divided into two sections: the first section covers the mapping study whereas the second
section elaborates the challenges and provides respective recommendations.
Methodology
Documents and publications by various agencies and the information available on the Internet were
reviewed to compile an overview of the current state of green building codes in the ASEAN region.
Validated from the Focal Points of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Sub-Sector Network (EE&C-
SSN) during the EE consultation workshop and organised by the ASEAN-German Energy Programme
(AGEP) on 18th April 2018, the review was further revised based on the discussions and feedback from
representatives of the governments and private stakeholders, such as the Green Building Councils in
ASEAN during the Focus Group Discussion held on 18th – 19th July 2018 in Jakarta, Indonesia.
19
OVERVIEW ON GREEN
BUILDING CODE AND ENERGY

EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
Several AMS have developed clear codes for green building and energy efficiency in buildings along
with rating tools, shown in Figure 1 below, while others are still in the development stages.
The green building rating tools in some AMS have been implemented on a mandatory or voluntary
basis depending on national or regional/provincial levels. The rating tools as shown in Figure 1 are
Brunei Accredited Green Unified Seal (BAGUS) of Brunei Darussalam, Greenship of Indonesia,
Green Building Index (GBI) and the Malaysian Carbon Reduction and Environment Sustainability
Tool (MyCREST) of Malaysia, Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) of
Philippines, Thai Green Building Index (TGBI) of Thailand, BCA GreenMark of Singapore, and LOTUS
of Vietnam. Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar are at various stages of developing their codes
for building energy efficiency. The following section elaborates on the existing policies, rules and
regulations, and stakeholders in the respective AMS.
Figure 1:
Green building rating tools in ASEAN
20
Brunei Darussalam
Background on Energy Sector and Building Sector
Brunei Darussalam is located on the northwest

Coast of Borneo Island in Southeast Asia,
spread across 5,765 square kilometres (km2).
Brunei’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per
capita is the second highest among AMS after
Singapore, at USD 23,600 per capita. [1] The
Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) per
capita in Brunei Darussalam is also second to
Singapore, with 2.3 tons of oil equivalent (TOE)
per capita in 2015. The energy sector generates
60 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic
Product [2], while the demand for energy is
expected to grow due to the increased use of
coal and gas in industry and building. The
residential, industrial, commercial, and
transportation sectors of Brunei Darussalam
consume around 47 percent, 20 percent, 16 percent, and 16 percent of TFEC respectively.
Considering the significant share of the residential sector within Brunei Darussalam’s energy
consumption, with an average of 48 percent from 2008 until 2013, the government plays an important
role in residential construction by including housing sectors in the National Development Plan. [3]
Energy Efficiency Targets

Brunei Darussalam released the Energy White Paper in 2014 defining the Energy Efficiency and
Conservation (EE&C) targets, along with a framework of actions and EE&C roadmaps. In the high
case scenario, through rigorous implementation of EE&C programmes, Brunei aims to achieve 45
percent of energy intensity reduction, which translates into about a 36 percent reduction of energy
consumption by 2035 compared to the 2005 baseline. This will be achieved primarily from reduction of
fossil fuel supply for inland energy use in five major sectors, namely residential, industrial, commercial,
transportation and power plants. The residential sector itself is set to achieve a 36 percent reduction
of energy consumption, which is about 16.2 percent of the total targeted energy intensity reduction.
The reduction from the commercial sector is targeted to reach as much as 41 percent of energy
consumption, which is about 18.5 percent of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035. [4]
Policies, Rules and Regulations

The Ministry of Energy and Industry (MEI) established three Strategic Goals set out in Brunei
Darussalam’s Energy White Paper of 2014. [4] These strategic goals aim to realise the National Vision
of 2035 and achieve the objectives of the energy sector as below:
• Strategic Goal 1: Strengthen and grow oil and gas upstream and downstream activities
• Strategic Goal 2: Ensure safe, reliable, and efficient supply and use of energy
• Strategic Goal 3: Maximise economic spin-off from the energy industry – boost local content and
secure high participation of local workforces
21
To enable the Strategic Goal 2 above, Brunei Darussalam established the Centre for Strategic and
Policy Studies (CSPS) which conducted an EE&C Study on the Roadmap Formulation and Policy
Advice in 2009, which in turn resulted in key policy recommendations as follows [5]:
• Policy 1: Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling
• Policy 2: Building Regulation
• Policy 3: Energy Management
• Policy 4: Fuel Economy Regulation
• Policy 5: Electricity Tariff Reform
• Policy 6: Financial Incentives
• Policy 7: Awareness Raising
The seven policies involve various stakeholders within the government bodies, including the Ministry
of Communication, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Development, and Ministry of Finance. The first
of these policies was established in January 2012 by setting a new progressive electricity tariff for the
residential sector in the frame of the Electricity Tariff Reform, which was led jointly by MEI and the
Department of Electrical Services. [6] The new tariff structure offers a more efficient way of billing and
aims to integrate elements of energy saving into the public’s consumption habits.
Energy Code and Standards

The history of Brunei’s Energy Code and Standards was started in 1994 when Brunei Darussalam Standard
(Piawai Brunei Darussalam/PBD) 12 on Building Guidelines and Requirements was published under the
Ministry of Development (MOD). The document was revised in 2008, 2009, and 2014 with incorporated
amendments from various stakeholders such as from the Public Works Department as well as the Town
and Country Planning Department, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Health, and the Brunei Fire and
Rescue Department, as well as the Ministry of Home Affairs. The first, second, and third editions of PBD
were published in 1994, 2008, and 2014 respectively. The fourth and latest revision was published in 2017,
not only to reflect the current state of Brunei’s building industry but also to introduce the Building Control
Order (BCO) and the Building Control Regulations (BCR) in 2014. The PBD 12:2017 elaborates on Green
Building technology and sustainable building construction in areas of energy efficiency, materials and
resources, sustainable site management, and indoor environment quality, among others. [7]
The PBD 2017 is divided into 13 parts, such as Part III for space, light, and ventilation; Part IV for
temporary work in connection with building operations; Part V for structural requirements; Part VI for
construction requirements, among others.,
Specifically for EE, 2015 saw the MOD in collaboration with the MEI to publish the EE&C Building
Guidelines which contained comprehensive EE&C codes and standards for non-residential buildings.
This document aims to establish EE&C standards, which regulates mechanisms for buildings in Brunei
Darussalam. The EE&C Building Guidelines are mandatory for all government buildings and voluntary
for commercial buildings. [6] However, the government has not constructed any new buildings since
the guideline was launched. In the meantime it has successfully implemented some measures, such as
in the case of equipment replacement and procurement of other appliances in government buildings.
In 2016, a green building rating system called the Brunei Accredited Green Unified Seal (BAGUS) was
developed for government and commercial buildings in order to identify energy performances. It was
introduced with the certification of three government buildings, one of which being a residential building
with 300 apartment units spread across 15 hectares, built under the National Housing Scheme of Kg
Lambak Kanan/Salambigar by the Housing Development Department of the Ministry of Development.
BCA Green Mark (Singapore’s Green Building Rating Tool) and Green Building Index (GBI) by
Malaysia’s Green Building Rating Tool were used as the basis for the development of BAGUS. [8]
One of the requirements under BAGUS was to be able to reduce electrical consumption by at least 15
percent per year and subsequently meet the mandated Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of 175 kilowatt
hours per square metre (kWh/m2) each year. A minimum of 30 points for specific measures related to
EE&C within the green building rating components in BAGUS had to be met in order to be certified. [9]
22
The first green rated high-rise building in Brunei Darussalam is a 300-unit apartment, which was built
in 2016. The buildings received a provisional BCA Green Mark Gold rating certificate in 2016. [10]
In addition to this, Brunei also constructed three office buildings which have been certified under the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. [11]
Brunei’s key approaches described in the policies and the rules and regulations as well as energy
codes and standards relating to its building sector are displayed in the timeline below.
Energy Efficiency and Conservation

Timeline: 2000 - 2018 Energy White Paper
Brunei (2014)
PBD 12: Building

Electriciry Tariff Guidelines and
Reform Requirements
(2012) (2017)
2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
EEC Building Guidelines for

Non-Residential Sector
(2015)
BAGUS - Brunei Accredited

Green Unified Seal
(2015)
Energy/Building Code (Old Edition) Other documents (laws, regulations, guidelines, strategies...) Green Building Rating Tool
Figure 2:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Brunei Darussalam
Stakeholder Mapping
The Ministry of Development is the key ministry overseeing building regulations, along with the Ministry
of Energy and Industry which covers sections concerning building efficiency. The Green Building
Council of Brunei and Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI) support both ministries in
developing national codes and standards, and to promote green energy development. The sections
below elaborate on the important stakeholders involved in buildings’ energy efficiency.
A. The Ministry of Energy and Industry (MEI)

The MEI oversees the Deputy Minister and Permanent Secretary(Energy and Industry). The EE&C’s
policy planning and implementation is done through EE&C units. The latter is also responsible for the
plan of action to reduce energy consumption through the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Committee (NEECC).
23
Minister of
Energy and
Industry
Deputy Minister Permanent Permanent Office of The

of Energy and Secretary Secretary Minister of
Industry (Energy & (Manpower & Energy and
Industry) SHENA) Industry
Deputy Permanent
Brunei National Deputy Permanent Secretary
Petroleum Electrical
Energy Research Secretary (Power, IT (Management,
Authority Authority Institute (BNERI) & E-Government) Cooperatives &
Industry)
Figure 3:
Organisation of Energy and Industry Department Prime Minister’s Office (EIDPMO) [12]
B. The Ministry of Development (MOD))

The MOD-PWD is in charge of the Department of Building Services (DBS). The DBS is the key
stakeholder for the building sector whereas ABCi (Autority Kalan Bangunan Dan Industri Pembinaan)
is the authority responsible for handling the Building Control and Construction Industry in Brunei
Darussalam. Both departments worked together to form the EE&C Building Guidelines for Non-
Residential Building in 2015.
Director
General
Deputy Director
General
Department
Department of Department of Department
Department of Department of Department of of Mechanical Department of
Administration Drainage and of Technical
Roads Water Services Building Services & Electrical Development
and Fiance Sewerages Services
Services
Figure 4:
Organisation of the Public Works Department of Brunei Ministry of Development [13]
C. Green Building Council, Brunei

The Green Building Council, introduced in 2013, is a group of building professionals which focuses
on the implementation of green building in the Brunei Darussalam. The Green Building Council
participated in the development of the EE&C Building Guidelines and the BAGUS rating tool, which
was enforced mandatorily by the MOD on government buildings.
D. Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI)

The Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI) was established under the supervision of the
Deputy Minister of Energy & Industry to support the MEI in achieving EE&C and Renewable Energy
(RE) targets, among others. The objective of BNERI is to support and promote energy security,
economic growth, and environmental sustainability through policy research and design.
24
International
BNERI Board Chairman
Advisory Board
Chief Executive
Officer
Renewable Energy
Director of
and Alternative Power Efficiency and
Administration
Energy Department Conservation
and Finance
Department Department
Figure 5:
Organisation of Brunei National Energy Research Institute [14]
Schemes and Incentives

The MEI, in association with the relevant departments under the Brunei Darussalam Ministry of
Finance, is exploring several options in setting up financial incentive mechanisms or frameworks for
energy efficient equipment/technologies, such as air conditioning (AC), lighting, photovoltaic, water
heaters, and solar water heaters in residential and commercial sectors. These financial incentives are
in the form of tax exemptions, tax reductions, or rebate schemes on energy-efficient appliances and
products, including cross subsidies and soft loans. The aim of this financial support is to address the
increased capital cost that may be incurred when purchasing highly energy efficient equipment.
Pilot energy audits are being undertaken by some government buildings to identify ‘no cost’, ‘low cost’,
and ‘high cost’ efficiency savings. All of the ‘no cost’ and ‘low cost’ measures are being implemented,
such as reducing the operating hours of centralised air conditioning to be in line with office working
hours, setting a minimum temperature of 23 degrees Celsius, and the replacement of inefficient lighting
with energy efficient technology. The Government of Brunei Darussalam aims to implement building
energy audits across other government, commercial, and residential buildings in the future. The energy
savings from these measures are anticipated to result in overall reduction in energy consumption in
government buildings of up to 50 percent against previous years’ performances.
In 2017, the Brunei Darussalam government flagged the possibility of developing a Net Metering
Programme as a means to improve renewable energy integration. To support the adoption of the
programme, the government is considering a number of incentives, including low cost loans for
consumers to fund solar panel installation. In the context of green building certifications, renewable
energies tend to be part of the rating systems. Therefore, the incentive could encourage the
development of renewable energy production and consequently increase the number of certified green
buildings in Brunei. [15]
Brunei Darussalam is actively developing schemes and standards such as the PBD of 2017 for the
improvement in the energy sector and it has established dedicated authorities. The qualifications and
practices of Architects, Professional Engineers, and Quantity Surveyors in Brunei Darussalam are
regulated by the Board of Architects, Professional Engineers and Quantity Surveyors (BAPEQS).
25
Cambodia
Cambodia is located in the southern

portion of the Indochina Peninsula in
Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand,
Vietnam, and Lao PDR with a total area
of 176,515 square kilometres (km2).
Cambodia relies heavily on oil products
and biomass in their total energy
fix, whereas electricity generation is
done predominantly by hydro power.
Cambodia’s TFEC can be largely traced
to the transportation sector (45 percent),
followed by the residential (30 percent)
and then industrial (16 percent), whereas
the commercial sector only accounts for 7
percent of TFEC. [16] Due to high economic growth, the demand for building constructions will see an
upward trend, therefore increasing the country’s energy consumption. [17]
As the country is promoting urbanisation, a growth in high rise buildings is foreseen in both residential
and non-residential sectors. In 2017, the investment in Cambodia’s construction industry increased by
43.3 percent compared to the same period in 2016, according to data released by the Land Management
Ministry. [18] During the same year, more than one thousand new construction projects, covering 5.6
million square meters, were approved by the Land Management Ministry. [19] The National Policy
and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency identified the building sector as among one of the three sectors
identified for increasing energy efficiency. However, about 80 percent of Cambodians live in rural areas,
where electricity coverage is sparse, according to the Asian Development Bank (ADB). [20]

The National Policy, Strategy, and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency in Cambodia of 2013 developed by
the Ministry of Mines and Energy, has defined targets to reduce national energy demand by 20 percent
by 2035 compared to a BAU scenario1. Furthermore, Cambodia also has a reduction target of three
million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) by 2035, which is based on the levels of 2005. [21]

The National Energy Policy formulated in October 1994 the need for states to provide reliable,
affordable energy services to all users, in support of the common goal to become middle-income
countries by 2030. Cambodia aspires to achieve the objectives under this policy by improving access
to affordable and modern forms of energy. This is to reduce the dependence on imported fuels and
effective protection of the natural capital of the country, among other objectives. The cost of the
electricity is noted to be among the highest in the ASEAN region, therefore this encourages developers
and operators to adopt energy efficiency measures faster. [22]
1
The Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario represents a forecast situation without significant changes to past practices and assumes that the country
develops no specific policies in reaching their most recently issued EE and renewable energies targets. Basically, the BAU, for energy demand in 2035 for
instance, is a prevision of the energy demand of 2035 based on the current situation.
26
Box 1: Electricity savings measures in Cambodia, in the frame of the Program on Electricity Saving
Consumption [21]
According to a circular, all ministries and public institutions are required to participate in a Program
on Electricity Saving Consumption to save the national budget. The electricity saving measures were
determined in the circular as follows:
• Air-Conditioning shall be turned on at 25°C.
• Air-Conditioning shall be turned off 30 minutes before leaving the office.
• Do not plug in computers, printers or copy machines when not in use.
• Automatic lighting system.
• Use daylight.
• Fans can be turned on in rooms equipped with air conditioning only in case of necessity to avoid
fading away cool air.
The National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency of Cambodia was established in
2013 with specific activities and investment plans as well as budget estimations for five sectors, those
being industry, buildings, rural electricity generation and distribution, biomass resources, and end user
products. [21] The main purpose of the policy was to reduce energy consumption in an effort to provide
reliable and affordable energy services to all economic sectors. To achieve the targets of the plan
relating to the building industry, various strategic measures and actions have been formulated, such as
energy efficient building codes, the Energy Manager Certification program, green standards for public
buildings, and increasing awareness on all buildings’ energy efficiency for the public and the building
professionals. The National Policy and Strategy Plan for Energy Efficiency included recommendations
for energy efficiency in buildings as shown here below: [21]
1. Developing a local mandatory Energy Efficiency Code
2. Implementing an Energy Manager Certification Program for existing buildings
3. Developing a compulsory Green Building Rating Tool for new buildings
The National Strategic Development Plan of 2014–2018 included planned actions to implement the
prioritised policies related to energy as well as environmental sustainability. This included developing a
policy as well as a legal and regulatory framework for the energy sector and it encourages the efficient
use of energy with minimal impact on the environment. [22]
In 2016, the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME) of Cambodia published the first official energy
statistics in Cambodia to contribute to the formulation of appropriate energy policies related to energy
efficiency and building energy codes, as well as the green building rating tool of the ministry. [23]
The energy statistics identify and explore areas for energy efficiency improvements such as within
industries and with the equipment and buildings that cover the benchmarking of the EE of buildings,
with strategies to develop EE in Cambodia and others being among this. The energy statistics also
present and forecast the primary energy supply and final energy consumption by sector and the energy
balance until the year 2035, among others.
Prior to this, there were no official statistics in Cambodia, hence these statistics are important in
estimating and monitoring energy consumption and planning for future energy use.

Currently there are no energy efficiency codes for the building sector in Cambodia. However, energy
efficient building codes for new buildings are being developed, as stated in the National Policy,
Strategy, and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency of Cambodia of 2013. The Cambodia National Energy
Statistics of 2016 plays a crucial role in formulating codes and standards required to achieve the
national targets.
27
Due to the non-availability of building codes in place in Cambodia, Vietnamese and/or international
codes are used as reference. [17] Out of eleven buildings under the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) , four buildings were certified between 2015 and 2016. [11] BCA Green
Mark rated projects are also found in Cambodia, and this includes condo development (rated with a
Gold accreditation). [24]
Cambodia’s key approaches described in the policies, rules and regulations as well as in its energy
codes and standards relating to the building sector are displayed in the timeline below.
Energy Efficiency and Conservation National Strategic

Development Plan
Timeline: 2000 - 2018 2014 - 2018
Cambodia (2014)
Energy Sector
Energy Sector Strategy Development Plan Cambodia National
Review Issue Paper 2005 - 2024 Energy Statistics
(2006) (2009) (2016)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
National Policy
Strategy and Action
Plan on Energy
Efficiency (2013)
Figure 6:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Cambodia
Stakeholder Mapping
The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy and the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and
Construction are the main ministries that are involved in building construction and energy efficiency.
These ministries have departments that deal with energy and building construction. However, there is
no direct coordination between the two ministries on building energy efficiency.
A. The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME)

The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy are the leading ministry in managing the mining and
energy sectors; including oil, gas, and electricity sectors of the Kingdom of Cambodia. MIME has
been mandated to frame policies and regulations related to the mining and energy sectors and their
implementation. The National Policy Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency by MIME focuses
on the building industry.
Ministry of
Industry, Mines
and Energy
General
General General General Electricity
Department
Department of Department of Department of Authority
of Mineral
General Affairs Energy Petroleum Cambodia
Resources
Figure 7:
Organisation of the Cambodia Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, Cambodia [25]
28
B. The Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC)
The Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) is responsible for
governing land use, urban planning, construction projects, and for the resolution of land-use conflicts.
The building sector comes under the MLMUPC, and the ministry are responsible for implementing
green building codes. However, it is still in the early phases to implement a green city development.
MLMUPC
Committee Secretary
General Committee Committee on Board of
on Land of National
Departments on Coastal Social Land Architectural
Management Cadastral
Management Concession Cambodia
Commission
Land
Administration Construction Management Cadastre and
Housing
and Urban Geography
Planning
Figure 8:
Organisation of Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, Cambodia [26]

MIME are currently developing various incentives to attract private participation in energy infrastructure
investment, with a focus on modern technology, economic efficiency, and reduction of negative social
and environmental impacts. The financial incentives will be implemented to support the development
of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) and encourage the local development of energy efficient
equipment as conceivable solutions. [27]
29
Indonesia
Indonesia is the largest country by

area among AMS, with more than
17,000 islands covering a total area
of 1,904,569 square kilometres
(km2). It is bordered by Malaysia,
Timor-Leste, and Papua New
Guinea. Due to having the highest
population among AMS, with
around 257 million inhabitants in
2015, Indonesia is also the largest
energy consumer in Southeast
Asia with 165 million tonnes of oil
equivalent (mtoe) of Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) in 2015. [28] Due to the rapid economic
growth between 2000 and 2015, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Indonesia doubled, resulting in
150 per cent increase in demand for electricity. [29]
The residential sector accounted for the largest share of the TFEC in 2015 with 38 per cent, followed
by the transportation and industrial sectors with 28 per cent and 26 per cent respectively [28]. There
has been an increased awareness on Green Building concept, as large cities such as Jakarta and
Bandung have implemented local green building codes with energy efficiency requirements as an
important component. Large buildings in Jakarta are required to follow mandatory compliance whereas
buildings in Bandung are required to include energy performance and incentives for small buildings.
Even though the rating tool has been published, organizational infrastructure still needs to be further
developed to include human capacity building for design and construction assessment.

Indonesia aims to achieve one-per cent energy intensity reduction per year until 2025 and energy elasticity
less than one by the year 2025. The country aims to reduce TFEC by 17 per cent in industrial sector, 20 per
cent in transportation, 15 per cent in household, and 15 per cent in commercial buildings by 2025 compared
to Business As Usual (BAU) Scenario (2005) according to National Energy Policy. [31] [28]

The Law No. 30/2007 on Energy, Article 25 on Energy Conservation, sets out general principles for the
management of energy resources and the government’s basic targets for the future development of
the energy mix. [33] The law also states the power of central and local governments to incentivise or
disincentivise energy users who oblige or disoblige energy conservation measures.
The Government Regulation No.70/2009 on Energy Conservation states the obligation for large energy
users (with energy consumption more than 6,000 toe per annum) to implement energy conservation
measures through energy management. [33] The energy management system includes appointing
an energy manager, formulating energy conservation programmes, carrying out periodical energy
audits, implementing recommendations based on the energy audit, and publishing an annual report
of the energy conservation measures to the authoritative government bodies such as the ministry or
governor. The country aims to implement energy management practice where energy use is more
than of 6000 toe or 70 GWh per year as the mandatory criteria stated in Government Regulation no.
70/2009 is too ambitious for the building sector to comply with.
The General Plan for National Energy through Presidential Regulation No. 22/2017, developed by the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), states the framework for energy efficiency and
30
conservation. [34] The Plan aims to promote EE through four primary activities:
1. Developing the Energy Service Company (ESCO) to implement energy efficiency projects
2. Implementing energy audit and management programmes
3. Restructuring of industrial machinery and the issuance of incentive schemes (monetary and non-
monetary) for industries that have implemented energy efficiency measures
4. Implementing socialisation and education measures via electronic and social media to increase
awareness on the part of project developers and the public regarding energy efficiency
The National Master Plan for Energy Conservation (RIKEN) plan was first passed in 1995, establishing
the need for further implementation of specific energy conservation programs and energy audits
and reports. RIKEN 2011 was developed based on the Government Regulation No.70/2009 and the
Presidential Regulation No. 22/2017 among others, to include strategies, programmes, and roadmap
on energy conservation to reach the energy intensity reduction target as well as sectoral energy
consumption reduction targets. [36] This document acts as a guideline for stakeholders to implement
EE&C in Indonesia and also stipulates the obligation to implement EE labelling to energy appliances.
Furthermore, the Government Regulation No. 36/2005 on Buildings mandates new buildings to
implement energy conservation measures. The law requires residential buildings of more than 500 m2
and commercial buildings of more than 5,000 m2 to meet minimum energy performance requirements.
However, compliance with the Government Regulation No. 36/2005 has not been strictly enforced. [32]
Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2012 on Electricity Saving targets 20 per cent electricity saving through
improvement of air conditioning, lighting, and supporting equipment. [37] The regulation mandates all
government buildings, including official residences to comply with the technical specifications for air
conditioners, lamps, and other electronic equipment.
In 2015, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing introduced the Ministerial Regulation No. 02/
PRT/M/2015 on Green Buildings to assist in green building certification and implementation in the
country. [40] The regulation classifies green building requirements as mandatory, recommended, and
voluntary based on specific building size, criteria, as well as energy and water consumption. To be
certified as green buildings according to this mandate, compliance needs to be met on all five phases:
(i) programme phase, (ii) technical planning phase, (iii) construction phase, (iv) usage phase, and (v)
demolition phase. The energy efficiency component is contained within the technical planning phase,
which includes building envelope, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting, transportation within the
building premises, and electricity.
Box 2: Green Building Code implementation in Indonesian cities: the examples of Jakarta and
Bandung [29]
In Indonesia, Jakarta was the first city to implement a green building guideline specifically for large
buildings in 2012 through Governor Decree No. 38/2012, which was made mandatory for new and
existing buildings with total area between 10 to 50 thousand m2. [38] [39] The guideline was created
for green design, construction, and operation, where every five years reporting is needed to obtain an
extension on the building occupancy permit. The enforcement of the regulation is done through the
issuance of building permit and/or certificates for feasibility of building, and the shutdown of buildings
that do not comply with the Jakarta green building criteria.
The city of Bandung followed Jakarta’s example by developing a green building guideline through
the Mayor Decree No. 1023/2016. There are mandatory measures for large buildings applicable to
all buildings, as well as voluntary measures to achieve one-star level compliance. The guideline also
includes additional sustainability measures to achieve two- and three-star level compliance, with the
opportunity to receive financial incentives.
31
The Establishment of ESCO through Ministerial Regulation No. 14/2016 was intended to accelerate
the implementation of energy efficiency projects. [41] The Regulation states that ESCOs’ activities
consist of planning of concept for energy efficiency projects, investment grade energy audits, financing
of energy efficiency projects, installation or construction work for energy efficiency projects, monitoring
and maintenance of energy installations, and measurement and verification of energy efficiency
projects performance.
According to the Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2017, the energy
savings potential of the commercial sector is 10-30 per cent from the current energy use, with the
implementation of energy audit, ESCO, pilot projects, Energy Efficiency Standards, and online
monitoring system for government buildings. As for the residential sector, it can have a potential saving
of 15-30 per cent from the current energy use, with the implementation of Energy Efficiency Standards,
labelling, and increasing public awareness of energy efficiency in households. [42]

Indonesia adopted the voluntary commercial energy code, the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineer (ASHRAE) [43] in 1992 for building thermal envelope
performance, lighting system, and Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC). However, these
codes were not widely adopted. The current Energy Efficiency & Conservation Standards (Standar
Nasional Indonesia – SNI) were introduced in 2000 and are now commonly used as a reference to
build commercial buildings and offices, which are SNI 03-6389-2011 on Overall Thermal Transfer Value
(OTTV), SNI 03-6390-2011 on air conditioning system, SNI 03-6197-2011 on lighting system, and SNI
03-6196-2011 on energy audit procedure. [44][45]46][47]
The MEMR released a set of Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia, which is
sub-divided into three separate guidelines namely for Developer and Building Owner, Energy Efficiency
Technical Guidelines, and Case Study.
GREENSHIP Certification by the Green Building Council of Indonesia, introduced in 2010, is a

voluntary rating tool based on rating systems widely used around the world. The GREENSHIP criteria
considers five types of certification: (i) New Building, (ii) Existing Building, (iii) Interior Space, (iv)
Homes, and (v) Neighbourhood, and includes four recognition achievements namely (i) Platinum, (ii)
Gold, (iii) Silver and (iv) Bronze. [48] During its launch, 14 buildings in Indonesia were rated under
GREENSHIP. Currently, there are at least 33 GREENSHIP certified buildings that include New Building
and Existing Building. [49] In addition, 10 buildings have been awarded with Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) certification out of 23 applied projects. [11]
Indonesia’s key approaches to energy efficiency and conservation as described in the policies, rules
and regulations as well as energy code and standards relating to the building sector are displayed in
the timeline below.
32
Energy Efficiency and Conservation GREENSHIP
Government Regulation Government Regulation
Timeline: 2000 - 2018 No. 70/2009 on Energy No. 79/2014 on National
Conservation (2009) Energy Policy (2014)
Indonesia
Law No. 36/2005 on Buildings Governor Decree No. 38/2012

and Government Regulation on Green Buildings
No. 36/2005 (2005)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
SNI 03: Energy conservation for: National Master SNI 03: Energy conservation for: Ministerial Regulation No.
Building envelope - 6389 Plan for Energy Building envelope - 6389 14/2016 on Establishment
Air conditioning system in Conservation Air conditioning system in of ECS Companies
building - 6390 (2005) building - 6390
Lighting system in building - 6197 Draft Lighting system in building - 6197
Energy audit procedure for Law No. 30/2007 on Energy audit procedure for
building - 6196 Article 25: Energy building - 6196
(2000) Conservation (2011)
Figure 9:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Indonesia
Stakeholder Mapping
In Indonesia, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources are the main ministries that deal with energy efficiency in buildings. The Ministry of Public
Works and Housing (MPWH) has developed building energy codes and made them mandatory for
cities like Jakarta on a provincial level. Mandatory codes specific to city are being introduced in the
cities of Bandung and Surabaya.
A. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)

The Ministry of Public Works and Housing formulated policy, spatial planning, and public infrastructure
among others. In general, standards for building constructions, including the regulation on Green
Building guideline, are under the supervision of the MPWH.
Ministry of Public
Works
Research and Director General Director General

Construction and Secretary Inspector Director General Director General
Development of Spatial of Human
Human Resour General General of Resources of Highways
Board Panning Settlement
Figure 10:
Organisation of Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia [50]
B. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR)

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) are tasked with administering government
affairs in the field of energy and mineral resources. The MEMR’s main functions consist of formulating,
determining and implementing policies and technical guidance in the field of training, controlling
and supervising of oil and gas, electricity, minerals and coal, new energy, renewable energy,
energy conservation, and geology. They also provide support and implementation of research and
development in the field of energy and mineral resources.
33
Ministry
of Energy
and Mineral
Resources
Inspectorate Secretariat
General General
Directorate General Human

Directorate Directorate Directorate Energy and Mineral
of New, Renewable Geological Resources
General of Oil General of General of Resources Research &
Energy, and Energy Agency Development Agency Development
and Electricity Mineral and Coal Conservation Agency
Figure 11:
Organisation of Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia [51]
C. The Green Building Council of Indonesia (GBC Indonesia)

The Green Building Council of Indonesia (GBC Indonesia) are an independent and private organisation
established in 2009 by professionals in the design and construction industries. GBC Indonesia
collaborate with stakeholders such as architects, buildings designers, building professionals,
governments, and private sectors. GBC Indonesia have four main programs such as: market
transformation, training & education, green building certification, and stakeholder engagement.
Board of
Directors
Technical International
Advisors Relations
Chief Operation
Officer
Secretary
General
Lega
Certification & & Human Finance and Rating Development
Resources Markow/PR & Event
Membership Accounting & Training
Develop
Figure 12:
Organisation of the Green Building Council Indonesia [52]
The majority of energy efficiency measures are controlled by MEMR whilst the MPWH are responsible
specifically for the building and residential sectors as well as the national guidelines on Green Buildings.
Within the standards and regulations for Green Buildings developed by the MPWH, the energy efficiency
components are prepared by the MEMR. The Green Building Council Indonesia have been playing
an important role in introducing the GREENSHIP Rating Tools scheme and are recognised by the
government. The certification procedure is conducted through a third party and is on a voluntary basis.
In addition to the national stakeholders, the local governments also play an important part in
implementing energy efficiency measures in buildings. For example, the Governor of Jakarta initiated
the development of Governor Decree No. 38/2012 and the Mayor of Bandung enacted the Mayor
Decree no. 1023/2016, both on Green Building guidelines to reduce energy consumption, water
consumption, and carbon emissions from buildings.
34
The Ministry of Finance, through the Ministerial Regulations No. 21/PMK. 011/2010 and 24/PMK.
011/2010 on Renewable Energy Incentives, prescribe tax facility for renewable energy in the form of
Income Tax, Import Duty, Tax Holiday, and Tax Exemption. [53]
Aside from this, some projects were also implemented to support the creation and the development
of energy efficiency incentives and tools. The Green Building Council of Indonesia are promoting the
Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies (EDGE), a rating tool developed by International Finance
Corporation (IFC).
The Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund programme of MEMR aims at providing technical assistance
to develop a concept and a programme for a revolving fund, via Project Implementation Plan (PIP)
mechanism. [54]
The Ministry of Public Works and Housing supported city administrations such as Bandung and
Surabaya to implement a Green Building Code and extend tax benefits.
Menara Bank Central Asia (BCA) in Jakarta.

Credit: BCA
35
Lao PDR
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is

located north-east of Thailand and west of Vietnam with
a total area of 236,800 square kilometres (km2). Lao
PDR is one of the fastest growing economies in the
region and globally with GDP growth at 7.8 per cent on
an average over the last decade. [55] As the country
aims to accelerate its economic development and to
end its status as one of the least developed countries
by 2020, the dependence on energy will increase; with
the main energy sources being renewable energy and
hydropower. [56] Due to rapid industrialisation and
urbanisation, the final energy consumption is growing,
therefore energy efficiency will play an important role.
In 2015, the residential, transportation, commercial,

and industrial sectors in Lao PDR accounted for 45
per cent, 34 per cent, 12 per cent and 8 per cent
respectively of the TFEC. [55] Building legislation
and codes are practiced in the industrial sector; however, measures focusing on energy efficiency in
buildings are yet to be implemented. The construction sector of Lao PDR is likely to be fuelled by high
Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and there is an increasing investment from Japan, China, and the
Asian Development Bank (ADB). [57]

The National Energy Efficiency Policy 2016 has defined targets to reduce TFEC by 10 per cent by
2030 and reduce energy consumption level by around one per cent per year on average, compared
to Bussiness As Usual/BAU. [55] The Ministry of Energy and Mines have an objective to raise the
electrification rate to 95 per cent until 2020 through strengthening grid and hydropower. [58]

The national policies on energy are developed by Department of Energy under the Ministry of Energy
and Mines (MEM), while regulations are drafted by related departments. Policy and planning include
tariffs, monitoring compliance by energy suppliers, drafting strategic plans for power generation,
transmission and distribution, and also energy export among others.
The Energy Sector Assessment, Strategy and Road Map 2013 prioritises energy policy with an aim
to provide reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy to ensure economic growth. The main focus
areas are increased electricity access and hydropower development. The document mentions that
the National EE&C Strategy and Action Plan is being developed, and the government buildings are
required to implement energy efficiency measures. [56]
The Demand-Side Management and Energy Efficiency Program (DSM/EE) in Lao PDR was first
implemented in 2007. The program focuses on public sector consumption to develop an energy use
database, conduct energy audits in selected public buildings, implement energy efficiency measures
in pilot sites (but was eventually discontinued since there was a reorganization and EE&C review was
removed to another department), facilitate appliances energy standards and labelling program, and launch
public awareness campaign on energy efficiency by the Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion (IREP),
(formerly Department of Energy Management). The second phase of the program, conducted in 2015,
included the residential and commercial sectors within the activities, in addition to the public sector. [59]
36
The Department of Housing and Urban Planning under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport
have a system of building legislations and codes of practice to govern the sector. Several documents
are in place such as Law on Construction No. 05/NA, approved on 26 November 2009; Law on Urban
Planning No. 40/NA, approved on 16 November 2017; Regulation on Construction Management
No. 1589/PWT, approved 11 November 2013; and Regulation on Urban Planning and Regulation
for Construction Permission. These documents are available only in Lao language and could not be
reviewed for this study.

The Building Energy Codes are being developed and sent to the government for approval, hence
there is no target for the building sector. The government plans to establish a building energy code
for new buildings as stated in the Energy Sector Assessment, Strategy and Road Map. In 2016, the
government of Lao PDR developed the National Energy Efficiency Policy which can also be used as
a basis to formulate codes and standards to help achieve their national energy efficiency targets. [60]
There is no equivalent agency which can be identified for energy efficiency and conservation initiatives
– however, the Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion exists as the main agency responsible
for developing and promoting the use of RE and EE&C. [61] Lao PDR is developing Standard and
Labelling for the Air-Conditioner and the government has plans to implement Energy Management
System in large buildings and industries.
The Embassy of the United States of America is the only Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) accredited building in Lao PDR, whereas national building codes and rating tools are
yet to be developed. [11]
Lao PDR’s key approaches as described in the policies, rules and regulations as well as energy code
and standards relating to the building sector are displayed in the timeline below.

Timeline: 2000 - 2018
Lao PDR
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Energy Sector Assesment,

Strategy and Road Map
(2013)
Figure 13:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Lao PDR
Stakeholder Mapping
The Ministry of Energy and Mines and the Ministry of Public Works and Transport are the two ministries
that are involved in building approval, construction, and energy related matters. The coordination
between the two ministries regarding energy efficiency in buildings is yet to be established.
A. Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)

Ministry of Energy and Mines are the main agency responsible for the energy sector of Lao PDR.
Under this Ministry, the Department of Energy Policy and Planning, the Department of Energy
Management, and the Institute for Renewable Energy Promotion are the main departments which are
37
developing various policies, strategies, and plans for energy efficiency and conservation. The MEM
also oversee three state-owned enterprises as below:

1. Electricite du Laos (EDL);
2. Lao Holding State Enterprise;
3. Electrical Construction and Installation Company;
EDL is the state corporation of Lao PDR that owns and operates the country’s electricity generation,
electricity transmission, and electricity distribution assets. Lao Holding State Enterprise (LHSE)’s is
a 100 per cent state-owned company and its primary function is to hold, manage, and maintain - on
behalf of the government of Lao PDR - shares in the Nam Theun 2 Power Corporation (NTPC) Ltd. and
any other power project companies acquired by LHSE or transferred to it by the government.
Electrical Construction and Installation Company is a state-owned company of Lao PDR that is
involved in the construction of the country’s infrastructure.
Ministry of Public
Works
Institute of Research Dept of

Department Department Department of Department Department Department of Department
Department of Renewable Institute for Geology
Cabinet Office of Officer and of Mining Energy Policy of Affaires of Energy Cooperation of Energy
Inspection Energy Energy and & Mineral
Organization Management and Planning Legislatives Management and Planning Business
Promotion Mines Management
Figure 14:
Organisation of Ministry of Energy and Mines, Lao PDR [62]
B. Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT)

The Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) have built institutional success by capitalizing on
the government’s planning system and introducing a commercialised and decentralised approach to
the construction sector, especially on the road infrastructure. The Department of Housing and Urban
Planning under the MPWT are in-charge of building construction in the country. [63]
38
Minister of MPWT
Deputy Minister of MPWT
Research Institute Training Institute

Department Water
Cabinet Office of Public work and of Public work and
Ways
transport transport
Department of
Departement of
Housing and Urban Lao Airport Unit Air traffic Control Unit
Inspection
Planning
Department of Railway Project

Department of Civil Railway
Organization and Management
Aviation Management Unit
Personal Committee
Department of
Department of Road Management Lao Aviation State
Planning and
Railway Funding Secretariat Enterprise
Cooperation
State Enterprise
Department of Department of Lao National Train
of Communication
Finance Water Supply State Enteprise
Engineering
State Enteprise State Enterprise

Department of Department of
of communication of research on
Roads Affaires Legislative
construction Construction Material
Department of
Transport
Figure 15:
Organisation of Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Lao PDR [64]

Lao PDR provides financial incentives to investors with the aim to produce clean energies for meeting
domestic demand, but no targets have been defined on EE&C in buildings yet. Investments in energy
efficiency are incentivised under the provisions of the Investment Law (2004), which include: [61]
• corporate income tax holidays of up to seven years
• exemption from import duties and taxes on raw materials and capital equipment;
• exemption from export duty on export products
• ten per cent personal income tax for expatriate employees
• additional tax holidays and reduced tax rates for large projects
• special concessions upon negotiation
39
Malaysia
Malaysia consists of two areas, which

are Peninsular Malaysia and the states
of Sabah and Sarawak, which are on
Borneo. Its total area is 330534 square
kilometres (km2).[65] The states of
Sabah and Sarawak are bordered by
Indonesia while Sarawak also shares a
border with Brunei. The energy sector
has matured considerably from merely
relying on fossil fuels to diversifying the
energy mix with new and renewable energy sources. An alternative source of energy including
renewables is a game changer and is expected to continue and gain momentum into the future.
Malaysia is placed on the third rank in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita among
ASEAN Member States after Singapore and Brunei Darussalam, amounting to USD 11,000 in 2016. In
terms of Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) per capita, Malaysia also ranks third after Singapore
and Brunei Darussalam with 1.81 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) per capita in 2016. The transportation
sector is the main energy consumer in Malaysia with a share of 42 per cent of TFEC, followed by the
industrial, non-energy use, and commercial sectors with 28 per cent, 15 per cent, and 8 per cent
respectively. The residential sector only accounts for 6 per cent of TFEC. [66][67]
Malaysia’s construction industry is classified into four sectors, which are (i) residential buildings, (ii)
non-residential buildings, (iii) civil engineering and (iv) the special trade sectors the regulations varies
among states. [68] Although the commercial and residential sectors only account for 14 per cent of
TFEC, together they consume around 52.4 per cent of the final electricity consumption. [67] This is
set to grow due to industrialisation, urbanisation, and population growth. To address the increase in
electricity demand in the commercial and residential sectors, Malaysian Standards for residential and
non-residential buildings were introduced.

The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2016-2025 targets reduction in electricity consumption by 8
per cent over a period of a decade from 2016 to 2025 as compared to BAU. This reduction in electricity
consumption should result in more than 52,000 GWh energy savings across residential, commercial
and industrial sectors, and a carbon emissions reduction of 38 million tonnes CO2 equivalent. [69]

The Energy Commission Act 2001 was introduced to establish the Energy Commission with powers
to regulate energy supply activities and to enforce energy supply laws. The functions of the Energy
Commission include promoting efficiency, economy, and safety in the power generation, transmission,
and distribution and also promoting conservation and use of renewable energy. [70]
The Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulations (EMEER) 2008 was developed under the
Electricity Supply Act 1990 and is applicable to large consumers that consume 3 million kilowatt-hours
(kWh) of electrical energy over a period of six consecutive months. The key provisions in EMEER
include the appointment of registered electrical energy manager by installations, establishment of
efficient electrical energy management policy and objectives, monitoring and keeping of records,
and periodical reporting. [71] The Building Sector Energy Efficiency Project (BSEEP) is a national
project to reduce the annual growth rate of greenhouse gas emission from the building sector, with
the objective to improve energy utilisation efficiency in both new and existing buildings, particularly
in the commercial and government sectors. [72]. [72] The project is supported by United Nations
40
Development Programme (UNDP) and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) while the
Public Works Department, an agency under the Ministry of Works, are the executing entity and
implementing partner of the project. [60][70] In this direction, the BSEEP developed guidelines to
practise energy efficiency in buildings, which addressed immediate concerns from building design
professionals and provide adequate technical knowhow and financial saving estimates.
The implementation of Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in the government sector was approved
in 2013 as an initiative to promote energy efficiency in government buildings. EPC was developed
to overcome the capital costs or financing barriers in implementing cost effective energy efficiency
measures. It helps to provide customers with a comprehensive set of energy savings measure and is
accompanied with guarantees that the savings produced by a project will be sufficient to finance the
full cost of the project. Under the EPC concept, government buildings will engage with Energy Services
Companies (ESCO) to improve building energy efficiency. [73]
The eleventh (11th) Malaysia Plan 2016-2020 includes steps and actions for energy efficiency in the
building sector. It aims to achieve the following [74]:
• 700 registered electrical energy managers
• Extend Energy Performance Contracting to other government buildings
• Adopt energy efficient designs to new government building
• Retrofit 100 government buildings
• Register 70 Energy Service Companies
• Target 100 companies to implement ISO 50001

Malaysia established a voluntary set of building energy standards called Malaysia Standards (MS) for
non-residential buildings since 2001. The Malaysia Standards specify provisions for implementing,
operating and improving an energy management system in a building with the explicit objective of
continual improvements regarding energy performance, energy efficiency, and energy use tracking.
The energy efficiency standard MS 1525 is used as the code of practice on energy efficiency and
use of renewable energy in non- residential buildings. [75] MS 1525 is the main national standard for
building energy efficiency and has undergone revisions over the years. MS 1525 includes measures
for EE such as building envelope, Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV), lighting, and
energy management control system. The most recent revision is the third edition which was released in
2014. However, through the amendments of the Uniform Building by Laws (UBBL) made in 2012, parts
of MS 1525 were made mandatory which are the OTTV, RTTV, and energy management system for
new or renovated non-residential buildings with air-conditioned space exceeding 4000 square metres
(m2) and U-value for roof of all buildings (residential and non-residential). [76]
Another set of Malaysia Standards related to building energy efficiency, MS ISO 50001, is intended
to guide the building management team to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions,
energy cost, and other related environmental impacts through systematic management of energy. [77]
This national standard was adopted from the international standard of ISO 50001:2011 on Energy
Management Systems.
Several green building rating tools have been developed by the government of Malaysia. Firstly,
Penarafan Hijau JKR (PH JKR) was developed by the Public Works Department in 2012 as a
measurement tool for the sustainability of government projects focusing in the building and road
sectors. Secondly, The Green Performance Assessment System (GreenPASS) was developed by the
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) in 2012 to focus purely on the environmental carbon
emission impacts from building construction and operation. GreenPASS is also known as Construction
Industry Standard, CIS 20:2012.
41
Another green building rating tool developed by the Government is MyCREST. [78] MyCREST, or
the Malaysian Carbon Reduction and Environment Sustainability Tool, aims to quantify and hence
reduce the built environment’s impacts in terms of carbon emissions and environmental impacts while
considering a more holistic life-cycle view of the built environment. It also aims to integrate social-
economic considerations relating to the built environment and urban development. [60]
The first locally developed and private driven green building rating tool in the country is the Green
Building Index (GBI). GBI was jointly developed - and is owned - by the Malaysian Institute of
Architects (PAM) and Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) in 2009 as a non-profit
third-party accreditation body and is supported by the Malaysia Green Building Confederation (MGBC).
GBI provides an opportunity for developers and building owners to design and construct green,
sustainable buildings (including townships) that can provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier
indoor environment, better connectivity to public transport, and the adoption of recycling and greenery
for their projects to reduce impact on the environment. It is the most commonly used local rating tool
in the building sector on a voluntary basis. To date, there are 455 buildings with a total gross floor area
exceeding 200 million square feet certified under GBI. [79]
Apart from that, there are also other green building rating tools that have been developed such as the
Green Real Estate (GreenRE) by the Real Estate and Housing Developers Association (REHDA) in
2013 and the Melaka Green Seal in Malacca. [60] Additionally, there are 51 buildings certified under
LEED [11] and a number of buildings accredited by BCA Green Mark, Singapore.
Malaysia’s key approaches as described in the policies, rules and regulations as well as energy code
Building Sector Energy

Energy Efficiency and Conservation Efficiency Project (2011)
Timeline: 2000 - 2018
Green Building Implementation of EPC
Malaysia Index (2009) in Government Sectors
(2013)
Energy Performance
Energy Commission Act Efficient Management Contracting (2013)
and Electricity Supply Act of Electrical Energy 11th Malaysia Plan
(2001) Regulation (2008) (2016)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
MS 1525 Code of Practice

JKR Guidelines to Practice Energy National Energy
on Energy Efficient for
Efficiency in Cawangan Kejuruteraan Efficiency Action Plan
Non-Residential Building -
Elektrik (2010) (2016)
1st Edition (2001)
MS 1525 Code of Practice MS 1525 Code of Practice

on Energy Efficient for on Energy Efficient for
Non-Residential Building - Non-Residential Building -
2nd Edition (2007) 3rd Edition (2014)
Figure 16:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Malaysia
42
Stakeholder Mapping
The country has a new government after 60 years and the relevant ministries were reshuffled in
2018. One of the new ministries formed is the Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment
and Climate Change (MESTECC). MESTECC was formed from three previous ministries namely
Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation,
and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Though MESTECC is the leading ministry
spearheading energy efficiency and conservation initiatives in Malaysia, there are several other
relevant ministries and agencies which are also carrying out programmes and projects related to
energy efficiency and conservation.
The country elected a new government in May 2018 and the ministries were subsequently reorganised.
An overview of various ministries/institutions and their role in energy efficiency and conservation in
Malaysia can be found below in tabular format.
Diamond Building, Malaysia.

Credit: Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia
43
Table 1:
Ministries/institutions and their role in EE&C in Malaysia

Institutions Description
Energy Section, Economic Identifies the need for resources and allocates these for the
Planning Unit implementation of EE programmes
Ministry of Energy, Science, Formulates and implements EE policies in coordination with other key stakeholders.
Technology, Environment, & [80]
Climate Change (MESTECC)
Ministry of Housing and Local Responsible for housing development and strata management, local government, fire
Government and rescue authority, landscapes, solid waste management, regulating the activities of
moneylenders and pawn brokers as well as town and country planning in accordance to
National Physical Plan.[81]
Ministry of Works Responsible for development of the Federal road networks nationwide, development
of Bumiputera entrepreneurs in the construction sector, monitor departments
and agencies under its purview, give advice and support services to CIDB in the
development of the country’s construction industry and skilled workforce etc. [82]
Public Works Department Responsible for planning, design and construction of infrastructure ventures such as
roads, government buildings, airports, harbours, piers, and related engineering works. It
also oversees the maintenance of roads and selected government buildings as well as
to provide technical advisory services. [60][83]
Energy Commission (EC) Regulates the electricity and gas supply industries at the reticulation stage from
the technical, safety, and economic aspects. EC also advises the MESTECC on all
matters related to electricity and tariffs including energy efficiency. [84]
Sustainable Energy A statutory body under the purview of the MESTECC, its function is to administer
Development Authority (SEDA) and manage the implementation of the feed-in tariff mechanism which is mandated
under the Renewable Energy Act 2011 and also implement energy demand
management programs. [85]
Malaysian Green Technology Under the purview of the MESTECC in charge of catalysing the deployment of green
Corporation (GreenTech technology in line with national green policies. [86]
Malaysia)
Construction Industry The concept of sustainability focuses on the preservation of the environment while critical
Development Board (CIDB - development-related issues are designed into a construction project. The establishment of
MAMPAN) Sustainable Construction Excellence Centre (MAMPAN) will drive sustainable construction
in the country with innovative initiatives. [87]
Malaysia Green Building The leading NGO in the country to champion the transition of the building and
Confederation (MGBC) construction industries from BAU towards ‘sustainable’ with the primary focus on
awareness and advocacy. Internationally affiliated as an established member of the
World Green Building Council which has members in 72 countries thus including
60% of global population. [88]
Green Building Index (GBI) The GBI rating tool was introduced by a non-profit third-party accreditation
organisation, GreenBuildingIndex Sdn.Bhd. (GSB) in 2009 with support and
endorsement from the Malaysia Green Building Confederation [82]. GSB is owned
by the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) [83] and Association of Consulting
Engineers Malaysia (ACEM).
Real Estate & Housing Regarded by both the public and private sectors as the leading representative body
Developers’ Association of private property developers for its commitment to nation building and betterment
(REHDA) of lives through sustainable property development. [89]
44
In 2001, Malaysia began to provide fiscal incentives to promote energy efficiency projects and
equipment through tax incentives, import duty and sales tax waivers on energy efficiency equipment,
and accelerated capital allowance or pioneer status for investments in energy efficiency technologies
and projects. The Sustainability Achieved via Energy Efficiency (SAVE) Programme aims to increase
the number of energy efficient electrical equipment/appliances in the market and increase the public
awareness with funding of RM100-200 as rebates on refrigerators, air-conditioners, and chillers. [90]
The Green Technology Finance Scheme (GTFS) was further increased from 1.5 billion Malaysian Ringgit
(RM) to RM 3.5 billion (ended in 2017). [91] The scheme was further enhanced with additional funding
earmarked up to RM5.0 billion (2018-2022) and at the same time specific financing for Energy Performance
Contracting (EPC) was created to support investment in green technology projects including energy efficiency
under the scheme. [92] . The fund provides 2-per cent subsidy on the interest rates offered by commercial
banks and a credit guaranteed support for the loan capital. [60] The EPC program was developed to
overcome barriers such as high capital investment and financing through four main steps as follows:
1. Engage the service of Energy Service Company (ESCO) in the EE improvement project of a facility
2. ESCO will offer to implement and finance the project. ESCO is also in charge of the installation and
maintenance of energy efficient equipment
3. Payment to ESCO is based upon guaranteed savings achieved
4. All equipment installed become the property of the owner after the contract period ends
The Green Investment Tax Incentive was created in 2014 with the purpose of strengthening the
development of green technology. It consists of both Green Investment Tax Allowances (GITA) for
investments in green technology projects for business purposes or own consumption / purchase of green
technology assets, and Green Income Tax Exemption (GITE) for green technology service providers. [93]
Box 3: Green Investment Tax Incentive (2014), in Malaysia [93]
There are two different types of tax incentives:

Green Investment Tax Allowance for Assets
Investment Tax Allowance (ITA) of 100 per cent of qualifying capital expenditure incurred on green
technology assets from the year of assessment 2013 (date on which the first qualifying capital
expenditure incurred is not earlier than 25 October 2013) until the year of assessment 2020. The
allowance can be offset against 70 per cent of statutory income in the year of assessment. Unutilised
allowances can be carried forward until they are fully absorbed.
Green Investment Tax Allowance for Projects

Investment Tax Allowance (ITA) of 100 per cent of qualifying capital expenditure incurred on a green
technology project from the date of application received by Malaysian Investment Development Authority
(MIDA) until 31 December 2020. The allowance can be offset against 70 per cent of statutory income in
the year of assessment. Unutilised allowances can be carried forward until they are fully absorbed. Green
technology projects related to renewable energy (RE), energy efficiency (EE), green building, green data
centre, and integrated waste management are eligible to be considered for this tax incentive.
Green Income Tax Exemption for Services

Income tax exemption of 100 per cent of statutory income from the year of assessment when the date
of application received by MIDA until the year of assessment 2020. Green technology services related
to RE, EE, green building, green data centre, green certification and verification, green township, and
electric vehicle (EV) support services such as installation, maintenance, and repair of EV charging
equipment, infrastructure and EV charging station; operation of EV charging station; and maintenance,
repair, and overhaul of EV are eligible to be considered for this tax incentive.
45
Myanmar
Myanmar shares land borders with five countries namely India,

China, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Lao PDR with a total area of
676,578 square kilometres (km2). The energy intensity per capita
in Myanmar is the second lowest among ASEAN countries after
Cambodia, with 0.33 tonnes of equivalent (toe) of Total Final Energy
Consumption (TFEC) per capita in 2015. The primary energy source
of Myanmar is mainly from biomass which accounts for 84 per cent
of TFEC, whereas the residential sector is the biggest consumer of
energy with 74 per cent share of TFEC in 2015 [94].
The contribution of the construction sector to Myanmar’s Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) has been increasing steadily, due to public-
sector investments which have helped grow Myanmar’s infrastructure
and residential projects. Such construction growth accounts mostly
for public and private housing development projects, whereas
commercial projects such as hotels and shopping centres are still
undergoing limited construction growth. [95]

The National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap 2015 aims to reduce
electricity consumption by 20 per cent by 2030 according to baseline consumption 2012. The building
sector, including commercial, public and residential buildings, is aiming to achieve nearly 12 per cent
reduction from the 2012 baseline. [60][96]

The National Energy Policy 2014 states the need to improve the availability of energy supply in
Myanmar through the development of the country’s renewable energy resources and improvement in
energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy. Various Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C)
objectives and work programs are included in the document, which are contained within the following
policy framework: [97]
1. To conduct awareness-raising campaign and capacity building regarding energy efficiency and
conservation programs
2. To prescribe relevant legal framework including laws, rules and regulations etc. required for the
implementation of energy efficiency and conservation programs
3. To establish a dedicated department responsible for successful implementation of energy efficiency
and conservation programs
4. To implement resources mobilization and exchange of experience of problems in coordination with
international organisations which are working on energy efficiency and conservation programs
5. To formulate funding mechanisms in order to successfully implement energy efficiency and
conservation programs
The National Energy Plan 2014 also states that a comprehensive energy efficiency policy is required
for an effective implementation of EE&C. In this direction, The Ministry of Industry is formulating a draft
outline of a three-year action plan of EE&C regulation. This will act as the first step to reduce energy
intensity particularly in the industrial sector, and the next step will be the formulation of law on EE&C
based on this action plan. [97]
46
The National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap 2015 assesses
the energy efficiency potential from the industrial, commercial, residential, and public sectors. The
Roadmap sets various strategic objectives for each sector, which generally include the adoption of
energy efficient technologies, incorporation of energy efficiency measures in new building design and
refurbishments, reduction of energy costs through energy performance standards and appliances,
increasing awareness of energy efficiency amongst stakeholders, and strengthening capacity building
in EE&C within a particular sector. Furthermore, the Roadmap also proposed implementation plans for
each activity within the objectives and institutional arrangement in the form of a separate directorate
under the Ministry of Industry for the management of all EE&C activities in Myanmar. [96]
The Myanmar Energy Master Plan (EMP) 2015 was developed to analyse energy demand
development from 2014 to 2035 for five sectors namely household, industrial, commercial, transport,
and agriculture. The EMP acts as a basis for making recommendations for Myanmar’s national energy
planning and states the need to develop Integrated Energy Planning (IEP) as a roadmap to satisfy
the energy needs of Myanmar while stimulating the development of economic activities. To develop
the IEP, it is critical for any energy efficiency and conservation plans to be aligned with the broader
strategic and economic direction of the country. [98]
The Ministry of Industry are attempting to legislate the EE&C Law that is currently being drafted which
is expected to be finalised by the year 2020. To include inputs from wider stakeholders, Myanmar is
planning to conduct a public consultation in 2019. Major regulation points to be included in the Law
are those related to energy intensive industries, energy intensive buildings, transportation sector, and
energy performance standards for electrical appliances. The Ministry of Construction will introduce
Myanmar National Building Codes by the year 2020 and the Ministry of Industry will implement
guidelines for the Minimum Energy Performance Standards as well.
In July 2018, Myanmar national standard MMS ISO- 50001:2011 was also adopted from the
international standard of ISO 50001:2011 on Energy Management Systems to guide systematic
management of energy.

Myanmar National Building Code (MNBC), which is currently being legislated by the Ministry of
Construction in collaboration with Myanmar Engineering Society and Association of Myanmar
Architects, covers various aspects related to building construction and design. It was first developed in
2012, while a number of amendments have been proposed since 2013 due to the increase of high-rise
projects. [60][99]
In 2016, the Green Building Committee in cooperation with the Japanese government and experts,
proposed the first draft of Green Buildings to be put as one of the chapters in MNBC. It will include the
energy efficiency and conservation requirements in buildings. At the time of publishing of this report,
the MNBC has not yet been officially launched by the Ministry due to ongoing translation process from
Burmese, known as the national language of Myanmar, to English. However, the this code is already
being implemented by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) in checking the approval
for new buildings construction in a voluntary basis. Energy Conservation Guideline for buildings will
be developed by the Ministry of Industry such as active design. It includes lighting, air conditioners,
transformers, pumps and motors. [60]
Minimum Energy Performance Standard (MEPS) for electrical home appliances for Myanmar was
developed under ASEAN-Standard Harmonisation Initiative for Energy Efficiency (ASEAN-SHINE) and
was implemented from 2013 to 2016 within the collaboration between the ASEAN Centre for Energy
(ACE) and EU-Switch Asia. The initiative was begun by establishing regional policy roadmap for air
conditioners and lighting, from which the government is subject to increase their MEPS over time until
2020. [100]
47
Myanmar’s key approaches as described in the policies, rules and regulations as well as energy code

Timeline: 2000 - 2018
Myanmar National Building Code
(2016) - Pending
National Energy Policy

(2014)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Myanmar Energy
Master Plan
(2015)
National Energy
Efficiency and
Conservation Policy
(2015)
Figure 17:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Myanmar
Stakeholder Mapping
The Ministry of Electricity and Energy, the Ministry of Industry, and the Ministry of Construction are
the main ministries that oversee the energy efficiency initiatives and building construction. The Green
Building Committee are involved in developing the building energy efficiency guideline and conduct
regular consultation with stakeholders in regard to preparation of green building codes.
A. Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE)

The Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) and the Ministry of Energy (MOE) were merged into the
Ministry of Electricity and Energy under which there are four departments, five enterprises, and two
corporations. The Ministry of Electricity and Energy are responsible for the country’s energy sector
which includes electric power generation enterprise, electric power supply, and department of electric
power planning, among others.
Ministry of
Electricity and
Energy
Hydropower Petroleum Yangoon Mandalay

Electric Power & Oil and Gas Power trans. & Electric Power Elecricity Supply Oil & Gas Petrochemical
Implemen- Product Electricity Electricity
Planning Planning system control Gen. Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise
tation Enterprise Supply Corp. Supply Corp.
Figure 18:
Organisation of Ministry of Electricity and Energy, Myanmar [101]
48
B. Ministry of Industry (MOI)
The Ministry of Industry is the focal ministry for Myanmar in the energy efficiency sector to implement
the energy efficiency and conservation promotion activities throughout Myanmar. One of the work
programmes under the Ministry of Industry is to set up an energy efficiency framework and to implement
the measures needed to meet the targeted objectives. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division
(EECD) was established in 2014 under the Directorate of Industrial Collaboration with the aim to
implement energy efficiency and conservation programmes effectively. According to the draft of the EE&C
Law, there is a work plan to promote the EECD as a directorate in the future.
Ministry of
Industry
Directorate
of Industrial
Collaboration
Energy
Efficiency &
Conservation
Division
Energy
Policy and Legal
Management
Services
Services
Energy Standard & Energy Efficiency Training and

Database Regulation Program Awareness
Figure 19:
Organisation of Ministry of Industry, Myanmar [102]
C. Ministry of Construction (MOC)

The Ministry of Construction oversee construction and maintenance of infrastructure, including roads
and bridges in the country. The MOC have a fully dedicated department for the building sector, which
plays a key role in improving energy efficiency in buildings.
Ministry of
Construction
Road Bridge Village

Building State East
Management Management Development
Department Department
Department Department Department
Figure 20:
Organisation of Ministry of Construction, Myanmar [103]
D. Green Building Committee of Building Engineers Institute (GBC-BEI)

GBC-BEI is an organization that pursues the advancements of green buildings and sustainable
development. They have been actively involved in promoting the importance of energy efficiency
in buildings and engaging with the MOC and the MOI to support the development of green building
chapter of the MNBC.
49
E. Myanmar Engineering Council (MEC)
While energy efficiency documents and policies are governred by both the Ministry of Electricity and
Energy and by the Ministry of Industry, the Myanmar Engineering Council are supporting the Ministry
of Construction in developing the Myanmar National Building Code which is still currently under
development. [104]

The Investment Law in 2016 provides incentives to investors as follows: [60][105]
• exemption or income tax relief for one year if the profit obtained from the profits of the business is
maintained in a reserve fund and reinvested
• investment business that has obtained a permit or an endorsement is reinvested
• income tax relief for exported goods
• right to deduct expenses on research and development
• rights to carry forward and loss and offset for three consecutive years
• income tax exemptions for less developed regions - Zone (1) for a period of 7 consecutive years,
Zone (2) for a period of 5 consecutive years, Zone (3) for a period of 3 consecutive years
• customs duties exemption for import of machinery, equipment, instruments, spare parts, and
materials during the construction period or during the preparatory period of the investment
business
• income tax exemption for production of renewable energy
50
Philippines
The Philippines is the second largest archipelago after

Indonesia and is located on the western edge of the
Pacific Ocean with a total area of 300,000 square
kilometres (km2). It is the second most populous country
after Indonesia with 101 million inhabitants in 2015. The
transportation and residential sectors account for the
biggest share of the Total Final Energy Consumption
(TFEC) with 33 per cent and 30 per cent respectively,
followed by the industrial and commercial sectors with 21
per cent and 11 per cent respectively. The Philippines
relies on conventional fossil fuels like oil, coal, and
natural gas. [106]
The construction sector accounts for 20 per cent of the

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Philippines and
was seen to have an annual growth of 11 per cent in
2015. This growth in the construction sector resulted
from the rise in the development of residential buildings
such as condominiums, and commercial buildings such
as hotels and other buildings in the hospitality business.
In addition, there is also an increasing number of
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects offered by the
government for housing and commercial establishments.
[107][108]

The Philippines Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2017-2040 aims to reduce electricity consumption by one
per cent every year compared to business as usual until 2040 and reduce Energy Intensity by 40 per
cent until 2040 compared to 2005 levels. [109]

The Philippines Energy Plan 2017- 2040 defined eight strategy directions: [110]
1. Ensure energy security
2. Expand energy access to ensure affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
3. Promote low-carbon future
4. Strengthen collaboration building among all government agencies involved in energy and energy-
related issues
5. Implement, monitor, and integrate sectoral and technological roadmaps and action plans
6. Advocate the passage of the legislative agenda
7. Strengthen consumer welfare and protection through multi-sector Information, Education, and
Communication programs
8. Foster stronger international relations and partnerships
The Philippines Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2017-2040 aims to support the country’s economic sector
development through efficiency gains and ensure energy security with a reduction in energy intensity
across key economic sectors. To reach the objectives, the Roadmap identified drivers such as sending
market signals to provide incentives for EE, strengthening existing policies, advocacies, programs,
and institutional structures, harnessing private sector/finance partnerships, and enabling innovation
and new technologies. The Roadmap focuses on five sectors namely commercial buildings, residential
51
buildings, transport, industry, and cross-sectoral, in which short term (2017-2020), medium term (2021-
2030) and long term (2031-2040) strategies are identified within each sector. [109]
The strategies for the residential building sector as stated in the Roadmap, spread across the three
terms, are as follows:
• Minimum Energy Performance for appliances
• Building envelope measures, e.g. cool roofs and insulation
• Develop role of utilities as key implementation partners and information providers
• Specific EE programs for low-income households
• Towards energy efficient housing precincts
• Inclusion of EE measures in residential Building Code
Whereas the strategies for the commercial building sector, spread across the three terms, are as
follows:
• Reformulate group to oversee EE measures in Building Code
• Retro-commissioning program for existing buildings
• Benchmarking and ratings for building information & reporting
• Inclusion for EE measures in national and regional building codes
• Provision of incentive funds in place for energy efficiency including private financiers
• Mandatory disclosure of commercial building energy intensity
Several energy efficiency policies are currently under development, which are the Energy Efficiency &
Conservation Bill, Minimum Energy Performance for Industrial, Commercial and Transport, Enhancing
ESCO Accreditation System, and Enhancing Government Energy Management Program. [111]

A key document relating to building energy efficiency is the Department of Energy Guidelines for
Energy Conserving Design of Buildings, introduced in 2008. [112] The Guideline prescribes minimum
requirements for the energy conserving design of new buildings and provides methods for determining
compliance to ensure efficient energy utilisation in the building. The components included in the
Guideline are Lighting, Electric Power and Distribution, Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of
Building Envelope, and Air Conditioning and Ventilation System among others.
Box 4: The Philippines Green Building Code [113]

The Philippines Green Building Code was introduced in 2015 and is implemented to cover different building
types such as hospitals, offices, hotels, and schools with a minimum area requirement of 10,000 square
metres (m2), over 15,000 m2 for malls, and over 20,000 m2 for residential buildings. The Green Building Code
establishes the minimum Energy Efficiency standards as well as other topics such as water and wastewater
management, solid waste management, site selection, indoor environmental air quality, and user comfort.
The GBC adopts a staggered or incremental approach and is subject to periodic review by the Secretary of
the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), through the National Building Code Development
Office (NBCDO), to modify or include new aspects and emerging efficient technologies and expand the
coverage to other building use/occupancy or replace outmoded measures. The Green Building Code works
with a baseline for the energy consumption, which is represented by Energy Use Intensity (EUI) measured
in kilowatt hours per square meter per year (kWh/m2) per year. The application of the energy efficiency
measures prescribed by the GBC was designed to effectively reduce EUI of the buildings by at least 15-18
per cent from baseline. It is expected that by 2030, the Philippines GBC will contribute to energy savings of
3.9 million kWh and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 1.87 million tons of CO2. [114]
52
The Philippines Green Building Code, released in 2015 and developed by the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH), aims to lessen the impacts of buildings to health and the environment
through resource management efficiency. The Philippines Green Building Code incorporates energy
efficiency components which focus on Building Envelope, Natural Ventilation, Roof Insulation,
Mechanical Systems, and Electrical Systems. Furthermore, the Philippines Green Building Code is
used as a referral code in the National Building Code of The Philippines (Presidential Decree 1096) -
also developed by DPWH. [113]
The Building for Ecological Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) code was developed by The
Philippines Green Building Council (PHILGBC) in 2013. [115][116] The code is a voluntary rating
system and a referral code in the National Building Code of The Philippines to promote sustainability
and improve energy efficiency. The energy efficiency components in BERDE include Energy Sub-
Metering, Energy Efficient Lighting, On-Site Renewable Energy Generation, Energy Efficient Building
Envelope, and Energy Efficient Equipment among others. This tool is used to verify and monitor building
performance based on existing mandatory regulations and standards in Philippines. In the Philippines, 26
buildings have been rated with Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) and 81
buildings have been certified with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). [11]
The Geared for Resiliency and Energy Efficiency for the Environment (GREEEN) was developed by the
Philippines Green Building Initiative (PGBI) to address the Philippines’ unique climatic conditions which
require a localized green building rating system that does not merely follow the models from other
countries. The objective of the GREEEN is to develop green buildings that achieve resiliency, energy
efficiency, occupant well-being, and environmental performance. Through the GREEEN programme,
the PGBI provides a voluntary set of criteria based on codes to evaluate newly constructed buildings
or buildings under major renovation by integrating the Standard on Energy Efficient Buildings by
the Philippines Society of Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE), the
Manual for LEED-Compliant Lighting System Design by the Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers
of the Philippines (IIEE), and the Passive Cooling Technology in Hot-Humid Localities by the United
Architects of the Philippines (UAP), together with the government mandated codes and guidelines such
as the National Building Code of the Philippines. [117]
The Philippines’ key approaches as described in the policies, rules and regulations as well as energy
code and standards relating to the building sector are displayed in the timeline below.

Timeline: 2000 - 2018 Philippines Energy
Efficiency and
Philippines
Conservation Action Plan
2016 - 2020
(2016)
Philippines Green
Building Code
(2015)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Department of Energy BERDE - Building for Ecologically

Guidelines for Energy Responsive Design
Conserving Design of Buildings (2013)
(2008)
Figure 21:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Philippines
53
Stakeholder Mapping
In the Philippines, the Department of Energy and the Department of Public Works and Highways are
the main departments dealing with energy and building related topics. In addition to the government
department, there are private stakeholders that play an important role in developing the standards,
codes and rating tools in the Philippines.
A. The Department of Energy (DOE)

The Department of Energy are mandated to prepare, integrate, coordinate, supervise, and control
all plans, programs, projects, and activities such as energy exploration, development, utilisation,
distribution, and conservation to ensure sustainable, stable, secure, sufficient, accessible, and
reasonably-priced energy.
DOE
Secretary
Renewable Energy Electric Power

Energy Resource Oil Industry Energy Policy
Energy Utilization Industry
Development Management and Planning
Management Management Management
Bureau Bureau Bureau
Bureau Bureau Bureau
Figure 22:
Organisation of Department of Energy, Philippines [118]
B. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

The Department of Public Works and Highways is one of three departments of the government
undertaking major infrastructure projects. The DPWH is responsible for undertaking the following:
1. Planning of infrastructure, such as national roads and bridges, flood control, water resources
projects and other public works, and
2. Design, construction, and maintenance of national roads and bridges, and major flood control
systems
DPWH
Secretary
Planning and UPMO

Support Legal Affairs
Public-Private- Regional Operations
Services and Priority
Partnership Operations and Technical
Projects
Services
Figure 23:
Organisation of Department of Public Works and Highways, Philippines [119]
A. Philippine Green Building Council (PHILGBC)

The Philippines Green Building Council was established in 2007 to promote sharing of knowledge
on green building practices to the industry to ensure a sustainable environment. The PHILGBC is a
member of the World Green Building Council – Asia Pacific Network. The Council is also a member
organization of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), and a global
partner of the GLOBE Alliance. [115]
54
B. Philippine Green Building Initiative (PGBI)
The Philippines Green Building Initiative is a non-profit voluntary group of professionals involved with
the built-in environment, with the mission to set up standards and promote best practices in the design
and construction of buildings; to develop a green building rating system; to develop the process of
rating, verification, inspections, and building audits; and to promote the adoption of various Green
Building technologies developed, among others. [120]
In the Philippines, the DOE is in charge of codes, laws, and regulations implementation relating to
energy efficiency whilst the DPWH is the key stakeholder in developing the mandatory Philippines
Green Building Code. Whereas the voluntary BERDE rating tool is administrated by the PHILGBC, the
GREEEN program is initiated by the PGBI.

The Government of the Philippines implemented a feed-in tariff (FiT) program for RE: [121]
• Pay companies for energy generated through non-conventional measures.
• Provide a seven-year tax holiday for renewable energy developers and the ability to import
technologies from abroad duty-free for 10 years.
55
Singapore
Singapore is a city-state with a total area of about

720 square kilometres, situated off the southern
tip of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia. [122]
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in
Singapore was USD 38.6 thousand per capita in
2015. Singapore’s Total Final Energy Consumption
(TFEC) in 2015 was 15,246.4 kilotonnes of oil
equivalent. The building sector is the third largest
contributor to Singapore’s carbon emissions
after the manufacturing and transport sectors,
contributing about 16% of the total carbon emission.
As Singapore has limited energy resources, greater emphasis has been placed on improving building
energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction through various policies and initiatives. [122][128]
The overall construction demand in Singapore is expected to increase due to the growth of institutional
and other buildings such as healthcare facilities, civil engineering works and government projects.
Of note, greening the built environment has become a key component of Singapore’s blueprint for
sustainable development. [123][124] Since 2006, Singapore has developed three successive Green
Building Masterplans in the year 2006, 2009 and 2014 respectively to provide the roadmaps to promote
adoption of green building design and technologies to advance sustainable development. [125]

The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015 by the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources
(MEWR) aims to reduce Singapore’s economy-wide energy intensity by 35 percent in 2030 from 2005
levels. In support of overall intensity reduction, the Building and Construction Authority has set out
ambitious plans to accelerate its green building agenda and to meet the targets of greening 80 % of
the buildings (by gross floor area) in Singapore by 2030. [60][126][141]

The National Energy Policy 2005 sets the energy policy framework for Singapore, with the following
objectives: [127]
1. To promote competitive markets
2. To diversify energy supplies
3. To improve energy efficiency
4. To build the energy industry and promote research and development
5. To promote international cooperation
6. To develop ‘whole of government’ approach
The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (2015) outlines our national vision and plans for a more liveable
and sustainable Singapore. The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (2015) is led by the Deputy Prime
Minister, the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) is the leading ministry. The
Sustainable Blueprint Group is the main body to lead the national targets including increasing energy
efficiency among others. [126]
In 2005, the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) spearheaded and launched the BCA Green
Mark scheme, a green building rating system to evaluate the environmental impact and performance of
buildings. One of the key objectives of this scheme is to promote the adoption of green building design
and technologies that will bring about better energy efficiency standards. [128][129]
56
In addition to reducing the carbon emission levels of buildings through various energy efficiency
measures, BCA has worked with the industry stakeholders to conceptualise and formulate its Green
Building Masterplans. These masterplans provide the roadmaps that set out specific directions and
various initiatives including regulatory measures for the building sector to work towards meeting the
target of greening 80% of the buildings (by GFA) by 2030. [130]
The first Green Building Masterplan was rolled out in 2006, putting in place initiatives to intensify
and speed up the development of new green buildings in Singapore. In 2009, the second Green
Building Masterplan was formulated with a suite of initiatives focused on greening the existing
buildings. In 2014, BCA unveiled its third Green Building Masterplan focused on engaging building
tenants and occupants, to drive energy consumption behavioural change and to address the well-
being of occupants. As part of the initiatives under this Masterplan, the BCA Green Mark framework
was revamped to incorporate greater emphasis on quality of indoor environment and health, climatic
responsive passive design, greater resource efficiency, and enhanced renewable energy adoption
while maintaining a high energy efficiency standard. [131][132]
To advance sustainable development, the Singapore Building Control Act (Revised Edition 1999) was
also revised over time to put in place appropriate legislative controls to provide the necessary impetus
to ensure the desired reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions can be attained. [129]
In 2008, the Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulation 2008 was introduced to set
out the mandatory minimum environmental sustainability standard for new building developments and
existing buildings undergoing major retrofitting with GFA of 2000 m2 or more. This minimum standard
comprises performance-based requirements that necessitate the use of cost-effective energy saving
technologies, design strategies, construction methods and operational monitoring, modelled after the
established BCA Green Mark criteria framework. [60][133][134][135]
With increased capacity and knowledge on the benefits of sustainable development among industry
practitioners, BCA mandated higher Green Mark standards for new building developments under the
Government Land Sales Programme in 2010, to further enhance the environmental sustainability of the
built environment. This requirement applies only to key strategic growth areas and would help achieve
a significant impact energy efficiency improvement by more than 40% over the 2005 codes.
Under the Building Control Act 2012 Amendment, building owners are required to comply with the
minimum environmental sustainability standard for existing buildings when there is a major energy-
use change, submit periodic energy efficiency audits of all cooling systems, and information regarding
energy consumption on an annual basis. These requirements were implemented in stages starting with
hotels, retail buildings and office buildings. The Act also spells out penalties to be imposed for buildings
that do not comply with the minimum environmental sustainability standard. [134]
The Government has also rolled out a range of measures to drive resource efficiency since 2006 under the
Public Sector Taking the Lead in Environmental Sustainability (PSTLES) initiatives. Under PSTLES, public
sector agencies are required to take the exemplary lead to ensure that their new buildings are to meet the
highest tier BCA Green Mark Platinum rating if the air-conditioning spaces are more than 5,000 m2. As for
existing public-sector buildings with air-conditioning spaces of more than 5,000 m2, the relevant agencies
have to make progress in improving their building performance by way of energy efficient retrofitting when
appropriate, to attain BCA Green Mark GoldPlus rating by 2020. In addition, office spaces leased by public
sector agencies must be from buildings with at least a BCA Green Mark GoldPlus rating. [132][60]
57
The Code for Environmental Sustainability of Buildings was first published and referenced in the
Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations in 2008 with subsequent revisions in
2010 and 2012, to keep abreast with advancement in technology and global trends. It sets out
the minimum environmental sustainability standard for buildings by establishing energy efficiency
standards and environmentally friendly practices for the planning, design and construction of buildings
so as to mitigate the environmental impact of built structures. It incorporates relevant references with
International standards like ASHRAE as well as Singapore Standards for compliance namely: [60][128]
• Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings
• SS530: 2014 - Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency Standard for Building Service and Equipment
• SS531-1:2016 - Code of Practice for indoor lighting of workplaces
• SS553: 2016 - Code of practice for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation in buildings and
provides general guidance in the design, construction, installation, testing and commissioning,
operation and maintenance of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems in all
commercial, office and institutional buildings except health care facilities
• SS554:2016 - Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings
• SS591:2013 – Code of Practice for long term measurement of central chilled water system energy
efficiency
• SS CP 38 – Code of Practice for Artificial lighting in Buildings
The criteria as set for GoldPlus must be 25 % more efficient than the code of practice for energy
efficiency standard for building services and equipment (SS 530:2014), whereas for Platinum it is 30
% more efficient than SS530: 2014. The Code of Practice for energy efficiency standard for building
services and equipment (or SS 530: 2014) is developed and reviewed by Enterprise Singapore; the
BCA Green Mark rating tool is based on the SS 530: 2014.
Various codes and rating systems are revised on a regular basis by forming a committee and
stakeholder consultation.
Singapore’s key policies, rules and regulations as well as energy codes that relate to the building can
be found in the following timeline diagram below.

Timeline: 2000 - 2018
Code for Environmental
Singapore Sustainability of Buildings -
2nd Edition (2010)
Code for
Environmental
Sustainability of
1st Green Building 2nd Green Building Buildings -
Masterplan (2006) Masterplan (2010) 3rd Edition (2012)*
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
GreenMark Energy Conservation Art

(2005) (2012)
Building Control 3rd Green Building

(Environmental Sustainability) Masterplan (2014)
Regulations
(2008)
Sustainability of Buildings
1st Edition (2010)
Figure 24:
Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings
58
In addition to the energy codes mentioned, under the BCA Green Mark scheme, buildings are required
to be designed and constructed to meet higher energy efficiency standards in order to be Green
Mark certified. [132] In addition, BCA has also put in place a building energy efficiency research and
development roadmap to facilitate the development of technologies that have potential to achieve
significant improvement in energy efficiency of buildings in Singapore.
Stakeholder Mapping
Singapore adopts an integrated ‘whole-of-government’ approach effort to address the issues of
standards, codes and rating tools in close consultation with the private stakeholders. The agencies
address issues such as development of skilled manpower, measurement, reporting, and verification of
rating system, among others. The sections below provide a brief overview of various energy efficiency
initiatives implemented by the agencies.
A. Building and Construction Authority (BCA)

The Building and Construction Authority under the Ministry of National Development is responsible for the
development of built environment for Singapore. The BCA administers the Building Control regulations
in relation to environmental sustainability and the BCA Green Mark Scheme. Aside from formulating and
implementing regulations and codes related to buildings, BCA is also developing a Research, Development
and Demonstration Roadmap to achieve Low Energy buildings in Singapore. The tools developed were
then discussed with a committee of practitioners, and building owners. They were then reviewed through
task force and other stakeholders before they were made available for public consultation. [60][128]
B. Energy Market Authority (EMA)

The Energy Market Authority leads the adoption of energy efficiency in Singapore through the
establishment of the Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO), an inter-agency organisation which
involves the BCA among other stakeholders. [136][137]
C. Enterprise Singapore
Enterprise Singapore as the national standards body administers the Singapore Standards Council
to approve the establishment, review and withdrawal of Singapore Standards. The Council also
participates in the development of codes in Singapore and reviews international standards that
are relevant to Singapore. [138] Enterprise Singapore through the Singapore Standards Council
facilitates the development of Singapore Standards; Singapore Standards relating to energy efficiency
in buildings are approved by the Building and Construction Standards Committee which consist of
professionals and experts in the building industry of Singapore. [139]
D. Singapore Green Building Council (SGBC)

Singapore Green Building Council (SGBC) established in 2009 aims at advocating green building
design, practices and technologies and driving environmental sustainability in the building and
construction industry. [140] The SGBC oversees the Singapore Green Building Product (SGBP)
Certification Scheme which certify green building products and services to help set high standards and
benchmarks for green building solutions. The products and services certified under this scheme can be
recognised in the relevant criteria under the BCA Green Mark certification framework. [133]

Singapore has introduced various funding schemes, by adopting a classic “carrot and stick” approach
to encourage private developers and building owners to go green. Since 2006, the Government has
also progressively introduced various incentives to encourage private developers and building owners
to strive for a higher Green Mark rating and energy efficiency standards in their building development.
The Gross Floor Area (GM GFA) incentive scheme was introduced by BCA and the Urban
Redevelopment Authority (URA) in 2009. In this scheme, URA will grant additional floor area over and
above the Master Plan Gross Plot Ratio for buildings attain higher tier BCA Green Mark award (i.e.
Green Mark Platinum and Green Mark GoldPlus). The quantum of GM GFA allowed under the Scheme is
59
up to 1 percent for BCA Green Mark GoldPLus and up to 2 percent for BCA Green Mark Platinum, subject
to a cap of 2,500 m2 for GoldPlus and 5,000 m2 for Platinum. [141]
In 2011, to help building owners to embark on energy efficiency retrofits, BCA has also worked and
collaborated with various financial institutions and banks to provide financing support for interested
building owners through the Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing (BREEF) Scheme. BREEF
helps provide credit facilities for commercial building owners, MCSTs and Energy Services Companies
to carry out energy efficiency retrofits under an Energy Performance Contract arrangement. The
maximum loan granted is up to S$4 million or 90 percent of the total retrofit costs, whichever lower,
with maximum tenure up to 5 years. The interest rate is decided by the Financial Institutions. [142]
As part of the Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings (GMIS-EB), a S$100 million program
setup was announced on 29 April 2009 to encourage building owners of existing private commercial
developments to conduct energy audit of their existing buildings and to improve their building performance
through energy efficient retrofits. This incentive scheme co-funds up to 50 percent of the total cost (capped
at S$3 million) of supply and installation of energy efficient equipment and professional services. BCA
will also co-fund 50 percent of the cost to conduct an energy audit to determine the efficiency of the air-
conditioning plants. The remaining 50 percent will be borne by the building owner. [143]
In the Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings and Premises (GMIS–EPB), a S$50 million
program effective from 1 October 2014 was developed to encourage building owners and tenants to
undertake energy improvement works involving the installation of energy efficient equipment. It provides a
cash incentive up to 50 percent of the qualifying costs incurred solely for the purposes of energy efficiency
improvements in existing buildings and premises. [[60][144]
Green Mark Incentive Scheme – Design Prototype (GMIS-DP) was launched in January 2005. The scheme
aims to encourage developers and building owners
to strive for greater energy efficiency in buildings by
placing more emphasis at the design stage. Funding
support of $5 million was allocated for this scheme for
the engagement of Environmentally Sustainable Design
(ESD) consultants to conduct collaborative design
workshops and assist in simulation studies early in the
project to achieve a breakthrough and optimal design
for green buildings. The potential development should
be in its preliminary concept design stage and aims to
achieve beyond Green Mark Platinum, demonstrating
energy savings of at least 40% better than the current
base code or equivalent. All applications will meet the
pre-requisites of Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) targets for
different building types. [145]
The Zero Capital Partnership Scheme (ZCPS) was

introduced by the Singapore Green Building Council
in collaboration with the Building and Construction
Authority (SGBC-BCA) to address the concerns of small
building owners which may not have the capital expertise
necessary for energy efficient retrofit projects. The ZCPS
provides accredited Energy Performance Contracting
(EPC) firms for building owners, which will serve as a
one-stop solution for minor and major retrofit options,
including providing financing options and facilitating the
application of relevant grants or incentives to fund the Nexus@OneNorth, Singapore.
projects. [60][146] Credit: Ascendas
60
Thailand
Thailand is located in the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula
and has an overall area of 513,120 square kilometres (km2),
bordered by Myanmar, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Malaysia.
Thailand has the second largest Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) in Southeast Asia after Indonesia (USD 262 billion in
2015), with its economy driven mainly by industry and
agriculture. In terms of energy, the Total Final Energy
Consumption in Thailand is also the second highest among
ASEAN Member States (AMS) after Indonesia, with 89 million
tonnes of equivalent (mtoe) in 2015. The energy mix in
Thailand mostly consist of natural gas, oil and coal with a share
of 45 percent, 36 percent and 16 percent respectively, which is
mainly imported. [147]
The biggest energy consumers in Thailand are the

transportation, industrial and residential sectors which account
for 32 percent, 31 percent and 13 percent of Total Final
Energy Consumption (TFEC) respectively. The commercial
sector shares only seven per cent of TFEC. [147] Although the
commercial and residential sector together only account for
one-fifth of total energy use, the amount of energy consumed for buildings in both sectors is expected
to increase due to population growth and urbanisation; household and commercial buildings electricity
consumptions are projected to more than double in 2030 compared to 2010. [148]

The Energy Efficiency Plan 2015-2036 defines the target to reduce energy intensity (EI) by 30 percent
in 2036 compared to the 2010 baseline. This target has a strong focus on improving electricity security
and prioritises the industry and transport sectors. It is expected that at the end of the plan, in 2036, the
implementation of energy efficiency measures will decrease the final energy consumption from 187
mtoe in a Business as Usual (BAU) scenario to 131,000 mtoe and avoidance of about 177 million tons
of CO2 emission. [149]

The Energy Conservation Promotion (ENCON) Act No. 2 BE 2550 was established in 2007, which
aims to promote the use of energy efficient machinery or equipment as well as materials to contribute
to energy conservation. Penalties are imposed for buildings not complying with this Act. This Act was
first introduced in 1992 and is a comprehensive piece of legislation for key energy consuming sectors.
One of the main objectives of this Act is to supervise, promote and support entities in the energy
consumption sectors (including industry and buildings) in conducting energy conservation measures.
The Act mandates ministerial regulations on the following issues: energy management in designated
buildings and factories, building energy code, persons responsible for energy, high energy efficiency
standards for equipment and machinery, and energy management auditors. [150][60]
The Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint (TIEB) 2015 was prepared by the Ministry of Energy. The
TIEB covers five energy master plans for the period 2015 – 2036 as follows: [151]
1. The Power Development Plan (PDP)
2. The Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP)
3. The Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP)
4. The Oil Development Plan
5. The Gas Development Plan
61
As a part of the TIEB energy master plans, the twenty-year Energy Efficiency Development Plan
(EEDP) was first released in 2010 for the period of 2011-2030, with an objective to reduce energy
intensity by 25 per cent by 2030 (based on 2005 levels). The EEDP enforces the Energy Conservation
Promotion Act 1992 as amended in 2007, the establishment of Minimum Energy Performance
Standards (MEPS) and energy efficiency labelling. [152]
Five years later, the EEP 2015-2036 was released with updates on energy efficiency targets. The Plan
outlines the strategies to achieve the energy efficiency targets, which are classified into compulsory
measures (building energy code on new buildings and energy labelling on equipment, among
others); voluntary measures (support financial tools to accelerate the change to more energy efficient
equipment, such as Light-Emitting Diodes/LEDs); and complementary measures (support human
resource development, public awareness, and technology research and development on energy
efficiency). [149]

Thailand’s Building Energy Code, BE 2552 (2009), has been set under the Ministerial Regulation
Prescribing the Type or Size of Building and Standards, Criteria and Procedures for Designing
Buildings for Energy Conservation. [153][60] The code was set to promote the concept of energy
efficient design utilising high energy efficient equipment and materials in buildings, addressing
building envelope, lighting, air-conditioning and heating systems among others. The compliance of the
minimum standards in the building energy code is mandatory for government buildings and voluntary
for private buildings. The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE)
established the Coordination Centre for Energy Conservation Building Design to collaborate with
relevant organisations for the evaluation procedures of building plans for energy conservation and
setting the foundation for energy conservation building design. [154]
Currently, DEDE is working with the Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning to
incorporate the building energy code BE 2552 into the Building Control Act. The enforcement starts with
new buildings which have a total area of larger than or equal to 10,000 square metres (m2). One year after
its enforcement, the building area limit for compliance will be reduced to 5,000 m2 (in 2019) and finally
2,000 m2 in the third year i.e. 2020. The BEC standard applies to nine types of new buildings, i.e., hotels,
condominiums, hospitals, education institutions, theatres, entertainment centres, offices, department
stores and convention halls. After the third year, all new buildings are required to comply with the building
energy code before receiving permission to build. For public buildings with an area of more than 2000 m2
it is mandatory to follow BEC. The BEC is being revised and awaiting approval from the parliament before
it is signed by the King and made into law. It is expected to be announced by the end of 2018. Moreover,
according to the ENCON Act 2007, which sets the foundation for the BE 2552, buildings with installed
electricity meters of over 1000 kilowatts (kW), or a transformer size of over 1,175 kilovolt ampere (kVA), or
energy consumption of over 20 million mega joules per year (MJ/year) are required to implement energy
management system and appoint a Person Responsible for Energy (PRE). [155]
Thailand’s Rating of Energy and Environmental Sustainability (TREES) is a green building rating
system which was developed in 2008 by the Thai Green Building Institute for green buildings. The
energy efficiency section has referenced the Ministerial Regulation Prescribing the Type or Size of
Building and Standards, Criteria and Procedures for Designing Buildings for Energy Conservation,
BE 2552. The existing TREES rating systems are Thailand’s Rating of Energy and Environmental
Sustainability for New Consutruction and Major Renovations (TREES–NC) which aims for certifying
new or major renovated projects; TREES– Pre-NC which aims for certifying new or major renovated
projects in the design phase; Thailand’s Rating of Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Building
Structure, Envelope and HVAC (TREES–CS) which aims for certifying building structure, envelope
and HVAC system of new or major renovated projects; and Thai’s Rating of Energy and Environmental
Sustainability for Existing Building (TREES–EB) which aims for certifying existing building projects.
[156] This voluntary rating tool is only applicable to new buildings or buildings undergoing major
renovation. To date, 16 buildings have been awarded with TREES certification. [157]
62
For residential and non-residential buildings, Ministry of Energy developed The Thailand Energy &
Environmental Assessment Method (TEEAM) as a green building rating system based on the building
energy code BE 2552. TEEAM was developed through the process of reviewing existing labelling
from other countries as well as existing standards and codes of practice in Thailand. TEEAM focuses
on residential and non-residential buildings, namely office, hospital, hotel and department store. The
components included in the TEEAM rating are building envelopes, HVAC systems, lighting and energy
management, among others. [158]
In 2017, as an effort to increase green products utilisation in buildings, the Green Public Procurement
(GPP) Plan 2017-2021 was administered by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
which is reinforced within governmental agencies. The GPP implementation developed green
labelling schemes for 14 offices and durable goods products and three service buildings, which
includes accommodation service or hotel. [159] Furthermore, the Thai Green Label was developed
by the Ministry of Industry and launched by the Thailand Environmental Institute (TEI) in 1994 as an
environmental certification awarded to products with minimum detrimental impacts to the environment.
[160] As of 2016, The Thai Green Label has been developed for 124 products, which also covers
construction products (e.g. insulation material, paint and tiles), among others. [161]
The Pollution Control Department (PCD) under the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment has
a green building scheme, in which the information is currently available in Thai. [162]
Thailand’s policies, rules and regulations along with the energy code and standards, which have been
displayed in the timeline below to provide an overview.

Timeline: 2000 - 2018
TREES - Thailand Rating
Thailand Energy and Environment
System (2012)
Ministerial Regulation
for Energy Savings Thailand’s Integrated
and Building Design Energy Blueprint
BE 2552 (2009) (2015)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Energy Conservation
Promotion Act
BE 2550 (2007)
20-Year Energy
Efficiency Development
Plan (2011)
Figure 25:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Thailand
Stakeholder Mapping
The Department of Alternative Energy and Efficiency, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
and Ministry of Industry collaborate and have developed the Building Energy Codes. The department
and the ministries regularly coordinate the development of various codes and standards including
the private stakeholders such as Council of Engineer, Council of Architect, Association of Siamese
Architects among others. The Building Energy Codes since then have been revised and are awaiting
approval by the Parliament. [60]
63
A. Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE)
The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency of the Ministry of Energy is
governed by the Act on Administrative Organisation of the State Affairs and the Energy Conservation
Promotion, BE 2535. According to these acts, the main responsibilities of DEDE are as follows: [163]
• Energy efficiency promotion, energy conservation regulation, energy sources provision, alternative
development of integrated energy uses, energy technology dissemination in systematic and
continuous proceeding to adequately respond to demands from every sector at optimal costs
beneficial to the country’s development and living standards.
• Regulation, supervision, promotion and assistance provision to the designated factories and
buildings to comply with laws and regulations for efficient use of energy and savings.
Director
General
Internal Audit &

Specialists Administrative
System Groups
Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director

General General General
Bureau Bureau of
of Energy Technology Bureau of
Regulation and Trnsfer and Human Resourc
Conservation Dissemination
Alternative
Bureau of Bureau
Bureau of Biofuel Bureau of Energy and Bureau of
Alternative Bureau of of Central Bureau of Work
Development Solar Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency
Energy Energy Research Administration Plan Division
Development Information Promotion
Development
Center
Figure 26:
Organisation of the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Thailand [164]
B. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE)

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for the protection of the nation’s
natural resources, such as water, ocean, minerals and forests. Within the Ministry, the Pollution Control
Department (PCD) was assigned to implement the GPP Plan to support the private sector in green
production and to increase green production in markets. [165]
C. Ministry of Industry (MOI)

The Ministry of Industry has included environmentally friendly production as one of the strategies for
the industrial sector in Thailand. The MOI was one of the key stakeholders to develop the Thai Green
Label scheme, which can be applied for building construction.
64
Ministry of
Industry
Office of The
Permanent
Secretary
Production Industrial and

Industrial
Process Entrepreneurial State
Economic
Supervision Promotion Enterprise
Cluster
Cluster Cluster
Figure 27:
Organisation of the Ministry of Industry, Thailand [166]
D. Thai Green Building Institute (TGBI)

The Thai Green Building Institute (TGBI) [167] was created in 2008 by the Association of Siamese
Architects under Royal Patronage and the Engineering Institute of Thailand under Royal Patronage
Establishment with the main objectives below:
• Promote research and development in architectural and engineering professional standards for the
design, construction and building management of green buildings.
• Facilitate architectural and engineering practices associated with green building development.
• Offer supporting facilities and places for green building activities such as training, workshops,
seminars or conferences.
The DEDE is in charge of codes, laws, and regulations regarding energy efficiency, as well as the
establishment and implementation of the TEEAM rating system. Whereas the TREES rating tool is
administrated by the TGBI and is used to further reduce energy consumption that are prescribed in the BEC.

The Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) was established in 1992 under the ENCON
Act with the objective to provide financial support for factories and buildings to invest in energy
conservation programmes. One of the major sub-activities under the ENCON Fund is The Energy
Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF), which was launched in 2003 by the Department of Alternative
Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE) to stimulate investments in large-scale industrial projects.
The EERF’s initial capital fund was derived from the government budget via the revenue from a
petroleum tax that was channelled via the ENCON Fund. [168] The EERF facilitated the availability
of debt financing for energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) projects while minimising the
borrowing costs to project developers. The EERF provides loans to local banks at a zero per cent
interest rate and with a seven-year final maturity. In return, banks lend to energy efficiency projects
owners/developers at a maximum interest rate of four per cent. [169] The general principle of the
EERF is that the revenue generated via repaid loans is made available for issuing new loans, which
ensures the sustainability of the fund structure through consistent inflow and outflow of money for
funding energy efficiency measures. [168]
Another financing scheme which received grant support from the ENCON Fund is the Energy Services
Company (ESCO) Fund, which was also developed by DEDE in 2008 to encourage energy efficiency
and renewable energy project investments. The ESCO Fund encourages investments in energy
efficiency through various channels, such as equity investments, venture capital, equipment leasing,
carbon markets, technical assistance and credit guarantee facilities. The Fund also facilitates energy
efficiency project owners and investors to sell Certified Carbon Reduction (CERs) credits on the
international carbon market. [170]
65
Vietnam
Vietnam shares a border with China, Cambodia and Lao PDR with a
total area of 331,210 square kilometres (km2). Vietnam is the third
largest among ASEAN Member States (AMS) by population with 91
million inhabitants in 2015. [171] The economic growth of Vietnam
has significantly increased the demand for building construction as
well as energy consumption. The industrial sector contributes around
40 per cent to Vietnam’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). [172]
During last two decades, Vietnam has experienced rapid economic

growth with the transformation from agriculture based on traditional
fuels to a modern mixed energy economy. It is the second most
energy intensive country in ASEAN after Lao PDR with 0.68 tonnes
of equivalent (toe) per one thousand US dollars in 2005 (0.68toe/
USD1000 in 2005), due to industrial growth as one of the key
drivers of Vietnam’s increasing energy intensity. The industrial
sector in Vietnam accounts for 43 per cent of the Total Final Energy
Consumption (TFEC) in 2015 and is projected to grow five per cent
per year in the period 2016–2030. [173] The second and third largest energy consuming sectors are
residential and transportation, which account for 27 per cent and 23 per cent of TFEC respectively,
whereas the commercial sector only accounts for three per cent of TFEC. [171]

Vietnam introduced the National Target Program for Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2006 that
aims to reduce the TFEC by eight per cent as compared to Business As Usual (BAU) and to reduce
Energy Intensity of Energy Intensive Industries by ten per cent by the year 2020. [174]

The Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Programme (VNEEP) for the period of 2006–2015
was released by the Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2005. This Programme was the first ever
comprehensive plan to institute measures for improving energy efficiency and conservation in Vietnam,
involving a wide range of stakeholders across all sectors of the Vietnamese economy. The objective of
VNEEP was to encourage, promote and disseminate energy efficiency and conservation management
in the public sector, and to include energy efficiency and conservation measures in science and
technology research activities. There are four projects initiated under VNEEP, one of which is
specifically on energy efficiency and conservation in buildings. The new phase of the programme that
will run from 2019 until 2030 targeting reduction in 10 % of Energy Consumption is being revised, the
programme is due to be approved in 2019. [60][175]
The Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy (No. 50/2010/QH12) covers all areas of the
economy, specifically on the industrial sector, the transportation sector, the agricultural sector, the
service and domestic sectors, and all state-funded investment projects and agencies. Under the
Law, the Decree No. 134 in 2013 regulates penalties in energy efficiency and conservation. The Law
contains five key chapters under Decree 21 of 2011 focusing on the following: [176]
1. The nationwide uniform application of statistical indicators of energy use, including the creation of a
national energy database.
2. Identification and management of major energy users to ensure economical and efficient energy use.
3. Economical and efficient energy use in state budget funded agencies and units.
4. The introduction of mandatory energy labelling for devices and equipment.
5. Energy audits, tax and other incentives for energy efficient products.
66
The National Targeted Program on Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2012-2015 focus on the area
of industrial manufacturing, large energy consuming buildings, households, and high performance
equipment among others. The program has projects on creating energy efficiency and conservation
awareness, extensive use of high-performance energy-saving equipment and implementation of
mandatory management in compliance with Vietnamese Construction Standards. [175]

The Vietnam Energy Efficiency Building Code, QCVN 09: 2013/ BXD developed by the Vietnam Federation of
Civil Engineering Associations (VFCEA) in 2013 and enacted by the Ministry of Construction as the national
technical guide on energy efficiency for buildings. The code provides mandatory technical standards to
achieve energy efficiency in the design and construction/ retrofit of civil buildings. The technical requirements
covered within the code are for building envelope, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting, escalators and
elevators, electric power consumption and service water heating system. The Vietnam Energy Efficiency
Building Code, QCVN 09: 2013/ BXD is being revised for the period 2019-2030. [60][177]
The country introduced LOTUS in 2010 as a voluntary rating tool formed by the Vietnam Green
Building Council (VGBC) based on various international green building rating systems such as
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Green Star, Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), Green Building Index (GBI) and Green Mark. The aim
of LOTUS is to help establish standards specific to Vietnam, to guide the local construction industry
towards efficient use of natural resources, and to introduce and promote environmentally friendly
practices. The national energy code ‘Vietnam Energy Efficiency Building Code, QCVN 09: 2013/ BXD’
has also been referenced in the rating tool. The rating system applies to three building types namely
LOTUS Non-Residential, LOTUS Residential and LOTUS Buildings in Operation to accommodate
for various building types. As of now, there are currently 13 buildings that are certified under LOTUS
with the first building certified in 2008. [178] In addition, 12 BCA Green Mark certified buildings and 22
LEED certified buildings exist in Vietnam. [11]
Vietnam’s key policies, rules and regulations along with the energy code and standards have been
summarised in the diagram below.
LOTUS (2010)
QCVN 09:2013/BXD -
Timeline: 2000 - 2018 Law on Economical and National Technical
Efficient Use of Energy Regulations on Energy
Vietnam No. 50/2010/QH12 Efficiency Building
(2010) (2013)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Vietnam National Energy Law on Energy Efficiency and

Efficiency Program for Conservation (2011)
2006 - 2015
(2005)
Decision No 1427 -
Energy Savings and
Efficiency in Buildings
(2012)
Figure 28:
Important landmark for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation policy in Vietnam
67
Stakeholder Mapping
The main stakeholders in building energy efficiency are the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of
Industry and Trade and other relevant associations and councils such as Vietnam Federation of Civil
Engineering Associations and Vietnam Green Building Council. The ministries have been developing a
road map for improving Energy Efficiency from 2019 – 2030 after the last plan ended in the year 2015.
The main stakeholders are elaborated below:
A. Ministry of Construction (MOC)

The Ministry of Construction (MOC) is responsible for state administration on construction, building
materials, housing and office buildings, architecture, urban and rural construction planning, urban
infrastructure, public services, and representing the owner of state capital in state-owned enterprises.
Ministry of
Construction
Science -
Planning - Building Construction Enterprise International Organization
Technology Plan - Finance Legal Affairs
Architecture Materials Economics Management Cooperation and Personal
- Environment Department Department
Department Department Department Department Department Department
Department
Figure 29:
Organisation of the Ministry of Construction, Vietnam [179]
B. Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT)

The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT) is responsible for the advancement, promotion, governance,
regulation, management and growth of industry and trade. It is also in charge of energy topics through
the General Department of Energy.
MoIT
Energy
General
Electricity of Regulatory
Department of
Vietnam Authority of
Energy
Vietnam
Figure 30:
Organisation of the Energy section of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam [180]
C. Vietnam Federation of Civil Engineering Associations (VFCEA)

The Vietnam Federation of Civil Engineering Associations (VFCEA), founded in 1982 is a voluntary
organisation and an active voice representing various players in the Vietnamese construction sector
and has effectively contributed to the overall development of the industry in terms of both scientific
arguments and practical applications. [181]
D. Vietnam Green Building Council (VGBC)

The Vietnam Green Building Council (VGBC) was established in 2007 with an aim to raise awareness
and build capacity for the development of green building in Vietnam. VGBC is a program of Green
Cities Fund, Inc., an international non-profit organisation based in California, USA. [182]
68
In Vietnam, both the Ministry of Construction and the General Department of Energy of the MOIT are in
charge of codes, laws and regulations about Energy Efficiency in the buildings sector. The EE Building
Code, QCVN 09:2013 was developed by the VFCEA and endorsed by MOC in 2013. Additionally, the
LOTUS rating tool is administrated by the Vietnam Green Building Council along with the Vietnam
Association of Civil Engineering and Environment.

Vietnam has implemented several economic incentives such as: [183]
• Import duty exemption for clean technology product
• Incentive tax rate of 10 per cent for 15 years
• Tax reduction of 50 per cent with tax exemption for years for new projects
The VNEEP also outlines the incentive mechanism on energy efficiency and conservation as follows:
[184]
• Training and capacity building for entities on energy efficiency and conservation
• Support for enterprises for the establishment of energy management system
• Support for enterprises with energy audits
• Support for enterprises for investments in energy measures
• Development and implementation of technical assistances to support manufacturing enterprises in
energy efficiency improvements
United Nations Building, Vietnam.

Credit: United Nations
69
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING
GREEN BUILDING CODES

IN ASEAN
The adoption of Green Building Codes is being implemented in varying stages across ASEAN. The
mapping study identified that while some AMS have clearly defined policies, laws, rules, regulations, codes,
and incentive schemes, other AMS are at a development stage for such measures. Figure 31 below shows
an overview of key building-related and energy-related ministries and Green Building Councils.
Figure 31:
Green Building Stakeholder’s Map
National Green Building Codes and Energy

Efficiency Standards
A key observation is that green buildings codes and rating tools have been adopted as early as 2005,
as seen in Singapore and Malaysia in 2008, The Philippines in 2009, Indonesia in 2010, Vietnam in
2010, Thailand in 2012, and Brunei Darussalam in 2016.
Various models for the administration of national green building certifications exist in ASEAN, such as
the Green Building Councils in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam; government agencies like the BCA in
Singapore and the Ministry of Development–Public Works Department in Brunei; private organisations
(PAM and ACEM) in Malaysia supported by the Malaysia Green Building Confederation. Despite the
variation in administration of the GBC and EE standards in AMS all the associated energy codes
(Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) are controlled by
governmental bodies even if the certification is run by a private organisation.
70
Certification of Singapore’s BCA Green Mark is mandatory for all new buildings and for major retrofitted
buildings in order to achieve different levels of certification. In Brunei Darussalam, while the green building
rating tool is a requirement for government buildings, it is voluntary for commercial buildings. In Malaysia,
The Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, the green building certification is carried out on a voluntary basis.
Both Indonesia (in Jakarta and Bandung) and The Philippines have a Green Building Code in addition to
their voluntary green building rating tool. However, these codes have yet to be fully enforced by government
and is used as reference to the national building code. Figure 32 presents the Green Building Codes and
Rating tools or associated energy efficiency standards adopted in ASEAN, whereas Cambodia, Lao PDR
and Myanmar are yet to develop Green Building and Energy Efficiency Codes.
GREENSHIP GBI
BERDE
Green Building Codes
BAGUS Bandung Green PH JKR

and Rating Tools
Building Code TREES

GreenPASS National Ph. Green
PBD 12: Building Green
Jakarta Green Building
2017 GreenRE Code Mark TEEAM LOTUS
Building Code Code
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Energy Standards
EEC Building SNI 03-6389-2011 MS 1525: Energy Guidelines SS 530: QCVN

BE 2552
Guidelines 2014 Conserv. for Energy 2014 09:2013/
SNI 03-6390-2011
for Non-Res MS ISO Guideline Conserving SS 531-1: BXD
Buildings SNI 03-6197-2011 for Design of
50001 2006
SNI 03-6196-2011 Buildings Buildings
SS CP 38
Energy Efficiency SS CP 43 Mandatory
Guidelines for
Building Design Code of Voluntary
Envelope Unknown
Figure 32:
National Green Building Standards /associated Energy Code [60]
Green Building Rating Tools

It is imperative to review the green building rating tools of each AMS to ensure the sustainable
growth of the sector with energy efficiency being the main focus of the criteria. The rating tools are a
mechanism to assess and recognise buildings that meet specific criteria and are used to reward or
incentivise building owners to implement energy efficiency and green features for a more sustainable
building. In addition, rating tools are one of the mechanisms to develop standards for green buildings
and appropriate policy, and regulatory frameworks for the building sector. The categories listed have
been extracted from the various national rating tool documents (BAGUS [185], GREENSHIP [186]
[192], GBI [187], BERDE [188], GreenMark [189][193], TREES [190], and LOTUS [191]) of ASEAN.
A common observation is that all green building rating tools include criteria for energy efficiency
measures for air-conditioning systems, motors, pumps, energy efficient lighting, as well as for building
envelope and ventilation systems as the major items to be scored for certification.
71
To understand the minimum requirements for building energy efficiency within the region, data from
the national energy codes which have been referenced in these green building rating tools will
be compared in following section of this report. The existing green building rating tools in Brunei,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam are shown in Figure 33
Brunei Indonesia Malaysia (GBI) Philippines (BERDE)

(GREENSHIP)
• Building Envelope • Electrical sub- • Minimum EE • Energy sub-metering
• Air-conditioning metering performance • Energy efficient
system • OTTV calculation • Lighting zone lighting
• Building envelope • Energy Efficiency • Electrical sub- • Natural ventilation
- design/thermal measure metering • n-site renewable
parameters • Natural lighting • Renewable energy energy generation
• Natural ventilation • Ventilation • Advanced EE • energy efficiency
(exclude car park) • Climate change performance improvement
• Artficial lighting impact • Enhanced • energy efficiency
• Ventilation in car • On-site renewable commissioning building envelope
parks energy (bonus) • Post occupancy
• Ventilation in commissioning
common areas • EE verification
• Lifts and escalators • Sustainable
• Energy efficiency maintenance
practices and
features
Singapore (Green Mark) Thailand (TREES) Vietnam (LOTUS)
• Building envelope - • Minimum energy • Passive design
ETTV efficiency • Total building energy
• Air-conditioning • Energy efficiency • Building envelope
system • Renewable energy • Natural ventilation
• Building envelope • Refrigerant in air- and air-conditioning
- design/thermal conditioning systems • Artificial lighting
parameters that does not destroy • Energy monitoring
• Natural ventilation/ ozone layer and management
mechanical
ventilation
• Daylighting
• Artificial lighting
• Ventilation in
carparks
• Ventilation in
common areas
• Lifts and escalators
• Energy efficient
practices and
features
• Renewable energy
Figure 33
Energy Efficiency Categories in Green Building Rating Tools
72
GBC Strategies in ASEAN Member States
Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar have developed several documents that relate to regulations
and laws regarding building energy efficiency. However, these documents have yet to mandate the
implementation of Energy Efficiency in the buildings sector through various building energy efficiency
standards, schemes, Green Building Codes, among others. Table 2 below provides an overview of the
strategies adopted by the AMS in terms of road map, energy policy and plans.
Table 2:
Review of official documents related to Green Building in “Strategy” stage AMS
Strategy documents, Codes, Stage of

Regulations and Laws, enforcement
Country Description – Objectives
related to Green Buildings / Year of
and focused on EE&C. issue
Energy Sector Released in 2006 by the World Bank. This Issues

Strategy Review Paper completes the first phase of a three-year
2006
Issue Paper program in Cambodia to create a strategic framework
for the energy sector.
Energy Sector Adopted to guide the energy sector, towards
Development Plan developing the energy sector for meeting the increased 2009
2005 - 2024 demand of households and industrial establishments.
National Policy A report on energy-saving policies released in 2013 by
Strategy and The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy.
Action Plan on The target is to reduce at least by 20 per cent the 2013
Energy Efficiency amount of energy to be consumed by 2035 (compared
in Cambodia to BAU) is given as the energy-saving target.
Strategy National Strategic Includes planned actions to implement the prioritised
Cambodia Development Plan policies related to energy as well as environmental
2014 - 2018 sustainability:
• Developing a policy and a legal and regulatory
framework for the energy sector to ensure efficient 2014
management and resources utilisation for economic
development
• Encouraging the efficient use of energy with minimal
impact on the environment.
Cambodia The Ministry of Mines and Energy requested the
National Energy Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
Statistics (ERIA) to support the General Department of Petroleum 2016
(GDP) and the General Department of Energy (GDE) to
prepare accurate energy statistics in Cambodia.
Energy Sector This strategy highlights development constraints and
Lao PDR
Assessment, challenges in the energy sector. Consistent with the
Strategy 2013
Strategy and Road government’s plans and strategy it proposes support
Map actions during the period to 2020.
Aims to systematically explore the available energy
resources of the country to supply the demand of the
National Energy
country and to export as value added products for 2014
Policy
surplus resources, thus ultimately targeting to sustainably
improve the living standard of the population.
Strategy 2015 Myanmar Provides a number of recommendations for institutional
Energy Master arrangements that can be adopted in Myanmar to support 2015
Myanmar Plan integrated energy planning in Myanmar into the future.
National Energy Focuses on four main sectors - industrial, commercial,
Efficiency and residential and public – and provides plans for the 2015
Conservation Policy future relating to EE, including the building sector.
The code is intended to be used for Construction

National Building Works in Myanmar. The new code should provide
Code Pending
Code requirements for some key EE items as lighting, air-
conditioning, building envelope, and thermal comfort.
73
Codes, Laws & Regulations on GBC in ASEAN
The EE in building sector is given high priority in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand whereas other
AMS have considered it a medium priority sector.
The AMS have introduced a number of measures to improve EE in the buildings sector and have
developed related strategies, rating systems, codes, regulations, and laws related to green building
codes. The measures vary from voluntary to mandatory and are often limited to specific building types
such as government buildings, and commercial buildings among others. Table 3 below elaborates on
such measures for AMS that have implemented at least a law or regulation related to green buildings
and energy efficiency in buildings. It is to be noted that only Singapore has implemented the Green
Building Master Plan and Rating Tool System for green buildings.
Table 3:
Review of official documents related “Codes, Laws & Regulations” to Green Building in AMS
Stage of
Strategy documents, Codes,
enforcement
Country Regulations and Laws, related to Description – Objectives
/ Year of
Green Buildings and focused on EEC.
issue
The white paper sets strategic goals for the
energy sector and provides broad guidelines
Energy White Paper 2014
for achieving these targets in the form of key
priority initiatives.
The Green Buildings Initiative in Brunei
Strategy undertakes a number of actions which
support the implementation of the EE&C
Indented National
Building Guidelines such as the green building 2015
Determined Contribution
rating system which is being developed for
government and commercial buildings to
identify the energy performance.
A set of guidelines to establish energy
EEC Building Guidelines
Brunei efficiency and conservation standards as well
for Non-Residential In force
Darussalam as a regulatory mechanisms for non-residential
Buildings - 2015
Code buildings.
PBD 12:2017 Building
Guidelines and A referral code for building construction. In force
Requirements
Electricity Tariff Reform - 2012
To restrict and potentially halt the import of the
non-efficient electrical appliances and products
Standards and Energy
in the future, while concurrently educating
Legislative Labelling for Products and Pending
and encouraging the public to purchase more
Measure Appliances
energy-efficient electrical appliances and
products.
Energy Management Compatible with the ISO 5001.
-
Policy Expected to be implemented by 2018.
National Master Plan for
Sets a goal of decreasing energy intensity by
Strategy Energy Conservation 2005
one per cent annual until 2025
(RIKEN)
SNI 03-6389-2011 Energy conservation for building envelope,
Indonesia SNI 03-6390-2011 air conditioning system in buildings, lighting
In force
SNI 03-6197-2011 system in buildings, Energy audit procedure for
Code SNI 03-6196-2011 buildings
Jakarta Green Building
Green Building Code for Jakarta city in
Code - Governor decree In force
Indonesia.
No 38/2012
74
Stage of
enforcement
/ Year of
issue
Mandates all buildings must consider energy
Government Regulation
conservation measures. It also makes
No. 70/2009 on Energy In force
provisions for the proper utilisation of energy
Conservation
resources.
Governor Decree No.
Green building regulation mandatory for new,
38/2012 on Green In force
complex commercial buildings.
Buildings
Government Regulation Mandates electricity savings of 20 per cent,
No. 13/2012 on Electricity including improvement of air system, lighting In force
Savings and supporting equipment.
Minister of Public
Regulation Works Regulation on Promotes green buildings and gives them
In force
green Building No. 02/ government recognition.
PRT/M/2015
This regulation is intended to accelerate the
Ministerial Regulation No implementation of energy efficiency projects
14/2016 on Establishment by the establishment of ESCOs. In return, In force
of ESCO Companies ESCOs are expected to carry projects more
systematically and professionally.
Encompasses the General Plan for National
Presidential Regulation
Energy. One of the key strategies to promote
No. 22/2017 on the
EE is to increase the number of public buildings In force
General Planning for
that are audited for EE practices and increase
National Energy
the number of EE auditors.
Law No. 36/2005 on Mandates all building must consider energy
In force
Buildings conservation measures.
Law General principles for the management of
Energy Law No. 30/2007
energy resources and the government’s basic In force
on Energy Conservation
targets for the energy mix.
National Energy Efficiency
2016 – 2025 Strategic Plan for Energy Initiative 2016
Action Plan
Strategy Includes targets towards EE as seen in their
11th Malaysia Plan Five-Year Plan, including the steps and actions 2016
the country plans to take.
MS 1525 Code of practice
To encourage design of new and existing
on EE and use of RE for
buildings that reduces energy use. To provide In force
non-residential buildings
criteria and minimum standards for EE.
- 2014
Malaysia MS 2680 Code of practice To guide on the design, selection of materials
on EE and use of RE for and electrical appliances and efficient use of
Code
residential buildings - energy including the application of renewable
2017 energy in new and existing residential buildings.
JKR Guidelines to
Practice Energy Efficiency Guidelines to Practice Energy Efficiency in
In force
in CKE (Cawangan CKE.
Kejuruteraan Elektrik)
Efficient Management Installations that consume 3 million kWh or
Regulation of Electrical Energy more over a period of 6 months required to hire In force
Regulation - 2008 a registered electrical manager.
75
Stage of
enforcement

/ Year of
issue
An Act to provide for the regulation of
the electricity supply industry, the supply of
electricity at reasonable prices, the licensing
Electricity Supply Act of any electrical installation, the control of any
In force
1990 electrical installation, plant and equipment
with respect to matters relating to the safety of
persons and the efficient use of electricity
Law and for purposes connected therewith.
An Act to provide for the establishment of the

Energy Commission with powers to regulate
Energy Commission Act
the energy supply activities in Malaysia, and to In force
2001
enforce the energy supply laws, and for matters
connected therewith.
Project funded by EY under its SWITCH-

Philippines Energy
Asia Programmes which aims to provide
Efficiency and
Strategy policy support to the Philippine government in 2016
Conservation Action Plan
implementing Sustainable Consumption and
2016-2020
Production related policy instruments.
A referral code of the National Building code. A
Philippines Green Building
set of regulations setting minimum standards for In force
Code – 2015
Philippines compliance and not intended to rate buildings.
Code A set of guidelines to encourage and promote

Department of Energy
the energy conserving design of buildings.
- Guidelines for Energy
To prescribe guidelines and minimum In force
Conserving Design of
requirements for the energy conserving design
Buildings - 2008
of new buildings.
Developed in 2006 to encourage, enable and

1st Green Building
engage industry stakeholders to adopt new 2006
Masterplan
green buildings.
The second Green Building Masterplan was
launched in 2009 in support of the target set by
the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable
2nd Green Building Development (IMCSD)’s report on Sustainable
2009
Masterplan Singapore. The focus was on greening the
Strategy
existing buildings in order to achieve the key
target of having “at least 80 per cent of the
buildings in Singapore to be green by 2030”.
Singapore
Launched in 2014, the 3rd Green Building
Master Plan was developed to engage
3rd Green Building Master
building tenants and occupants more actively 2014
Plan
to drive behavioural changes to lower energy
consumption and address their well-being.
It is the national yardstick to rate the
environmental performance of buildings and a
qualifying standard for determining the eligibility
Rating Tool
Green Mark Scheme and grant quantum of various green building In force
System
related incentives. The assessment framework
is adopted as the compliance method under the
current environmental legislation for buildings.
76
Stage of
enforcement
/ Year of
issue
It sets out the minimum environmental
sustainability standard for buildings by
establishing energy efficiency standards and
environmentally friendly practices for the
planning, design and construction of buildings,
to mitigate the environmental impact of built
structure. It incorporates relevant references with
International standards like ASHRAE as well as
Code Singapore Standards for compliance such as In force
Sustainability of Buildings
• Code on Envelope Thermal Performance
for Buildings
• SS530: 2014
• SS553:2016
• SS 531-1:2016
• SS554:2016
• SS591:2013
• SS CP 38
From 2008, to require a minimum
Building Control
environmental sustainability standard that is
(Environmental
Regulation equivalent to the Green Mark Certified Level for In force
Sustainability)
new buildings and existing ones that undergo
Regulations 2008
major retrofitting.
To promote energy conservation, improve
Building Control Act
Law energy efficiency and reduce the environmental In force
Energy Conservation Act
impact of energy use.
Energy conservation through economical use or
20-Year EE Development
reduced expendable use of energy and energy 2011
Plan
efficiency improvement (2011 – 2030).
Defines the targets for Building EE by
Strategy combining all the major energy policy related
Thailand’s Integrated plans into a single comprehensive national
2015
Energy Blueprint plan. This consists of 5 long term plans and
Thailand the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) relates to the
building sector.
Ministerial Regulation for Prescribing type or size of building and
Energy Saving Building standards, rules, and procedures for designing In force
Design BE 2552 energy conservation buildings.
Code Revised in 1995, must meet standards for
Energy Conservation
6 green criteria: building envelope, lighting,
Promotion Act BE 2550 In force
heating, air-conditioning, renewable energy and
– 2007
overall performance.
The development objective of the National
Vietnam National Energy Energy Efficiency Program is to improve energy
Strategy Efficiency Program for efficiency in the industrial sector and contribute to 2005
2006 – 2015 achieving the government’s energy efficiency and
greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction objectives.
National Energy Efficiency Provides mandatory technical standards to
Code Building Code CVN achieve energy efficiency in the design, new In force
09:2013/BXD construction or retrofit of buildings.
Law on Economical and Implemented to promote economical and
Vietnam
Efficient Use of Energy efficient use of energy. All areas of the economy In force
No. 50/2010/QH12 are covered in the law including building sector.
Decree aims to promote energy conservation
Law on Energy Efficiency
and energy efficiency that meets the increasing In force
and Conservation 2011
energy demand.
Law
Consists of 3 components which are related
Decision No 1427 – to energy savings for buildings which are to
Energy Savings and strengthen energy saving standards in large In force
Efficiency in Buildings building, apply energy saving solutions and
energy efficiency in public lighting.
77
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
In parallel with policies and regulations on the Green Building Codes and energy efficiency standards,
financial incentive schemes have a key role to help developers and building owners to reduce the
initial burden of green buildings’ cost premium. Some of the AMS provide financial incentives for
Green Buildings or Energy Efficiency measures in the building sectors. Indonesia provides technical
assistance and financial incentives in the cities of Jakarta and Bandung. For EE, Lao PDR offers
duty free import and tax incentives for EE equipment and measures. Malaysia provides waivers on
import duties, rebates for certain equipment, and interest rate subsidies and has introduced various
schemes to promote EE. Myanmar has introduced income tax holidays and Income Tax relief.
Singapore has introduced various schemes such as loan schemes, co-funding for building retrofits,
and cash incentives among others. Thailand has introduced loans to local banks at zero interest rates,
and offered loans at 4 % to building owners and project developers for EE measures. Vietnam has
incentives in the form of import duty exemption and 50 % tax reduction and tax exemption for 4 years
among others. Table 4 summarises the existing EE financing and economic incentives in AMS.
Table 4:
Economic Incentives in ASEAN Countries as at 2017
Organisation Program Description Incentives
BRUNEI
The government flagged the possibility Low-cost loans to consumers
Government of Feed-in Electricity
of developing a feed-in tariff system as in order to fund solar panel
Brunei Scheme
a means to improve energy efficiency. installation.
CAMBODIA
Cambodia is willing to attract private Supporting the development
National policy
participation in energy infrastructure of energy service companies
– Strategy and
Ministry of Industry, investment focusing on modern (ESCO’s) and encouraging
Action Plan on
Mines and Energy technology, economic efficiency, the local development of
Energy Efficiency
and on reducing negative social and energy efficient equipment are
in Cambodia
environmental impacts. conceivable solutions.
INDONESIA
DKI Jakarta -
Ministry of Energy Cost estimation for EDGE
and Mineral Provide technical assistance and software implementation in the
Green Building
Resources – general EE finance to green building frame of retrofitting buildings
programme
International actors. projects in DKI Jakarta, Bandung
Finance and Surabaya
Cooperation
Ministry of Public Green
Works – City of Building Code Provide some tax benefits for
-
Bandung – City of implementation – green commercial buildings
Surabaya Tax Incentive
Ministry of Energy Green Chiller
A study on financial incentives for EE
and Mineral Financial Incentive -
cooling systems was conducted
Resources - GIZ programme
Regulation No. 21/
Tax facility for renewable energy
PMK. 011/2010 and
in the form of Income; Tax, Import
Ministry of Finance 24/PMK. 011/2010 -
Duty and Tax Holidays, Tax
on Renewable
Exemption;
Energy Incentives
78
Ministry of Energy
and Mineral
Provide technical assistance to
Resources –
develop a concept and a programme
United Nations EE revolving fund -
for a revolving fund, via the Project
Development
Implementation Plan (PIP) mechanism.
Programme –
Ministry of Finance
LAO PDR
Lao PDR is willing to provide financial
incentives to investors who aim to
produce clean energies to meet - Duty free imports;
Renewable Energy
Government of Lao domestic demand and, who take - Profit tax exemption or
Development
PDR social and environmental corporate reductions;
Strategy
responsibility in order to increase - Profitable fiscal incentives.
investment in renewable energy
projects.
MALAYSIA
The tax incentives are in the form
of waivers on import duty and
Fiscal Incentives
Government of The aim is to promote EE projects and sales tax on EE equipment and
for Energy
Malaysia equipment by providing tax incentives. accelerated capital allowance or
Efficiency - 2001
pioneer status for investments in
EE technologies and projects.
The aim was to increase the amount/
number of energy efficient electrical RM100-200 rebates on
Government of SAVE Program -
equipment/appliances in the market and refrigerators, air-conditioners,
Malaysia 2011
increase public awareness to purchase and chillers.
energy efficient equipment.
A 2 percent subsidy to the
Green Technology A RM 3.5 billion fund to support interest rates offered by
Government of
Finance Scheme - investment in green technology projects commercial banks and credit-
Malaysia
2013 which, among others, include EE. guaranteed support for the loan
capital.
Energy
This program has been developed to
Performance
Government of overcome the capital costs/ financing
Contracting in -
Malaysia barriers to implementing cost efficient
the Government
EE measures.
Sector- 2013
Green Investment Tax
Allowances (GITA) for the
The purpose of this incentive is to purchase of green technology
Government of Green Investment
strengthen the development of green equipment/assets and Green
Malaysia Tax Incentive - 2014
technology. Income Tax Exemption (GITE)
for green technology service
providers
The fund will be led by MDV who
The overall objective of the EPC fund
will provide around US$51 million
Energy is to overcome the constraints that
and further supported by the
Government of Performance ESCOs face when aiming to secure
Building Sector Energy Efficiency
Malaysia Contracting Fund suitable financing for the cost of
Project (BSEEP) to provide a
(EPC Fund) capital investments associated with EE
credit guarantee fund of about
interventions in the building sector
US$ 3 million
79
MYANMAR
- 5-year income tax holiday;
- Income tax relief for up to 50
The Foreign Investment Law provides percent of the profits for exported
general incentives that can be used by goods;
Myanmar The Foreign investors in renewable energy projects. - Reductions in research and
Investment Investment Law - Foreign investment in the energy development expenses;
Commission 2012 sector is permitted, among others, for - Rights to carry forward loss,
the development of renewable energy and offset for three consecutive
sources and energy efficiency. years;
- Exemptions or relief of customs
duties for imports.
The PHILIPPINES
- Pay companies for energy
generated through non-
conventional measures.
Government of Feed-in tariff (FIT)
- - 7-year tax holiday for renewable
the Philippines program
energy developers and the ability
to import technologies from
abroad duty-free for 10-years.
SINGAPORE
Building Financing programme which provides The maximum loan quantum per
Construction Building Retrofit credit facilities to carry out energy loan is up to S$5 million and the
Authority (BCA) Energy Efficiency efficiency retrofits of existing commercial interest rate is decided by the
in collaboration Financing (BREEF) buildings, which will enable the buildings Financial Institutions.
with Financial Scheme to achieve the minimum requirements The maximum loan tenure is up
Institutions for Green Mark certification. to 8 years.
The S$100 million programme was
BCA Green Mark
set up to encourage developers and BCA co-funds 50 percent of
Building Incentive Scheme
building owners of existing buildings the cost and the remaining 50
Construction for Existing
to undertake improvements in energy percent is borne by the building
Authority (BCA) Buildings (GMIS-
efficiency, capped at a total cost of $3 owner.
EB)
million per project.
Funding for the engagement of
Environmentally Sustainable
BCA Green Mark This incentive aims to encourage
Building Design (ESD) consultants to
Incentive Scheme developers and building owners to focus
Construction conduct collaborative design
– Design Prototype on energy efficiency in buildings at the
Authority (BCA) workshops and assist in
(GMIS-DP) design stage.
simulation studies early in the
project.
BCA Green Mark
This incentive aims to encourage
Incentive Scheme
Building building owners and tenants to
for Existing Cash incentive of up to 50
Construction undertake energy improvement work
Buildings and percent of the qualifying costs.
Authority (BCA) involving the installation of energy
Premises (GMIS –
efficient equipment.
EPB)
Singapore Green
The ZCPS serves as a one-
Building Council
Zero Capital Allows small building owners who may stop solution for retrofits,
– Building and
Partnership Scheme not have credit facilities to implement including provision of financial
Construction
(ZCPS) energy efficient retrofit projects. options, application of grants or
Authority (SGBC-
incentives.
BCA)
80
THAILAND
The Energy Efficiency Revolving The fund loans to local banks at
Ministry of Energy: Fund (EERF) was launched in 2003 0 percent interest rate and with
Department of Energy Efficiency to stimulate investment in large-scale 7-year final maturity. In return,
Alternative Energy Revolving Fund industrial projects by increasing the banks lend to Energy Efficiency
Development and (EERF) availability of debt financing for EE projects’ owners/developers at
Efficiency (DEDE) and RE projects while minimizing the a maximum interest rate of 4
borrowing costs to project developers. percent.
VIETNAM
Provide subsidies which cover
Vietnam
the difference between the real
Environment Economic incentive -
input costs and the selling price
Protection Fund
of the power generated.
- Import duty exemption for clean
technology products;
- Incentive tax rate of 10 percent
Government of
Economic incentive - for 15 years;
Vietnam
- Tax reduction of 50 percent with
tax exemption for 4 years on new
projects;
Government of Feed-in tariff (FIT) Applicable to the wind energy sector
-
Vietnam Program only.
81
CHALLENGES AND KEY
RECOMMENDATIONS ON
GREEN BUILDING CODES AND
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ASEAN
The mapping study highlighted some of the best practices in the AMS where Green Building Codes
and Energy Efficiency in buildings have been successfully implemented on a mandatory or voluntary
basis. Countries such as Singapore and Thailand have successfully implemented mandatory green
building codes and EE measures, whereas Indonesia has implemented EE&C in commercial buildings
on a provincial level, among which Jakarta and Bandung are front runners. However, the mapping
study also highlighted various challenges were identified in AMS such as in Cambodia, Lao PDR,
Myanmar, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
It is to be noted that countries like Singapore and Thailand have implemented measures that overcome
most of the identified challenges. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam are at an
advanced stage of implementing EE in their respective building sectors whereas Cambodia, Myanmar
and Lao PDR are yet to put suitable mechanisms in place. These challenges and recommendations
are of a general nature and need to be considered in context to specific AMS. The challenges have
been sub-divided into three sub-sections:.common challenges, technical challenges, and policy
challenges. The challenges have been prioritised based on the feedback received during the Focus
Group discussion of EE and Green Building Codes in ASEAN.
In general, the implementation of energy efficiency (EE) in buildings faces several challenges, such as
two or more codes being in existence for EE in buildings and Green Building Codes (GBC). The codes
are often not updated regularly. ASHRAE 90.1 has been revised 5 times since 2000 (once every 3
years on average), some ASEAN codes’ last revision date back more than 8 years.
Various challenges have been identified in the implementation of GBC and EE in the building sector
in ASEAN. This section highlights identified challenges and makes recommendations for the overall
development of the EE in the building sector based on best practices existing both within and outside
of, ASEAN.
In all, twenty-one major challenges have been identified, namely policy and technical challenges:
three common challenges, eight policy challenges and ten technical challenges.. Tables 5 - 7 below
present an overview of the identified challenges and recommendations.
82
Table 5:
Policy challenges in the implementation of EE in the building sector
No. Policy challenges Recommendation
1 Coordination between various governments (federal, provincial and local)
Often various Government Ministries and A comprehensive roadmap setting clear targets
Departments do not communicate. Collection and objectives, needs to be developed based on
of data is completed under local Government data collected at local level. The roadmap must be
whereas, policies are made at federal level. developed in close coordination between various
ministries.
2 Coordination between stakeholders: public and private
The policies, codes and other related The Government Ministries and departments set
regulations are developed by the Ministries up a mechanism to receive input from private
with limited or minimal consultation from other stakeholders through consultation
stakeholders
3 One-stop shop or dedicated institution for EE related matters
There is a lack of dedicated institution to A one-stop dedicated institution to address
address implementation of energy efficiency all matters related to energy efficiency and
that can develop policies, implement EE in conservation must be set-up by Governments.
various sectors, monitor, report and verify This institution develops policies and schemes,
funding and technology implementation. and monitors, reports and verifies funding of EE
and implementation of EE in various sectors.
4 Clear targets for achieving energy efficiency in buildings
Green Building Codes often mention overall Assessment of baseline energy consumption
objective but do not provide instructions. should be made available. This is to help verify
A baseline is often required to achieve the the energy savings achieved against baseline
targets.. consumption from implemented EE measures.
5 In-line with international practices
Some AMS have developed their own codes Using methodologies and approaches adopted
and standards which are not in line with internationally will facilitate effective implementation
international practices. of EE measures in buildings. It is recommended to
review available international best practices and
adapt these in national contexts.
6 Supporting policies, laws and regulations
Enabling policy environment to promote Relevant stakeholders must be involved during
Green Buildings and EE in the building sector the various development phases of GBC and
and align them with cross-cutting issues are EE policy, rules and regulations. Enforcement of
missing. Lack of legal and regulatory measures GBC and EE measures may be facilitated through
in some AMS hinders the implementation of EE. enactment of laws supported by respective
guidelines for public and private buildings.
7 Financing schemes to address initial capital investment and access to funds
High initial cost of GBC and EE technologies Funding can be provided as soft loans to financial
makes it unattractive for investors; lack of institutions at a zero interest rate or very low
financing and incentive schemes and difficulties interest to attract financial institutions and
in accessing them further prevent investment in investors.
GBC in building sector.
8 Low energy tariffs and subsidised fossil-fuels
Low energy process, hence longer payback Introducing incentive schemes for EE and on the
periods of EE measures, hinders the other hand reducing subsidies on fossil fuel use
implementation of EE measures in buildings. and grid-supplied electricity. Reducing and slowly
phasing out subsidies on fossil fuel and energy
prices through policy roadmap and action plan.
83
Table 6:
Technical challenges in the implementation of EE in the building sector

No. Technical challenges Recommendation
9 Passive design concepts
Buildings are often constructed with active The following aspects need to be considered:
systems, while naturally available materials a) Building shape, location and orientation
from local sources are not considered in some b) Use of natural daylight
AMS. Only limited information on passive c) Optimising solar heat gain
building design strategies is available. d) Use of anti-glare glass
e) Use of suitable glazing
f) Use of concepts such as shading analysis
g) Building construction to optimise shading
h) Wall and roof insulation
i) Natural ventilation
10 Considering EE at an early stage of construction
Application of EE measures in buildings is not Construction phase is the most energy- intensive
common in most AMS as the focus on EE is activity and often poor construction leads to lower
often high. EE. Including EE measures as early as possible in
the building design will help to achieve higher EE
levels during the building operation.
11 Site survey and verification
Energy audits and site verification of building An independent energy audit of building and site
and EE measures in place, are often not verification must be conducted before and after the
conducted. EE measures are implemented.
12 Measurement, reporting and verification (MRV)
An institution or centralised body that Establishing a central institution that handles building
undertakes the necessary audits for energy audits for the certification process and performs
efficiency measures, are often non-existant or necessary monitoring and verification before a rating
lack competency. certificate is allocated. These measures and standard
operating procedures must be clearly defined to avoid
technical and human error.
13 Overall scope of the building EE codes and standards
The existing codes and standards apply to The existing scope of the building codes and
selected technologies only and do not cover a standards may be extended to include larger types
large range of equipment. of equipment and systems.
14 Availability of data and data analysis
The availability of data, collection and analysis Data may be collected through utilities,
remain a challenge. implementing MRV system.
15 Selection of building types/typologies
The existing codes for improving EE in The regulatory requirement must be extended to
buildings are either mandatory or on a cover more building types. These requirements may
voluntary basis for buildings such as be based on international codes and standards that
Government buildings and new commercial are adopted by the respective AMS.
buildings among others.
16 Climatic responsive design
The climatic conditions vary from one AMS Clear understanding of the site-specific weather
to another. Hence, adapting building EE data enables designers to take advantage of the
codes according to local climatic conditions is climate conditions
important and needs to be addressed. in optimising energy efficiency in a building and
building systems.
17 Urban heat island
84
No. Technical challenges Recommendation
Consideration of building material, common It is recommended to consider urban heat island
area, urban heat island, etc, are often not effect mitigation strategies as urban island heat not
considered. These heat islands increase only increases the temperature, demanding higher
cooling loads, leading to the installation cooling capacities but also affects other parameters
of larger sized air-conditioners thereby such as natural ventilation and oversizing of
increasing energy consumption, and equipment, among others. .
producing more greenhouse gases.
18 Calculation tools for estimating energy savings
There is a lack of tools and software to study Simple to use and easy to understand tools are
building performance and counter-check the made available for users and sophisticated tools
effectiveness of measures taken. for building professionals. The right calculation
and analysis tools will enable an appropriate EE
measure.
Table 7:
Common challenges to policy challenges and technical challenges in the implementation of EE in building sector
No. Policy challenges Recommendation
19 Limited skilled manpower
Skilled manpower is often scarce due to insuf- Identification of institutions to include EE in build-
ficient training and institutions that offer such ings as part of curriculum and organise training ses-
courses. Implementation of EE measures such sions to train man-power on various EE measures
as green building rating, building management in the building sector. This may be further expanded
system to certifying of professionals as energy auditors and
managers of AMS.
20 Limited awareness of EE measures and impacts
Greater focus is given to the aesthetics of a Advantages of green buildings vs non-green build-
building and not to energy consumption and ings in terms of rental yield and market demand,
savings potential. Lack of awareness limits the occupants’ health and productivity aspects are to
overall objective of EE in buildings. Lack of be demonstrated. The overall return on investment
business case and financing options. of investing in energy efficient buildings must be
demonstrated.
21 Building Energy Codes and Standards
Unavailability of codes and standards in the Codes and standards specific to building types are
public domain. Outdated codes and standards developed and made available to public.
with advancement of technology.
Regular updates of codes matching international
Benchmarking and a calibrated approach are practices.
often unavailable.
Rules of thumb needs to be defined and revised
along with the codes and standards especially for
AMS yet to implement EE in building sector.
85
POLICY RECOMMENDATION
The potential for energy saving through EE remains untapped for many reasons including: proper
supporting policies, regulatory framework, and implementation schemes in some countries in the
region. These policies and supporting schemes require regular revisions based on learning from pilot
projects and stakeholder consultation. Regulations, laws, and policies on EE measures need to be
tailor-made to address the specific characteristics of each AMS while relying on robust and integrated
stakeholders to successfully implement, communicate, update and improve EE in GBC and green
building rating tools over time. Some Member States have defined clear policies that support EE
by providing clear guidelines, incentive schemes, amending the EE from voluntary to mandatory in
commercial or public buildings such as those in Singapore, Thailand and in Jakarta, Indonesia to name
but a few.
Figure 33 presents an overview of the AMS having relevant policies, GBC, energy efficiency codes,
related ministries, departments and relevant stakeholders. Despite having policies in place some of the
AMS face challenges in the implementation of EE in the building sector. The following challenges have
been identified based on the mapping study, AGEP EE&C Consultation Workshop and Focus Group
discussion. Based on the international practices and from the ASEAN respective recommendation, these
have been identified and presented below. Relevant best practices have been highlighted in boxes.
1. Coordination between various governments (federal, provincial and local)

Challenges: The building sector is complex as it involves two or more Ministries and their departments
dealing with several topics such as building construction and approval, and energy utilisation among
others. Often various government ministries and departments do not communicate on the common
issues (building construction, EE & financing measures).
The collection of relevant information such as building energy demand and usage is under the jurisdiction
of local Government. However, policies are generally made at a federal level and often these are not
implemented at local level due to priorities by provincial or state Governments. Building law being under
local government is often difficult for data collection. Non-availability of centralised institutions within the
Ministries that deal with the building sector, energy sector, and financing of EE measures.
Recommendation: A comprehensive road map setting clear targets with an objective to implement
various technological measures needs to be developed based on data collected at local or state/
provincial level. This could further be supported by a suitable policy that mandates the states of the
provincial Government to strictly follow and implement federal Government policies at local level.
Increase coordination and collaboration between Ministries and departments through regular meetings
dedicated to specific topics. Establish a web-based platform to exchange under-development policies,
laws, rules, and regulations to establish an integrated roadmap for EE in buildings.
86
Box 1: “Whole of Government” Approach in Singapore
To jointly promote and facilitate the adoption of energy efficiency in Singapore, the Energy Efficiency
Programme Office (E2PO) was established. The E2PO is a multi-agency committee led by the National
Environment Agency (NEA) and the Energy Market Authority (EMA) and comprises the Economic
Development Board (EDB), Land Transport Authority (LTA), Building and Construction Authority (BCA),
Housing and Development Board (HDB), Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA), Agency
for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), Jurong Town
Corporation (JTC) and National Research Foundation (NRF). The Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources (MEWR) and Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) are also represented on the committee. The
E2PO has identified the following five strategic thrusts to improve energy efficiency in Singapore:
• Promote energy efficiency through regulation and standards, incentives and open information.
• Develop human and institutional capabilities by developing local knowledge base and expertise
in energy management and collaborating with Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs)
• Promote emerging energy efficient technologies and innovation through supporting the
research development and demonstration of new energy efficient technologies, innovations and
business process improvements
• Profile and promote energy efficiency internationally through various platforms such as
Singapore International Energy Week (SIEW), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and East
Asia Summit (EAS)
• Benchmark Singapore’s energy efficiency initiatives against other countries and international
frameworks.
A•STAR
JTC HDB
EDB URA
WHOLE OF
NEA
GOVERNMENT EMA
LTA BCA
NRF IDA
Figure 34:
Singapore’s Whole Government approach
87
2. Coordination between stakeholders: public and private
Challenge: The policies, codes and other relevant regulations are developed by the Ministries with
limited or minimal consultation from other stakeholders. Therefore, feedback from project developers,
financing institutions, and users is not well-received and addressed. Codes that promote EE developed
by private institutions and associations such as Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) and Green
Building Councils often have different focus areas and approaches compared to similar Codes from the
Government. This leads to limited success and implementation of such measures.
The roles of public institutions such as universities, departments and research centres are confined
within public institutions; the contributions from similar private institutions are often not recognised.
Recommendation: The Government Ministries and departments set-up mechanism to receive input
from stakeholders such as Green Building Councils, ESCOs, private institutions, project developers,
associations, and the general public through consultation, joint working sessions and feedback
sessions among others. Stakeholder engagement will avoid several documents being produced for the
same focus areas, resulting in more comprehensive policies, codes and regulations.
Increased collaboration and coordination between public and private institutions through joint projects
and activities initiated by Governments.
3. One-stop shop or dedicated institution for EE related matters

Challenge: Lengthy processes to apply for incentives inhibit the adoption of EE measures. There is a
lack of a dedicated institution to address implementation of EE that can develop policies, implement EE
in various sectors, monitor, report, and verify funding and technology implementation. The dedicated
institution acts as a one-stop shop. There is a lack of setting priorities for various approaches such as
energy conservation and environment.
Recommendation: A one-stop dedicated institution to address all matters related to EE and

conservation must be set-up by Governments. This institution develops policies, schemes and
monitors, reports and verifies funding of EE and implementation of EE in various sectors. This will not
only provide centralised information and coordination but also reduce the time for getting approval for
incentives/projects thus making implementation of EE measures viable.
The one-stop institution takes care of various levels of implementation from financial to technical to
promotion of, schemes at multiple levels. The financing schemes may be developed sector-specific or
on a product basis to name few. The one-stop shop mechanism also sets its priorities and focuses on
specific measures for specific sectors. The importance of EE in buildings must be introduced from the
design phase until the building is demolished.
4. Clear targets for achieving EE in buildings

Challenge: BEC and GBC only mention overall objectives or instructions, without including any
numerical threshold. Some of the codes and their enforcement are not implemented on the basis of
percentage improvement relative to baseline, as in the case of international standards that focus on
percentage improvement in performance of equipment. This limits the overall energy saving for a long
time in the absence of relative improvement in achievement targets.
Recommendation: An assessment of baseline energy consumption is important. Targets for

improvements in EE must be based on the baseline consumption that is revised periodically. Such
targets are made taking into consideration various factors such as availability of resources, and skilled
manpower among others.
Providing Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) would enable AMS to achieve a more
accurate implementation and reduce misinterpretations regarding EE design strategies.
88
5. Aligning policy with international practices
Challenge: Some AMS have developed their own codes that focus on local climatic conditions and
requirements. Often these codes are not in line with international practices and do not provide clear
methodology for their adoption. These codes not being consistent and in-line with international codes
and approaches, make the implementation challenging.
On the other hand, some countries do not have GBC to promote EE and Conservation in buildings.
This poses challenges in achieving national targets and APAEC targets.
Recommendation: Using various parameters such as units, methodologies and measurement

techniques that match international codes, will facilitate the larger adoption of codes by making them
consistent with international practices. This will make it easier to understand, evaluate and apply
at ground level. To facilitate the comparison with international standards and to be more consistent
throughout all the requirements all the AMS should uniform their respective BEC and GBC.
It is recommended to review and adopt the best practices available worldwide and adopt international
standards in a national context. However, these codes and standards need to be adjusted to national
requirements. Such information may be obtained from reports released by the Global Building
Performance Network (GBPN), designing and implementing best practice building codes: insights from
policy makers-, the International Energy Agency (IEA) that there are 25 EE policy recommendations for
seven priority areas including:. buildings, appliances and equipment; lighting; energy utilities; industry;
transport, and cross-sectoral.
6. Supporting policies, laws and regulations

Challenge: Some AMS lack a national EE plan in the buildings sector. Enabling policy environment
and alignment to address cross-cutting issues are necessary to promote EE in the building sector and
concepts such as Green Buildings.
A lack of legal and regulatory measures in some AMS hinders the implementation of EE measures
in the building sector, and professionals working in the sector. The regulatory framework is often not
backed up by laws to mandate building owners or project developers through incentives or penalties on
performance of building as a whole or at equipment level.
Recommendation: As most AMS have a national energy plan, EE measures in buildings can be
incorporated through a well-designed action plan. Relevant stakeholders must be consulted during the
developmental phases of policies, rules and regulations to address cross-cutting issues.
Enforcement of EE measures may be facilitated through enactment of laws supported by respective

guidelines for public and private buildings. Compliance of EE in public buildings may be made mandatory
for the private sector through voluntary involvement, and making it mandatory in due course.
7. Financing schemes to address initial capital investment and access to funds

Challenge: Inefficient procedures and processes for accessing funds for EE measures. Necessary
financing mechanisms to support voluntary and mandatory EE targets for the building sector are often
not properly implemented or are missing in AMS.
High initial cost of energy-efficient technology makes it unattractive for investors; lack of financing and
incentive schemes and difficulties accessing them further prevent investment in EE, in the building
sector. Commercial banks do not find the sector attractive due to the non-existence of schemes in
some AMS; mandatory compliance to EE targets in the building sector is impacted by the unavailability
of financing schemes and mechanisms. EE investments are limited due to a lack of buy-in from top
management or building owners. EE measures compete with cheaper and subsidised fossil fuel,
making it challenging for the top-management to decide in favour of EE measures in buildings.
Recommendation: Provide specific funds for financing mechanisms such as a revolving fund or
89
soft loans among others. These funds can be provided as soft loans to financial institutions at zero
interest rate or very low interest to attract financial institutions and investors. These initiatives may be
voluntary, initially, and later made mandatory.
Box 2: Energy Conservation Promotion Act, Thailand

The Energy Conservation Promotion Act (ENCON) 1992, became operational in 1995 and was funded by
taxing petroleum products at USD 0.2 cents per liter that raised USD 200 million per annum. The Fund
was set up with the objective of facilitating access to finance for EE&C and renewable Energy projects.
The Fund is used to provide financial support to other schemes such as tax incentive implementation, the
Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund and the ESCO Fund. The ENCON Fund had collected around USD 1.1
billion by the year 2017.
The Fund uses different instruments such as loans, venture capital, subsidies to cover the cost of
preliminary audits, capacity building, research and development and other instruments, to promote EE&C.
In addition to this, the Thai Government has introduced up to 30 % of capital costs as a subsidy for
replacing old equipment with highly efficient equipment.
The financing mechanisms above can be further supported through imposing taxes on fossil fuels
and/or incentivising EE in buildings.. To begin with, EE measures should be made mandatory for
public buildings through state budget financing and voluntary for private buildings. This may become
mandatory for private buildings through well-established financing mechanism.
8. Low energy tariff and subsidised fossil-fuel

Challenge: The low energy prices and subsidised fuel prices make the implementation of EE difficult
as the return on investment of capital investments will be over a longer period.
Some AMS lack the necessary laws that focus on EE and road maps to reduce subsidies on fossil-fuel
based energy.
Recommendation: Reducing and slowly phasing out subsidies on fossil fuel and energy prices
through policy roadmapping and action plans while supported by incentive schemes, would help the
implementation of EE.
Various schemes related to EE and conservation must be made mandatory for faster implementation.
These mandatory schemes must be supported by MRV mechanisms.
9. Limited skilled manpower

Challenge: Often EE measures are not implemented according to standard procedures due to the
inadequacy of skilled manpower. Skilled manpower is often scarce due to insufficient training undertaken
and institutions that offer such courses. Implementation of EE measures such as building management
systems, green building ratings, ISO 50001 are impacted by the insufficient numbers of experienced and
certified energy auditors and energy managers. Lack of skilled man-power to implement various codes
and guidelines for increasing EE in the buildings sector impedes the implementation of EE in building
codes even if the country has policies in place to promote EE in buildings.
Recommendation: Identification of institutions to include EE in buildings as part of their curriculum

and organise sessions to train manpower in various EE measures in the building sector. This may be
further expanded to certifying professionals as energy auditors and managers. Making it mandatory
to employ energy auditors and managers for buildings consuming energy beyond a certain level will
create suitable environment for the implementation of EE.
90
TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATION
Challenges in the implementation of energy efficiency in buildings were identified based on
international practices. International codes and standards such as the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) are regularly updated, revised and continuously improved, and made more
stringent. These codes and standards are revised to include specification/requirements for new
technologies. The requirements in standards do not constitute regulated requirements unless the
relevant authorities adopt them. Various approaches to assess building energy usage and other
characteristics of the building sector are conducted through pilot projects and are adjusted to climatic
conditions. These codes use step-by-step guidance to implement EE in buildings, however, the
implementation of methods such as measurement, site-verification and energy audit are required to
ensure implementation of recommended measures.
Box 3: Training framework in Singapore

Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) programme is designed for engineering professionals who
intend to build their career as energy managers. It gives a thorough understanding of the key energy issues
either in the building or industry sector. The programme will help participants to develop the technical skills
and competencies needed to manage and track energy usage within the organisations they serve.
Energy Management System (ISO 50001: 2011) Foundation and Energy Management System (ISO
50001: 2011) Advanced Lead Auditor, conducted by SEAS help firms and organizations address and
reference energy management issues on a global standard.
To meet the demand for green buildings in Singapore, BCA rolled out a series of Green courses to build
up the industry with green capability and capacity. The BCA Certified Green Mark Manager (GMM), Green
Mark Professional (GMP), Green Mark Facilities Professional (GMFP) and Green Mark Facilities Manager
(GMFM) courses seek to provide a good foundation and knowledge of the design and construction, and to
advance their technical knowledge in the maintenance of environmentally-friendly buildings.
The Member States of ASEAN are located in the equatorial and sub-equatorial belt within the same
tropical climate zone. The scope of code varies among AMS, with some being selective in defining
parameters for equipment/technologies. Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam have developed codes for EE in buildings as well as Green Building
rating tools, whereas such measures are yet to be developed in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar.
The baselines among AMS vary due to local conditions and requirements. The implementation of EE in
buildings faces several challenges such as the existence of two or more codes for EE in Buildings and
GBC and which are often not updated regularly, MRV of EE measures in buildings among others.
This section addresses the challenges of implementation of EE and GBC in the AMS, based on a
report on Mapping of Building Energy and GBC in ASEAN along with respective recommendations.
10. Passive building design strategies

Challenge: In some of the AMS the Building Energy Codes and GBC have limited information on
passive building design strategies. Often EE measures for the active energy systems are considered
while passive design features using natural resources to optimise the use of solar and wind power are
ignored. Limited consideration for passive features and alternatives in building design, and increased
reliance on active equipment and systems, limits the overall energy consumption in the building.
Recommendation: There exists a high potential to improve the overall energy performance by
including passive alternatives. Passive design features such as shading, use of natural daylight,
orientation and landscaping must be part of the codes. Some of the common passive features
commonly adopted are as given below:
91
1. Building shape, location and orientation
2. Use of natural daylight

3. Optimising solar heat gain
4. Use of anti-glare glass
5. Use of suitable glazing
6. Use of concepts such as shading analysis
7. Building construction to optimise shading
8. Wall and roof insulation
9. Natural ventilation
Usage of computer aided simulation software in the early stages of considering passive design, will be
useful in selecting optimum materials and technology.
11. Considering EE at an early stage of construction

Challenge: The BEC applied at the initial stage of building design and implemented during building
construction is not common in most of the AMS; focus on EE in buildings from the beginning of design
and construction phase. The absence and non-availability of codes and lack of monitoring mechanisms
of implementation of EE measures during and after the construction phase, result in lower EE.
Recommendation: The building construction phase contributes to one of the highest energy intensity
activities. This and poor construction result in higher energy consumption and higher operation and
maintenance costs. However, EE and use of alternative sources such as use of renewable energy and
passive design among others during the construction phase, will lead to substantial energy savings
throughout the life of a building. These concepts need to be included in BEC codes as well as international
standards. Suitable energy modelling software and raising of awareness to consider energy efficiency from
the beginning will help conserve energy and use energy efficient methodologies and equipment.
12. Site survey and verification

Challenge: Site verification and energy auditing for EE measures implemented in new buildings are
often not practiced by AMS. Not all the AMS have implemented audit and verification processes as part
of the methodology and compliance process. Further, surveys and verification need to be backed up
with regulatory for new and retrofitted building types.
Recommendation: It is recommended that the EE&C and GBC are independently audited and verified
on-site both before the building construction and during its operation and maintenance phase. It is highly-
recommended to include site surveys and verification to ensure the performance is in line with the design
submission to avoid any superficial measures taken in a building, for construction approval. For example,
such practice is followed in Singapore which mandates independent audit of buildings before and after
EE measures and are covered under Singapore’s regulatory requirement for existing buildings.
13. Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV)

Challenge: An institution or centralised body that undertake necessary audits for EE measures are
often non-existent or lack the competency and tools to monitor, verify and audit measures taken in
designated buildings. In their absence the real impact of the implementation of EE measures becomes
challenging. These are further affected by unclear rating systems and time frames for such measures.
The authenticity of data collected is often not cross-checked and verified.
The unavailability of certified energy auditors results in inaccurate data collection, analysis,and
recommendation of improvement opportunities and ultimately the passing-on, of the incentive or
certification. Often, standard operating procedures are not followed or are missing and this affects
monitoring and evaluation of EE implementation and related certification, incentives or penalties.
Most countries lack the implementation of EE measures in buildings that do not comply with codes and
standards. A mechanism to penalise such projects is often missing. Not all the ASEAN EEC/GBC have
92
implemented the MRV as part of the EEC fundamental. Including the MRV system will ensure that the
building will meet the expectations and requirements beyond the first day of occupancy. In the case of
building measures existing, they cover mostly mechanical and electrical systems, and aspects such as
occupancy . Occupancy-based control systems are often not implemented.
Recommendation: It is important to establish a central institution that handles building audits for the
certification process and performs the necessary monitoring and verification before a rating certificate
is awarded. These measures and standard operating procedures must be clearly defined to avoid
technical and human errors. To avoid errors during data submission, various tools that correlate
specific rating tools, codes and standards must be considered. An online data submission and third-
party inspection, surprise and random checks may be conducted.
Energy auditors are trained and certified to perform the required audit of building, adopting EE
measures and applying for linked incentives, approval and certification. A regular monitoring and
verification mechanism needs to be followed to ensure regular and surprise checks on measures taken
by building owners or project developers.
The owners or occupants of a building are required to submit energy consumption data on an annual
basis. The data submission may be facilitated through online facility for easy analysis, policy and
decision making by various departments.
There must be provisions to impose penalties for non-performing buildings. Mandatory and regular
measurement and verification of performance and measures taken in the building must be conducted.
MRV give the building owners, operators and auditors continuous information on various parameters that
help them identify operational issues as soon as they occur and take appropriate action, thereby saving
time, money, and energy consumption over the lifetime of the building. The measurement, reporting and
verification systems must cover all the mechanical, electrical and other equipment, and building systems
must be equipped with occupancy sensors to optimise energy conservation. Concepts such as Internet of
Things (IoT) and Building Energy Management (BEM) may be adopted in buildings.
14. Overall scope of the building Energy Efficiency codes and standards
Challenge: The existing codes for improving energy efficiency in buildings in ASEAN Member States
do not cover a large range of equipment but apply to selected technology, approaches or systems.
This selective approach makes it challenging to implement overall EE measures in buildings. It was
observed that some energy-related systems such as sub-metering, lifts, renewable energy operation
and maintenance, and total building energy use are still underestimated or missing in several AMS
even though they are considered as standard items in most international standards like ASHRAE.
Recommendation: Some EE Systems are widely shared and included in most Energy Codes such
as lighting, air-conditioning systems, building envelopes, Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation
(ACMV) motors, and water heaters. However, the overall scope varies from one country to another, for
example, some countries take “building type method’ to calculate the lighting power allowance instead
of the space-by-space method. It is recommended to extend the scope of the codes to cover larger EE
systems and equipment resulting in overall EE in building. Stakeholder consultation is an important
step in defining clear and achievable standards on EE depending on the availability of local resources.
15. Availability of data and its analysis

Challenge: The availability of data, its collection and analysis remain a challenge in the building
sector. Most of the AMS do not have sufficient data, lack data collection and mechanisms for analysing
the data available. The lack of data results in challenges in establishing baselines and taking
appropriate action.
Recommendation: The data on energy consumption for a specific purpose such as air-conditioning,
lighting, ventilation, etc. is key to assessing the potential for EE and energy conservation. The data
93
can be used to define targets for specific types of buildings and energy use. The data for energy
consumption in buildings may be collected through utilities, making energy use part of the census
among others. Some of the AMS have a mechanism to collect data on a regular basis (e.g. Singapore
that mandates data submission on an annual basis) and its analysis.
16. Selection of building types/typologies

Challenge: The existing codes for improving EE in buildings focus and apply to few building types and
typologies such as new buildings that include: offices, residential, condominiums, or existing, or new
commercial buildings such as hotels, hospitals, theatres, shopping malls, and data centres among
others. This limits the number of buildings or projects adopting EE measures.
Recommendation: International standards apply to a broad scope of project types such as new
construction, existing buildings or retrofitted (additions/alterations), and a complete range of building
models for example commercial, industrial, mixed-use, residential, hospitality, school and healthcare.
It is recommended to extend the scope, metrics and indices of the EE standards and building codes,
to encompass building types and building uses. The regulatory requirement must be extended to
cover as many building types based on international practices in AMS context. One such method is to
demonstrate through an energy efficient building model, used as a reference building case at national
level or regional level.
17. Climatic responsive design

Challenge: Limited consideration is given to climatic conditions. AMS are located in the tropical region;
however, the climatic conditions vary from one AMS to another. Hence, adapting building EE codes
according to local climatic conditions is one of the most important challenges that needs to be solved.
Recommendation: The climatic conditions play an important role in optimising EE in a building and
building systems. To achieve this, a clear understanding of the site-specific weather data enables
designers to take advantage of the climate conditions. If it is required various climatic zones may be
considered for the codes, clearly mentioning regions/zones of applicability.
18. Urban Heat Island

Challenge: Consideration of building materials, common areas, urban heat islands and other aspects
are often not considered in building codes in the AMS. These heat islands increase cooling loads
hence the installation of large-sized air-conditioners increasing energy consumption, cooling costs and
producing more greenhouse gases.
Dark, non-reflective surfaces used for parking, roads, roofs, pathways and other such surfaces absorb
the sun’s heat and radiate back thereby increasing localised heating known as heat islands, that may
increase temperatures by 1-3 degrees celcius as compared to other construction methods.
Recommendation: The Urban Heat Island Effect not only increases the temperature, demanding
higher cooling capacities but also affects other parameters such as natural ventilation, and oversizing
of equipment among others. Therefore, it is recommended to consider urban heat island effect
mitigation strategies in EE building codes and GBC that promote the adoption of more suitable material
and construction approaches.
19. Calculation tools for estimating energy savings

Challenge: There is a lack of tools and software, to study building performance and cross check
the effectiveness of measures taken. The unavailability of tools and software results in poor or zero
implementation of EE measures. This also makes audit and certification of buildings challenging.
Recommendation: Relevant, simple to use and understand tools, and calculation methodologies may
be developed and disseminated. Tools such as Overall Transfer Thermal Value (OTTV) or Lighting
Power Allowance (LPA) allow designers to understand the numerical requirements, intentions and
objectives for some of the energy systems.
94
However, it is important to provide methodology on how to use such tools to make them effective.
Those elements should be integrated into the code to facilitate their implementation and
understanding.
Challenges that are equally applicable to both policy makers and technical professionals:
20. Limited awareness on EE measures and impacts

Challenge: The implementation of EE measures has limited impact due to lack of business cases
and financing. Most focus is given to the aesthetics of a building and not to energy consumption and
saving potential. This limits the overall objective, as building accounts for almost a third of total energy
consumption in ASEAN. Knowledge sharing platforms for building professionals, architects, project
developers, the general public, and their engagement have not yet been prioritised.
Promotional measures for the general public that raise awareness about EE measures and their impact
are often missing in AMS. There is a lack of a centralised institution to share various queries and
issues related to cross-cutting issues. Awareness may be raised in everyone from school children to
consumers, through various methods.
Recommendation: The advantages of Green Buildings in comparison to non-Green Buildings must

be explained and disseminated. The advantages of energy efficient buildings to cover benefits such as
rental yield, market demand, occupants’ health and increased productivity among others. Campaigns
raising awareness, sessions to promote EE in buildings must be organised both online and offline.
Energy saving tips and their potential must be explained to the general public in a simple and easy
to adopt manner. This will increase awareness of optimising building energy consumption. Economic
benefits in terms of Return on Investment through demonstration projects along with financing options,
must be introduced for the implementation of EE in buildings.
A campaign for EE, targeting the general public must be implemented to raise awareness of the
negative impact of low EE and inefficient energy consumption using simple ways of helping people
to understand. The campaign shall further focus on behavioural change of energy use. The impact of
individual contributions needs to be explained for deeper understanding of the subject. Establishing
a centralised institution that in addition to preparing policy, financial schemes for government,
implementation of EE measures and their verification, also establishes knowledge sharing on cross-
cutting topics and issues.
21. Building Energy Codes and Standards

Challenge: Lack of availability of codes and standards that are specific for types of buildings and
equipment used in building, in some AMS. Often these codes are not available in the public domain
and are not accessible to building professionals. Often these codes are copied form other codes and
not adapted to local requirements.
There is a gap between technology improvement, the codes, and standards. Codes and standards are
not regularly updated and become outdated, with continuous advancements in technology and building
energy use. These codes are revised less frequently in some AMS and date back more than eight
years. The codes are, more often, not reviewed and revised and often become outdated and even
some parts of the code become redundant. This makes the implementation of codes challenging.
There is a lack of baseline, benchmarking, calibrated approach towards timely introduction of
standards and upgrading rules of thumb.
Recommendation: Codes and standards that are specific to building types and energy use are
developed and made available to the public for their implementation. These codes and standards need
to be in context to local conditions, fine-tuned, and made to stringently match international practices.
Technologies and trends are progressing very quickly, that is why regular revisions are necessary to
follow this pace and provide updated targets and requirements adapted at regular intervals. In other
95
words, green buildings and energy codes should follow regular revision cycles in order to guarantee
their efficiency and reliability. Various international codes are revised regularly such as ASHRAE, which
is revised once every three years and has been revised five times since year 2000.
The basic parameters generally used as rules of thumb for building design and EE in buildings and
equipment need to be revised and updated with the advancement of technology especially in AMS
which are yet to develop BEC and GBC and related regulatory frameworks. Establishing a national
level baseline, benchmarking and providing basis and reference to develop strategies for further
improvement in EE.
96
CONCLUSION
To implement common regional Green Building and Energy Efficiency Codes for ASEAN will be a
complex and challenging task due to several factors. The different levels of economic development,
varying sector-specific targets and timelines to achieve the targets, and different enforcement of
policies and schemes, are just some of the reasons.
In general, some of the major challenges identified are: the coordination between various Government
departments and Ministries; limited awareness and skilled manpower to effectively implement EE
measures in the building sector; non-availability of data, data analysis, and MRV to name but a few.
There exists a number of mechanisms to monitor and verify the EE measures that enable people to
observe the actual energy savings, take necessary measures, if required and for future EE measures.
However, there are good examples of existing successful green building models within ASEAN
that have achieved higher energy efficiency in the buildings sector. This has ensured continued
sustainable growth in the buildings sector. As such, through the development of a detailed roadmap
of activities to exchange critical knowledge and skills of such successful models within ASEAN, the
development of regional Green Building and Energy Efficiency Codes is a possibility that the ASEAN
EE&C-SSN should work towards.
97
REFERENCES
1. ACE, “Country Profile - Brunei Darussalam,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
2. Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation , “Compendium of Energy Efficiency Policies of APEC Economies –
Brunei Darussalam,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://aperc.ieej.or.jp/file/2016/4/28/Brunei_Darussalam_
Compendium_2015_Final.pdf . [Accessed 1 February 2018].
3. Building Codes Assistance Project, “Building Energy Code Report for Brunei Darussalam,” Asia - Pacific
Economic Cooperation, 2009.
4. Energy Department Prime Minister’s Office Brunei Darussalam, “Brunei Darussalam Energy White Pa-
per,” Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, 2014.
5. ESCI - KPI , “Brunei Energy Report White Paper,” [Online]. Available: http://esci-ksp.org/publication/bru-
nei-energy-report-whitepaper/. [Accessed 1 February 2018].
6. Ministry of Development, “Brunei Darussalam’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC),”

Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 2015.
7. Authority for Building Control and Construction Industry, PBD 12:2017 Building Guidelines and Require-
ments, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: Ministry of Development, 2017.
8. ERIA, “Building Technologies,” March 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.eria.org/RPR_FY2015_

No.20_Chapter_2.pdf. [Accessed 1 February 2018].
9. Energy and Industry Department , Brunei Accredited Green Unified Seal (BAGUS), Bandar Seri Bega-
wan, Brunei Darussalam: Ministry of Development, 2016.
10. ESCI - KPI, “Brunei Government Builds First Green Rated High Rise,” 30 November 2016. [Online].
Available: http://esci-ksp.org/project/brunei-government-builds-first-green-rated-high-rise/?task_id=603.
[Accessed 1 February 2018].
11. US Green Building Council, “LEED Projects,” [Online]. Available: https://www.usgbc.org/projects. [Ac-
cessed 1 February 2018].
12. Energy and Industry Department - Brunei Darussalam , “The Energy Sector in Brunei Darussalam,” 14
February 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.ei.gov.bn/SitePages/Energy%20Sector%20in%20Bru-
nei%20Darussalam.aspx. [Accessed 1 February 2018].
13. Brunei National Energy Research Institute, [Online]. Available: http://www.bneri.org.bn/site/Home.aspx.

[Accessed 19 03 2018].
14. Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam , [Online]. Available: http://www.mod.gov.bn/pwd/SitePag-

es/ORGANIZATIONAL%20STRUCTURE.aspx. [Accessed 19 03 2018].
15. Oxford Business Group, “Brunei Darussalam Sharpens Focus on Renewable Energy,” [Online]. Avail-
able: https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/brunei-darussalam-sharpens-focus-renewable-energy. [Ac-
cessed 19 03 2018].
16. ACE, “Country Profile - Cambodia,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2015.
98
17. BCA, “Cambodia - Country Report Focus on the Construction Sector,” International Development Group,
2013.
18. C. Phearun, “The Cambodia Daily,” May 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.cambodiadaily.com/busi-
ness/130298-130298/. [Accessed February 2018].
19. S. Meng, “Construction remains strong growth driver for Cambodia,” June 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-property/construction-remains-strong-growth-driver-cambodia.
[Accessed January 2018].
20. ACE, “Country Profile - Cambodia,” ASEAN - German Energy Programme, 2018.
21. Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, “National Policy Strategy and Action Plan of Energy Efficiency in
Cambodia,” Ministry of Industry, Mines & Energy, 2013.
22. Cambodia, National Strategic Development Plan 2014 - 2018, 2014.
23. Cambodia, Cambodia National Energy Statistics, 2016.
24. Sanwah, “Axis Residences: Most Eco Friendly Condo Development in Phnom Penh,” August 2017. [On-
line]. Available: http://sanwah.com.sg/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Newsroom-Update.pdf. [Accessed
February 2018].
25. Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, [Online]. Available: http://www.mme.gov.kh/en/. [Accessed 19 03
2018].
26. Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, [Online]. Available: http://www.mlmupc.
gov.kh/?page&lg=en. [Accessed 18 03 2018].
27. Cambodia, “National Policy, Strategy, and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency in Cambodia”.
28. ACE, “Country Profile - Indonesia,” ASEAN Center of Energy Database, 2018.
29. IEA, “Energy Efficiency 2017,” International Energy Agency, 2017.
30. IPEEC Building Energy Efficiency Taskgroup, “Indonesia Building Code Implementation - Country Sum-
mary,” [Online]. Available: http://www.gbpn.org/sites/default/files/Indonesia_Country%20Summary_0.pdf.
[Accessed 14 02 2018].
31. Indonesia, “National Energy Policy (Government Regulation No. 79/2014),” 2014. [Online]. Available:
https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/indonesia/name-140164-en.php. [Accessed February
2018].
32. Indonesia, “Law No. 30/2007 on Energy Article 25: Energy Conservation,” 2007. [Online]. Available:
https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/3027.
33. Indonesia, “Government Regulation No. 70/2009 on Energy Conservation,” 2009. [Online]. Available:
https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/indonesia/name-140105-en.php.
34. Indonesia, General Plan for National Energy - Presidential Regulation No.22/2017, 2017.
35. Indonesia, “National Master Plan for Energy Conservation (RIKEN),” 2005. [Online]. Available: https://
www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/indonesia/name-23643-en.php. [Accessed February 2018].
36. S. Irawan, “Konsep Rencana Induk Konservasi Energi Nasional,” 7 October 2010. [Online]. Available:
https://anzdoc.com/konsep-rencana-induk-konservasi-energi-nasional-j-a-k-a-r-ta.html.
99
37. Indonesia, Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2012, 2012.
38. Indonesia, Governor Decree No. 38/2012, 2012.
39. IEA, “Jakarta Regulation No. 38/2012 on Green Buildings,” [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/poli-
ciesandmeasures/pams/indonesia/name-140140-en.php. [Accessed 14 02 2018].
40. Indonesia, Regulation Number 02/PRT/M/2015, 2015.
41. Indonesia, “Ministerial Regulation No. 14/2016,” 2016.
42. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia, “Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of
Indonesia 2017,” 2017.
43. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standards 90.1, “Energy Standards for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Build-
ings,” 2010.
44. Standard Nasional Indonesia, Energy audit procedure for building – SNI 03-6196-2011, 2011.
45. Standard Nasional Indonesia, Energy conservation for air conditioning system in building – SNI 03-6390-
2011, 2011.
46. Standard Nasional Indonesia, Energy conservation for building envelope SNI 03-6389-2011, 2011.
47. Standard Nasional Indonesia, Energy conservation for lighting system in building – SNI 03-6197-2011,
2011.
48. Green Building Council Indonesia, “Bangunan Sertifikasi,” 2018. [Online]. Available: http://gbcindonesia.
org/bangunan-tersertifikasi. [Accessed March 2018].
49. http://www.sertifikasibangunanhijau.com [Accessed 31 07 2018]
50. Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia , [Online]. Available: https://www.pu.go.id/. [Accessed 18 03 2018].
51. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, [Online]. Available: https://www.esdm.go.id/en. [Accessed 19
03 2018].
52. Green Building Council Indonesia, [Online]. Available: http://www.gbcindonesia.org/2012-08-01-05-08-

21/structure. [Accessed 19 03 2018].
53. IEA, “Policies and Measures - Indonesia,” [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/

pams/indonesia/name-140140-en.php. [Accessed 14 02 2018].
54. Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation, “Indonesia Compendium,” 2015.
55. ACE, “Country Profile - Lao PDR,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
56. Lao PDR , Energy Sector Assessment Strategy and Road Map, 2013.
57. BCA, “Lao PDR - Country Report Focus on the Construction Sector,” International Development Group .
58. The World Bank Group, “Lao PDR: Power to the People: Twenty Years of National Electrification,” The
World Bank Group , Washington, 2012.
59. International Institute for Energy Conservation, “Lao DSM/EE Phase II Project Saves 9.2 GWh per year,”
[Online]. Available: http://www.iiec.org/index.php/iiec-news/592-lao-dsm-ee-phase-ii-project-saves-9-2-
gwh-per-year.html. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
100
60. Focus Group Discussion on Energy Efficiency and Green Building Codes n ASEAN. 18-19 July 2018,
Jakarta, Indonesia.
61. Lao PDR, “Renewable Energy Development Strategy in Lao PDR,” 2011.
62. Lao PDR Energy Department, [Online]. Available: http://laoenergy.la/. [Accessed 19 03 2018].
63. Ministry of Public Works and Transport, “About Us,” [Online]. Available: https://www.mpwt.gov.la/en/. [Ac-
cessed 4 May 2018].
64. Ministry of Pulic Works and Transport, Lao PDR, “Organization Chart,” [Online]. Available: https://www.
mpwt.gov.la/en/about-ministry-en/organization-chart-en. [Accessed 24 May 2018].
65. Buku Rasmi Tahunan: Malaysia 2017
66. ACE, “Country Profile - Malaysia,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
67. National Energy Balance Malaysia, 2016. Energy Commission Malaysia
68. Olanrewaju, A. L., & Abdul-Aziz, A. (2014). An Overview of the Construction Industry. Building Mainte-
nance Processes and Practices, 9-32. doi:10.1007/978-981-287-263-0_2
69. Malaysia, “National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2016-2025”.
70. Laws of Malaysia, Energy Commission Act 2001, vol. Act 610, 2011
71. Suruhanjaya Tenaga, “Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulation 2008”
72. Building Sector Energy Efficiency Project (BSEEP), Available: http:// http://bseep.gov.my/ [Accessed 03
08 2018]
73. Malaysia, Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in Government Sector, 2013.
74. Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas: Penggunaan Tenaga yang Mampan bagi Menyokong Pertumbuhan.
Putrajaya, Malaysia: Unit Perancang Ekonomi, Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
75. Malaysia Standards, Code of Practice on Energy Efficient for Non - residential Building, 2014.
76. Laws of Malaysia, Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (Amendment 2012): Amendment on Energy Efficiency.
77. Malaysia Standards, MS ISO 50001: 2011 – Energy Management Systems 2011.
78. MyCREST, Malaysian Carbon Reduction & Environment Sustainability Tool version 1.
79. Green Building Index, “GBI Executive Summary as of 15 August 2018,” August 2018. [Online]. Available:
http://new.greenbuildingindex.org/organisation/summary. [Accessed August 2018].
80. Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, [Online]. Available: https://
www.mestecc.gov.my/web/en/
81. Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, [Online]. Available: https://
www.mestecc.gov.my/web/en/
82. Malaysia, Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Profile. Available: http://www.kpkt.
gov.my/index.php/pages/view/312?mid=18 [Accessed 03 08 2018]
83. Ministry of Works Malaysia, Available: http://www.kkr.gov.my/en/organization/function [Accessed 03 08 2018]
101
84. Malaysia, Public Works Department, Our Functions, Available: https://www.jkr.gov.my/en/page/jkr-func-
tions [Accessed 03 08 2018]
85. Malaysia, Energy Commission, Available: https://www.st.gov.my/en/details/aboutus/1
86. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia, Announcements [Online], [Accessed 03 08 2018]
87. Green Bank Network, Malaysian Green Technology Corporation, Available: https://greenbanknetwork.org/
malaysia-green-technology-corporation/ [Accessed 03 08 2018]
88. Focus Area, CIDB Malaysia, Available: http://www.cidb.gov.my/index.php/en/focus-areas/sustainable-con-

struction [Accessed 03 08 2018]
89. About MGBC, Available: http://www.mgbc.org.my/about-mgbc/[Accessed 02 08 2018]
90. History & Background of REHDA institute, Available: http://rehdainstitute.com/history-background/ [Ac-

cessed 02 08 2018]
91. AWER (2012), Energy Efficiency In Malaysia - Sustainable Production and Consumption: Phasing-out
Malaysia’s Non-Energy Efficient Products.
92. Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS), Available: https://www.gtfs.my/faq#n24141 [Accessed 03

08 2018]
93. Energy Efficiency Financing, Available: http://www.mdv.com.my/v3/growth-stage/energy-efficiency-financ-

ing/ [Accessed 03 08 2018]
94. Malaysian Investment Development Authority, “Tax incentives for green industry,” [Online]. Available: http://
www.mida.gov.my/home/tax-incentives-for-green-industry/posts/. [Accessed 19 03 2018].
95. ACE, “Country Profile - Myanmar,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
96. BCA, “Myanmar - Country Report Focus on the Construction Sector,” [Online]. Available: https://www.
bca.gov.sg/ExportServices/others/MyanmarCountryReport.pdf. [Accessed 14 02 2018].
97. Asian Development Bank, “National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for
Myanmar,” Asian Development Bank, 2015.
98. Myanmar, “Myanmar National Energy Policy,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.eepmekong.org/in-
dex.php/resources/country-reports/myanmar/224-myanmar-national-energy-policy-2014/file.
99. IEA, “Myanmar Energy Master Plan,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs22/2015-
12-Myanmar_Energy_Master_Plan.pdf.
100. Myanmar , National Building Code, Pending .
101. Switch Asia, “Creating as ASEAN Green Community with Cleaner Energy,” 23 March 2017. [Online].
Available: http://www.switch-asia.eu/news/creating-an-asean-green-community-with-cleaner-energy/.
102. Ministry of Electricity and Energy, Myanmar, [Online]. Available: http://www.moep.gov.mm/. [Accessed 18
03 2018].
103. Ministry of Industry, Myanmar, [Online]. Available: http://moi.industry.gov.mm/en. [Accessed 26 April

2018].
104. Ministry of Construction, Myanmar, [Online]. Available: http://www.construction.gov.mm/. [Accessed 18

03 2018].
102
105. Myanmar Engineering Council, [Online]. Available: http://www.myanmarengc.org/laws-regulation. [Ac-
cessed 26 April 2018].
106. IEA, “Policies and Measures - Myanmar,” [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/

pams/myanmar/name-161521-en.php. [Accessed 19 03 2018].
107. ACE, “Country Profile - Philippines,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
108. Philippines Department of Energy, “Energy Efficiency and the Green Building Code,” [Online]. Available:
http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Property&title=energy-efficiency-and-the-green-build-
ing-code&id=146984.
109. British Chamber of Commerce Philippines, “Construction Sector in the Philippines,” [Online]. Available:
https://www.hampshirechamber.co.uk/uploads/Intl%20Trade/Philippines%20-%20Construction%20Sec-
tor%20Presentation.pdf. [Accessed 27 April 2018].
110. Department of Energy, Philippines, “Energy Efficiency and Conservation Roadmap 2017 - 2040,” Depart-
ment of Energy, Philippines, 2017.
111. Department of Energy, Philippines, “Phillipines Energy Plan 2017-2040,” 2017.
112. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Division, Department of Energy, Philippines, “Philippines Energy
Efficiency Roadmap (2017-2040),” 29 November 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.doe.gov.ph/
sites/default/files/pdf/announcements/epower_fontana_03_04_phillippines_energy_efficiency_road-
ma_2017-2040.pdf. [Accessed 27 April 2018].
113. Philippines, Guidelines Energy Conserving Design of Buildings, Philippines: Department of Energy,
2008.
114. Department of Public Works and Highways, Philippines, “Philippines Green Building Code,” 2015.
115. Philippines , “PH vows to lower carbon emissions 70% by 2030,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://newsin-
fo.inquirer.net/727316/ph-vows-to-lower-carbon-emissions-70-by-2030. [Accessed February 2018].
116. Philippines Green Building Council, “Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence for New
Construction,” 2013.
117. Philippines Green Building Council, [Online]. Available: http://philgbc.org/. [Accessed 20 03 2018].
118. Philippine Green Building Initiative, “GREEEN Rating System,” [Online]. Available: https://greenbuilding.
ph/what-is-greeen/greeen-rating-system/. [Accessed 27 April 2018].
119. Department of Energy, Phillipines, [Online]. Available: https://www.doe.gov.ph/. [Accessed 20 03 2018].
120. Department of Public Works and Highways , “Organisational Chart,” [Online]. Available: http://www.dpwh.
gov.ph/dpwh/about/org-chart/org-chart-main. [Accessed 21 03 2018].
121. Philippine Green Building Initiative, “About PGBI,” [Online]. Available: https://greenbuilding.ph/about/.
[Accessed 27 April 2018].
122. ASEAN Briefing, “Incentives for Renewable Energy Investment in ASEAN,” [Online]. Available: https://
www.aseanbriefing.com/news/2015/11/09/incentives-for-renewable-energy-investment-in-asean.html.
[Accessed 19 03 2018].
123. Department of Statistics, Singapore, “Latest Data,” [Online]. Available: https://www.singstat.gov.sg/statis-

tics/latest-data. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
103
124. ACE, “Country Profile - Singapore,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
125. Building and Construction Authority, “Public Sector Construction Demand is Expected to Strengthen This
Year,” [Online]. Available: 3.
126. Building and Construction Authority, SIngapore, “3rd Green Building Masterplan,” 2014.
127. Singapore, “Sustainable Singapore Blueprint,” 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.mewr.gov.sg/docs/

default-source/module/ssb-publications/41f1d882-73f6-4a4a-964b-6c67091a0fe2.pdf.
128. Ministry of Industry and Trade, Singapore, “National Energy Policy Report,” 2005. [Online]. Available:
https://www.mti.gov.sg/ResearchRoom/Documents/app.mti.gov.sg/data/pages/885/doc/NEPR%202007.
pdf. [Accessed March 2018].
129. BCA, “Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulation,” Building and Construction Authority,
Singapore, 2008.
130. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Building Control Act,” 2012.
131. BCA, “3rd Green Building Masterplans,” Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, 2014.
132. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Code for Environmental Sustainability of Buildings,”
2008.
133. Building Construction Authority, Singapore, “About BCA Green Mark Scheme,” [Online]. Available: https://
www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/green_mark_buildings.html. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
134. Singapore Green Building Council, “Singapore Green Building Product Labelling Scheme,” [Online].
Available: https://www.sgbc.sg/sgbc-certifications/sgbp-labelling-scheme. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
135. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Annual Report 2016-2017,” 2017.
136. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “About Us,” [Online]. Available: https://www.bca.gov.sg/
AboutUs/about_bca.html. [Accessed 21 03 2018].
137. Energy Market Authority, Singapore, “Energy Efficiency Programmes and Incentives,” [Online]. Available:
https://www.ema.gov.sg/Residential_Energy_Efficiency_Programmes_and_Incentives.aspx. [Accessed 4
May 2018].
138. Energy Market Authority, Singapore, “Corporate Structure,” [Online]. Available: https://www.ema.gov.sg/
Corporate_Structure.aspx. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
139. Enterprise Singapore, “Standards Development,” [Online]. Available: https://spring.enterprisesg.gov.sg/

Building-Trust/Std/FOR-PARTNERS/Pages/standards-development.aspx. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
140. SME Portal, Singapore, “Standards Committees & Partners,” [Online]. Available: https://www.smeportal.
sg/content/smeportal/en/bizguides/quality-and-standards/2015/standards-committees---partners_g.html.
[Accessed 4 May 2018].
141. Singapore Green Building Council, [Online]. Available: http://www.sgbc.sg/about-us. [Accessed 21 03

2018].
142. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Green Mark Gross Floor Area (GM GFA) Incentive
Scheme,” [Online]. Available: https://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/gmgfa.html. [Accessed 3 May 2018].
143. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing (BREEF)
Scheme,” [Online]. Available: https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/breef.html. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
104
144. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings
(GMIS-EB),” [Online]. Available: https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html. [Accessed 4 May
2018].
145. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore, “Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings
and Premises (GMIS – EPB),” [Online]. Available: https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmisebp.html. [Ac-
cessed 4 May 2018].
146. Building and Construction Authority, “Green Mark Incentive Scheme – Design Prototype (GMIS-DP),”
[Online]. Available: https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmisdp.html. [Accessed 4 May 2018].
147. Singapore Green Building Council, “SGBC-BCA Zero Capital Partnership Scheme,” [Online]. Available:
https://www.sgbc.sg/sgbc-certifications/2-uncategorised/481-zero-capital-programme. [Accessed 4 May
2018].
148. ACE, “Country Profile - Thailand,” ASEAN Centre for Energy Database, 2018.
149. The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment KMUTT, “Towards Sustainable Buildings in
Thailand,” 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.renewableenergy-asia.com/portals/0/seminar/4_prof_
surapongchirarattananon_towardssustainablebuildingsinthailand.pdf. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
150. Department of Energy, Thailand, “20-Year Energy Efficiency Plan 2016-2036,” 2015.
151. Thailand, “Energy Conservation Promotion Act BE 2550 - 2007,” 2007.
152. Thailand, “Thailand’s Integrated Energy Blueprint,” 2015.
153. Ministry of Energy, Thailand, “20-Year Energy Efficiency Development Plan 2011-2030,” 2010.
154. Thailand , Ministerial Regulation for Energy Saving Building Desing B.E. 2552, 2009.
155. Department of Alternative Energy Development, Thailand, “Coordinating Centre for Energy Conservation
Building Design,” [Online]. Available: http://www.2e-building.com/view.php?cat=english&id=187. [Ac-
cessed 24 May 2018].
156. Ministry of Energy, Thailand, “Development of Energy Management in Thailand,” [Online]. Available:
http://energyauditorthai.com/wp-content/uploads/01_ /17.Energy_Management_
Scheme_of_Thailand.pdf.
157. Thai Green Building Institute, “TREES Type,” [Online]. Available: http://www.tgbi.or.th/tag/show/0. [Ac-
cessed 24 May 2018].
158. “Trees Project Status in Thailand,” [Online]. Available: http://thailand.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_thailand/

Projects/AHK-Geschaeftsreise__Energy_Efficiency_in_Buildings/Keynote_Address_by_Dr._Preecha_
Maneesatid_TGBI.pdf. [Accessed February 2018].
159. School of Architecture and Design KMUTT, “Building and Construction Labelling and Certification System
in Thailand,” [Online]. Available: http://www.thai-german-cooperation.info/download/20130616_05_pdp_
ee_building.pdf. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
160. Thailand Environment Institute, “Green Public Procurement in Thailand and Thai Green Label,” 2013.
[Online]. Available: https://www.ecomark.jp/pdf/Thailand.pdf. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
161. International Trade Forum, “Thai Green Label Scheme,” [Online]. Available: www.tradeforum.org/Work-
Area/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=58663. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
105
162. Thailand Environmental Institute, “Thai Green Label Products,” [Online]. Available: http://www.tei.or.th/
greenlabel/en/application.html. [Accessed 24 May 2018].
163. Pollution Control Department, Thailand, “Green Building Scheme,” [Online]. Available: http://infofile.pcd.
go.th/ptech/GB_NBD_2556.pdf?CFID=2637499&CFTOKEN=13719879. [Accessed 24 May 2018].
164. Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, “Annual Report 2015,” 2015. [Online].
Available: http://weben.dede.go.th/webmax/sites/default/files/BibA9434_2015.pdf. [Accessed 19 03
2018].
165. Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Thailand, “Organisation Structure,”
[Online]. Available: http://weben.dede.go.th/webmax/content/organisation-structure. [Accessed 24 May
2018].
166. Ministry of Natural Resources nad Environment, Thailand, “Ministry of Natural Resources and Environ-
ment,” [Online]. Available: http://www.mnre.go.th/en/index. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
167. Ministry of Industry, Thailand, “Ministry of Industry,” [Online]. Available: http://www.industry.go.th/industry/

index.php/en/. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
168. Thai Green Building Institute, “Eneergy Efficiency in Buildings,” [Online]. Available: http://thailand.ahk.de/
fileadmin/ahk_thailand/Projects/AHK-Geschaeftsreise__Energy_Efficiency_in_Buildings/Keynote_Ad-
dress_by_Dr._Preecha_Maneesatid_TGBI.pdf. [Accessed 16 01 2018].
169. Frankfurt School UNEP Collaborating Centre, “Case StudyL The Thai Energy Efficiency Revolving
Fund,” 2012. [Online]. Available: http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/publications/fs-unepthaieerffi-
nal2012_1.pdf. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
170. IEPD, “Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF),” [Online]. Available: http://iepd.iipnetwork.org/policy/
energy-efficiency-revolving-fund-eerf. [Accessed 13 02 2018].
171. Industrial Efficiency Policy Database, “Thailand ESCO Fund,” [Online]. Available: http://iepd.iipnetwork.
org/policy/esco-fund. [Accessed 30 April 2018].
172. ACE, “Country Profile - Vietnam,” ASEAN Center for Energy Database, 2018.
173. Building Code Assistance Project, “Vietnam,” [Online]. Available: http://bcapcodes.org/code-status/coun-

try/vietnam/l. [Accessed 14 02 2018].
174. Vietnam, “Vietnam Energy Outlook Report,” Danish Energy Agency, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://ens.
dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Globalcooperation/Official_docs/Vietnam/vietnam-energy-outlook-report-2017-eng.
pdf. [Accessed February 2018].
175. ACE, “Country Profile - Vietnam,” ASEAN - German Energy Programme, 2018.
176. Vietnam, “Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Programme (2006 – 2015)”.
177. Vietnam, “Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy No. 50/2010/QH12,” 2010.
178. Vietnam, National Energy Efficiency Building Code CVN 09:2013/BXD, 2013.
179. Vietnam, “Green Building Market in Vietnam: Potential and Opportunities,” 2016. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ardorarch.com/news/detail-news/thi-truong-cong-trinh-xanh-tai-viet-nam-tiem-nang-va-co-hoi.
html. [Accessed February 2018].
106
180. Ministry of Construction, Vietnam, [Online]. Available: http://www.xaydung.gov.vn/web/guest/english. [Ac-
cessed 19 03 2018].
181. MoIT, “Home,” [Online]. Available: http://www.moit.gov.vn . [Accessed 20 03 2018].
182. VUSTA, [Online]. Available: http://www.vusta.vn/en/news/Vusta-Head-quarter/Vietnam-Federation-of-Civil-En-

gineering-Associations-VFCEA-30-years-of-rise-and-shine-46009.html. [Accessed 20 03 2018].
183. Vietnam Green Building Council , “About VGBC,” [Online]. Available: http://vgbc.vn/en/about-vgbc/. [Accessed
20 03 2018].
184. ASEAN Briefing , “Incentives for Renewable Energy Investment in ASEAN,” 09 11 2015. [Online]. Available:
https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/2015/11/09/incentives-for-renewable-energy-investment-in-asean.html.
[Accessed 21 03 2018].
185. Ministry of Industry and Trade, “Vietnam National Energy Efficiency and Conservation,” 2015. [Online]. Avail-
able: http://www.ndf.fi/sites/ndf.fi/files/news_attach/4._mr_vu_dstee_en.pdf. [Accessed 7 May 2018].
186. Brunei, Brunei Accredited Green Unified Seal (BAGUS), Ministry of Development, 2016.
187. Indonesia, GREENSHIP, Green Building Council Indonesia.
188. Malaysia, Green Building Index.
189. Philippines, Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE), Philippine Green Building
Council.
190. Singapore, Green Mark, Building Construction Authority , 2005.
191. Thailand, Thai’s Rating of Energy and Environmental Sustainability (TREES), Thailand Green Building Insti-
tute.
192. Vietnam, LOTUS, Vietnam Green Building Council.
193. ACE, “The 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO5),” ASEAN Centre for Energy, Jakarta.
194. BCA, “Guidelines on Envelope Thermal Transfer Value for Buildings,” Commissioner of Building Control,
2004.
107
www.agep.aseanenergy.org
SustainableEnergyforASEAN
This publication is supported by:
A joint cooperation between:

AGEP - Report On Mapping Green Building Codes in ASEAN, 2018

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AGEP - Report On Mapping Green Building Codes in ASEAN, 2018

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MAPPING OF GREEN BUILDING CODES

AND BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

ACE Building, 6th floor

Maria-José Poddey Dr. Sanjayan Velautham

A*STAR Agency for Science, technology and Research, Singapore

E2PO Energy Efficiency Programme Office, Singapore

MGBC Malaysia Green Building Confederation

MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand

Objective and Scope

BUILDING CODE AND ENERGY

Brunei Darussalam is located on the northwest

Energy Efficiency Targets

Policies, Rules and Regulations

Energy Code and Standards

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

PBD 12: Building

EEC Building Guidelines for

BAGUS - Brunei Accredited

A. The Ministry of Energy and Industry (MEI)

Deputy Minister Permanent Permanent Office of The

B. The Ministry of Development (MOD))

C. Green Building Council, Brunei

D. Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI)

Schemes and Incentives

Background on Energy Sector and Building Sector

Cambodia is located in the southern

Energy Efficiency Targets

Policies, Rules and Regulations

Energy Code and Standards

Energy Efficiency and Conservation National Strategic

A. The Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME)

Schemes and Incentives

Background on Energy Sector and Building Sector

Indonesia is the largest country by

Energy Efficiency Targets

Policies, Rules and Regulations

Energy Code and Standards

GREENSHIP Certification by the Green Building Council of Indonesia, introduced in 2010, is a

Law No. 36/2005 on Buildings Governor Decree No. 38/2012

A. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)

Research and Director General Director General

B. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR)

Directorate General Human

C. The Green Building Council of Indonesia (GBC Indonesia)

Menara Bank Central Asia (BCA) in Jakarta.

Background on Energy Sector and Building Sector

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is

In 2015, the residential, transportation, commercial,

Energy Efficiency Targets

Policies, Rules and Regulations

Energy Code and Standards

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

Energy Sector Assesment,

A. Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)

also oversee three state-owned enterprises as below:

Institute of Research Dept of

B. Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT)

Deputy Minister of MPWT

Research Institute Training Institute

Department of Railway Project

State Enteprise State Enterprise

Schemes and Incentives

Background on Energy Sector and Building Sector