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Objectives
Acid-Base 1
At the end of the class, students are expected to:
2

titrations
 Identify strong/weak acids and bases
 Write the net ionic equation for a titration reaction
(part 1)  Define titration, indicator, titration curve
 Differentiate between equivalence point and end
point
 Identify the stages or regions in a titration process
 Explain the importance of the skill in performing an
acid-base titration
 Perform calculations involving molarity and number or
moles in relation to titration

How many foods can you 3 Acids and bases 4

Title
think of that are sour HNO3 HCl Ba(OH)2
… almost all of the foods that you H2SO4 NaOH KHP
associate with being sour, owe their sour NaHCO3 KOH HBr
taste to an acid.
Acids Bases
Grapefruit – citric acid HNO3 SA NaHCO3 WB
Lemons – citric acid
Sour milk – lactic acid SB
Apples – malic acid H2SO4 SA NaOH
Grapes – tartaric acid SB
Vinegar – acetic acid HCl SA Ba(OH)2 SB
KHP WA KOH SB
HBr SA

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Challenges and 5 Types of acid-base reaction 6

difficulties:
1. NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(aq)
 What concerns do you have in Strong base vs strong acid completely dissociated
identifying acid and bases?
2. HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
Strong acid vs strong base completely dissociated
 What concerns do you have in
predicting the strength of acids and
bases? 3.CH3COOH(aq)+ NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(aq)
Weak acid vs strong base partially dissociated

Titrations 7 Acid-Base Titration 8

 the controlled addition and measurement of
• A neutralization reaction
the amount of a solution of known
concentration (titrant) required to completely
• Acid + Base Salt + Water
react with a measured amount of a solution of
unknown concentration (analyte) • Metal+OH- + H+nonmetal+

 Because acids and bases react, the

progressive addition of an acid to a base or Metal+-nonmetal- + H2O
vice versa can be used to compare the
concentrations of the acid and the base.

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apparatus typically
9 10
used for a titration: 3

 magnetic stirrer (1);

 flask containing the
analyte (2);
2
 clamp and buret (3)
containing the
 titrant (4). 4
An acid-base titration in progress.
1 The indicator is phenolphthalein.

Equivalence Point 11
End point 12
- the point at which the two solutions - the point in a titration at which an
used in a titrations are present in indicator changes color
chemically equivalent amounts

o A pH meter will show a large voltage

change occurring at the equiv. pt.
o An indicator changes color over a range
that includes the pH of the equiv. pt.
Acid-Base Indicators
 A weak organic acid, HIn that has a different color
than its conjugate base, In-, with the color change
occurring over a specific and relatively narrow pH
range.

o Indicators are added to create a visual

indication of the equiv. pt. of the titration.

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Acid-Base Indicators 13 Indicators change color at 14

different pH values.
 Since the indicator molecule is a weak acid, the ratio
of the two forms is governed by the [H3O+] of the test
solution: Indicator pH Colour in Acid Colour in Alkali

Litmus 7.0 Red Blue

HIn(aq )  H 2 O(l )  H 3O  ( aq )  In  ( aq ) Phenolphthalein 9.7 Colorless
Colourless Pink
Methyl Orange 3.7 Red Yellow

K a of HIn 
H O In 
3
  Bromophenol Blue 4.0 Yellow Blue
HIn 
… should be chosen so that its end point is
HIn   H 3O   close to the stoichiometric point (equivalence)
Therefore
In -  K a  of the titration

15 Titration curves 16

• Titrations are often

monitored by
generating
titration curves

• pH of the analyte
vs. volume of
titrant added

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Strong acid-Strong base 17 Strong acid-Strong base 18

 Example
• the net ionic equation for these
titration is: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H 2O HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
H+ + OH- H2 O Note:
M = mols/L
= mmols/ml
• To calculate the pH, we need to know At equivalence point: pH ≈ 7
the [H+]at any given time, by dividing the mols acid = mols base
amount of H+ by the total volume.
M(acid) x vol of acid = M (base) x vol base
pH = -log [H+]
10 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 mmols acid x mL acid = mmols base x mL base
Ex. [H+] = = 0.200 M
50 𝑚𝐿+0 𝑚𝐿

Stages in the titration process

19 20
After equiv pt region Exercise problem: SA vs SB
Consider the titration of 50.0 ml 0.200
at equiv pt region M HNO3 with 0.100 M NaOH. Calculate
the pH at various points to be able to
Before equiv pt region construct a titration curve.

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Volumes of NaOH added:
Stage Major constituents Strategy
A. before eq pt HCl, NaCl treat as SA
0, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0,
Note:
B. at eq pt NaCl treat as pure solvent 100.0, 150.00 ml M = mols/L
= mmols/ml
C. After eq pt NaOH, NaCl Treat as SB

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Pre-equivalence region
A. Pre-equivalence region.
21 • 10.0 ml of NaOH added: 22
For the base: 0.0 mL of 0.100M NaOH
for the acid: 50 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 For the base: 10.0 mL of 0.100M NaOH
Since HNO3 is a strong acid, it will completely for the acid: 50.0 mL of 0.200M HNO3
dissociate HNO3 H+ +NO3-
Rxn H+, mmols OH- , mmols
Rxn H+ OH- Before 50mL x 0.200=10 mmol 10.0mL x 0.100M= 1.0 mmol
Before 50mL x 0.200=10 mmol 0.0mL x 0.100M= 0 mmol After 9 mmol 0 mmol
After 10 mmol 0 mmol
9 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
[H+] =
10 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.200 M [H+] = = 0.150M
50 𝑚𝐿+0 𝑚𝐿 50 𝑚𝐿+10 𝑚𝐿

pH = -log [H+] = 0.699 ≈ 0.7 pH = -log [H+] = 0.824 ≈ 0.8

Pre-equivalence region Pre-equivalence region

• 20.0 ml of NaOH added: 23 • 50.0 ml of NaOH added: 24

For the base: 20.0 mL of 0.100M NaOH For the base: 50.0 mL of 0.100M NaOH
for the acid: 50.0 mL of 0.200M HNO3 for the acid: 50.0 mL of 0.200M HNO3

Rxn H+ OH- Rxn H+ OH-

Before 50mL x 0.200=10 mmol 20.0mL x 0.100M= 2.0 mmol Before 50mL x 0.200=10 mmol 50.0mL x 0.100M= 5.0 mmol
After 8 mmol 0 mmol After 5 mmol 0 mmol
8 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 5 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
[H+] = = 0.114M [H+] = = 0.05M
50 𝑚𝐿+20 𝑚𝐿 50 𝑚𝐿+50 𝑚𝐿

pH = -log [H+]= 0.943 ≈ 0.9 pH = -log [H+]= 1.3

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B. Equivalence region. 25 C. Post-Equivalence region. 26

• 100.0 ml of NaOH added: • 150.0 ml of NaOH added:

For the base: 100.0 mL of 0.100M NaOH For the base: 150.0 mL of 0.100M NaOH
for the acid: 50.0 mL of 0.200M HNO3 for the acid: 50.0 mL of 0.200M HNO3

Rxn H+ OH- Rxn H+ OH-

Before 50mL x 0.200=10mmol 100.0mL x 0.100M= 10mmol Before 50mL x 0.200=10mmol 150.0mL x 0.100M= 15mmol
After 0 mmol 0 mmol After 0 mmol 5 mmol
5 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
[OH-] = 50 𝑚𝐿+150 𝑚𝐿 = 0.025M
This is the equivalence point and the pH
at this point = 7.00 as the [H+] = [OH-]. pOH = -log [OH-] = 1.6
pH = 14-pOH = 12.4

Features of a SA-SB titration curve

summary 27 28
SA vs SB pH 1. - pH starts out low (due to
A. pre-equiv. pt. • Before equivalence the high [H+] of the strong
point, the excess acid), inc gradually as acid is
0 mL 0.7 H+ dictates the pH neutralized by the added
10 0.8 of the solution.
base
20 0.9
2. - suddenly the pH rises
50 1.3 steeply (vicinity of the equiv
B. equivalence pt. • At equivalence pt.), the pH is 7.0 at the equiv
point, pH = 7.
100 7.0 pt, there is a wider choice of
• After equivalence indicator with bigger pH
C. post-equiv. pt.
point, the excess change
150 12.4 OH- dictates the
pH. 3. beyond this steep portion, the
pH increases slowly as more
base is added

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29
Weak acid-Strong base 30
Exercise problem: SB vs SA  Example1
(groups of 2) HPr + NaOH NaPr + H2O

At equivalence point: pH > 7

Consider the titration of 50.0 ml 0.200 M mols HPr = mols NaOH
NaOH with 0.200 M HCl. Calculate the pH mmols HPr = mmols NaOH
at various points to be able to construct a Stage Major Strategy
titration curve. constituents
Before addn of HPr Treat as WA (Ka)
Volumes of HCl added: 0.0, 10.0, 20.0, titrant

50.0, 100.0, 150.0 ml. Before eq pt HPr, NaPr Treat as buffer

pH = pKa + log base/acid

At eq pt NaPr Treat as WB, Kb = Kw/Ka

After eq pt NaOH, NaPr Treat as SB

4 Major Differences
Weak acid-Strong base 31 between SA-SB and a 32
WA-SB Titration Curves
 Example2
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O 1. The initial pH is higher.
2. A gradually rising
At equivalence point: pH > 7 portion of the curve
(buffer region), appears
before the steep rise to
Stage Major constituents Strategy
the equiv pt.
Before addn of CH3COOH Treat as WA (Ka)
titrant
3. The pH at the equiv pt
Before eq pt CH3COOH, Treat as buffer
CH3COONa pH = pKa + log base/acid
is > 7.00.
At eq pt CH3COONa Treat as WB, Kb = Kw/Ka 4. The steep rise interval is
After eq pt NaOH, CH3COONa Treat as SB less pronounced.

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33 34

1. The initial pH is above 7.00.

1. initial pH is > 7
2. 2.buffer
A gradually
region decreasing portion of the curve,
called dec
(gradually the buffer region, appears before a
portion
steepof fall
the to the equivalence point.
curve) appears
3.before
Thea pHsteepat
fallthe equivalence point is less than
to the equiv. pt.
7.00.
3. pH at equiv pt < 7
WA-SB Titration Curves
4. 4.pHThereafter,
dec slowly as the pH decreases slowly as excess
WB-SA titration curves
strong
excess acid
strong acidis added.
is added