Yung first picture na sinend e prang guide topics lang naman, canopy ko na lang yung paragraphs

kung saan mahahanap.

State Intervention, Liberal Market, Socio cultural Factors, and political Factors

- - Since WWII, the fast rise of East Asian economies has significantly transformed the worldwide
distribution of wealth and political power. In recent years, the economic ascendance of East Asia
has sparked intense debate among academics.1 Social scientists have attempted to explain the
causes of East Asia's dramatic economic transformation, and their efforts have spawned a vast
(and still growing) literature on East Asia's political economy. 2 The most influential argument,
eloquently articulated in the works of Chalmers Johnson, Alice Amsden, and Robert Wade,
questions some of the basic tenets of neo-classical economic theories and focuses, instead, on
the effectiveness of state intervention in the economy through industrial policy, credit control,
and investment targeting. In Japan and the first-generation newly industrialized countries (NICs)
in East Asia, such state involvement is particularly prominent and effective (Korea, Taiwan, and
Singapore). It has also been stated that these countries were able to implement export-oriented
industrialization strategies with active state participation owing to the state's "insulation" from
society rent-seeking organizations (particularly the economic bureaucracy).

Evolution of Political Institutions

- - The severe political and economic crises that sparked East Asia's political institutionalization
process served to delegitimize old regimes and usher in new political leaders committed to a
new path. Indeed, in practically every case, a new leadership led and supervised the process of
restoring political order.
- - While some leadership transfers were peaceful, others were violent and necessitated military
coups.
- - In nations where the Leftist movement had attained political power, such as China, Vietnam,
Indonesia, and Myanmar, institutionalizing politics was more difficult and costly.

Ruling Arrangements

- Military Dictatorships and One-Party regime were the two predominant ruling arrangements in
East Asia during the rapid phase of economic development.
- Although no systematic investigation has been made to determine whether a dominant-party or
one-party regime is more effective in promoting economic development than a military
dictatorship (or vice versa), numerous studies have concluded that dominant-party regimes may
enjoy an institutional advantage in managing conflicts among groups during periods of economic
transition.

Forging growth Alliances

- The state's activist role in achieving rapid capital accumulation through high levels of investment
and even direct ownership of strategic industrial enterprises, as well as assisting domestic
private firms in gaining competitive advantages in global markets and aggressively courting
foreign capital, has been well documented.
- The state-capital growth coalitions did not completely materialize in nearly all East Asian
countries until the essential transition from hard to soft authoritarianism.
 General Observation

- First, there are the political nationalist revolutions that have occurred in recent years.
- In developing countries, this initially led to independence and the foundation of states.
- were a major stumbling block to the country's long-term economic growth.
- these countries in the future. Nationalist movements have a history of producing personal
revolutions.
- dictators that led such uprisings and incite anti-Western sentiment
- beliefs that were converted into communist economic mindsets and anti-market development
policies, which inevitably resulted in disaster.
- repercussions.

What are the various strategies that has driven economic growth of NICs?

- It is argued that the effectiveness on the state intervention through industrial policy, credit
control, and investment targeting. It was found to be prominent in Japan and the First
generation NICs. Also, these countries were able to adopt export-oriented industrialization
strategy with active participation by the state primarily due to the insulation of the state from
societal rent seeking groups

Is Political Economy enough to explain the East Asian Miracle? What are the opposing statements
from proponents of development state and Neoclassical economists?

- No, the political economy is not enough to explain the Asian miracle. It is claimed by neoclassical
economists that market forces rather than government intervention are the real miracle maker
in East Asia. To counter the claims made by the theorists of the developmental state, there has
been a report by the World Bank in 1993 entitled “The East Asian miracle: Economic Growth and
Public Policy”. It was reported here that the main source of the developmental success by East
Asian countries is the sound macroeconomic and other public policies such as the conservative
fiscal policy, the high savings rate, and investment in human capital.

What is mature Authoritarianism? Is democratization concomitant to economic development?

- Mature Authoritarianism is when the ruling elite become more diverse and the oligarchy grew
more competitive internally, especially with generational changes within the ruling elite or
technocrats, the rising level of institutional autonomy accorded to the development agencies
and local government which grew assertive over their prerogatives.
- Yes, the democratization that happened in the article was concomitant to the economic
development in East Asia. The semi-open electoral process afforded the democratic opposition a
ready and low-risk institutional forum to challenge the authoritarian leaders of their time. The
strong democratic surge in the late 1980s was caused by the combination of that creeping
institutionalism and the under the authoritarian rule and the dramatic expansion of the social
base of democracy due to the rapid economic growth.

What are the 3 perspectives used to argue and explain East Asian Miracle?
 o State intervention in the economy
o Sound macroeconomic and public policies such as conservative fiscal policy, high savings
rate, and investment in human capital
o Communitarian values
East Asian Miracle is the rapid and dramatic growth of the economy of East Asian countries.

Why does the development of political institution critical in economic growth?

Because by strengthening political institutions, formal political organizations or bureaucracies

will be strengthened, preserving meritocracy and resulting in competent technocrats in charge of
economic decisions.

What roles do political crisis play in driving reforms and economic growth?

Political crises usher in new political leaders dedicated to bringing about change and restoring
political order. Though this process can be violent or peaceful, it will create favorable conditions for
political institutionalization if it is successful.

How do we defeat “Radical Leftist groups?

Through war like in Malaysia and South Korea, as what Taiwan did through repressing and being
vigilant against the communist as a security threat.

What is technocratization? What is political normalization?

Technocratization is employing the most qualified professional for all government positions.

Political normalization happens when newly implemented policies and governmental processes
are accepted or are seen normal by the people.

How are ruling arrangements affecting economic growth? How important are forces of political
oppositions in economic development?

It is critical to maintain a balance and division of work among major political actors, with the
supreme leader serving as the ultimate dealmaker and devoted to progress. While the dominant party is
limited to political functions, the technocrats, who are the economy's principal drivers, should have
complete autonomy in economic decision-making and should be protected at all costs.

What is State-Capital growth alliance? What are the case examples?

The participation of the state in capital accumulation through high levels of investment, direct
control of industries, supporting private domestic enterprises, and courting foreign capital is known as
the state-capital growth alliance. In Taiwan, the government implemented a comprehensive program to
assist these businesses in improving their export competitiveness. While in South Korea, the
government gave huge local conglomerates with preferential financial access and trade protection,
strengthening their worldwide competitiveness.

What is the general observation on the relationship between nationalist movements and economic
development?

Nationalist movements frequently produce personal dictators that promote extreme ideologies
and leftist economic mentalities, resulting in destructive policies that stifle economic growth.