Recent and forthcoming books from Routledge & Kegan Paul LONDON AND BOSTON a 4 Patterns of Discovery in the Social Sciences PAUL DIESING Dra Poy ad Pate! Sine, Ska Us covering Sociology ‘Studies in Sociological Theory and Method Volume 2 Number | February 1973 Contents Paul. Hirst Morphology and pathology: biological analogies and imataphorsn Durkheim The Rules of he Sologies! Method ' Mary Melntosh ‘The growth of racketeering 38 Marcel Mauss ‘Technique: ofthe body n Claude Meillaszoux Are there castes in India? 8 Review article Gary Littlejohn ‘The peasantry and the Russian revolution ry Correspondence 26 Notes on authors 130 Index for volume | Pblahed quart fr the Bator by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ld London a Bot, Aol ebsripton £450 (1358) inling portage £025 (B30 permeTechniques ot the boay Marcel Mauss cher On: The Non f Tne oe Bly ‘sagem oy es ei fi tesa eet ny Se Paris oe Seri ey yar! em owe Ia re ee te oer (nT tic co tl ent Le et ey eo seis te Seer Se aes B Sharer ae 0 be qt fe Ces of Pe Se ly om om nen Pe ates eon ann ete Sere i dso ee et eae Goes er i rine nal Se Sere iti Moreover, tho wckared nd re mate. i ce cia con mt Bec sn cb cnn ig rd fo es cee erae Reece et ie wrt en c rey a ae Mae ft ee oe a dere oe sa i te te irene Martian tacne simian oto pe ney wa tne tN tion does. But what soil phenomena di these represent? They were ‘iiseellaneus” socal phenomena and, a8 thi rubrics a hoerr, T Ihave often thought abou thir micelianeou, at Teast as often at T Ihave been obliged to dress i and often in between times, Forgive mei, in order to give this notion of techniques ofthe body shape for you, I tell you about the oceatons on whieh I pursued this feneal problem and how T managed to pore it clealy. Tt wat a series Ut steps conscioualy and unconscovaly taken. Fist, in 1898, I came into contact with someone whose ints 1 sil Know, but whowe nase [can no longer remember. T have been {oo lazy to lok it up. It was the man who wrote an excellent artile ton Swimming’ for the 1902 edition ofthe Pacyelpadia Britannica, then in prepataton® (The aries on “Swimming” in the two later tions are not so god.) He revealed to me the historieal and ethno fraphical interest of the question, [twas a starting-point, an observ Zonal framework, Subsequeatly-L noticed i myself—we have seen finming techniques undergo a chang, in our generation's ife-time, ‘An example wil ut usin the plture straightaway? us the peycho- logis, a8 well atthe biologists and sociologists, Previously we were taught to dive after having leant to sim. And when we were learning to dive, we were taught to close our eyes and then t open ther under ‘meer. Today the teenniqe ie the other way cound, ‘The whole taining Trico by geting the cidven vsed to keeping thir eyes open under sate, Tihus, even before they can swim, particular eae is taken t get the children to contol their dangerous bot instinctive ocular reflexes, tore all ele they ace famlarsed vith the water, thee fears are Suppressed, a cottsin confidence is crxte, suspensions and move tne are selected. Hence there ie techaigueof diving anda technique tf education in diving which have been eiscovered in my day. And Sou can see tht it seally is 4 technical education and, ws in every Technique, there isan apprenticeship ia swimming. On the other hand, fee our generation has witnesed complete change in technique: we fave sea the breastseoke with the head out ofthe water ceplaced by the diferent sors of crawl. Moreover, the habit of swallowing water land siting it out again has gone. In my day ewiromers thought of thenuelves kind of steamboat, Te wa stupid, but in fae all fothie Tat get rd of my telnique. Heve then we have a specie technique of the body, a gymnie at perfected in our own ay. Dat this epecity is characteristic ofall techniques. An example Abra the War Iwas able to make many observations on this specifiy of techniques. Eg the technique of digg. The English troops T was ‘ith did noe know how to vse French spades, which forced vs 10 ‘ange Booo spndes 2 division when we relieved a French division tnd vce vera This plainly shows that a manual knack ean only be leet slowly. Every technique propery so-called basis own form. ‘But the stme is tue of every atitude of the Body. Each society hasits own apecal habits, Inthe same period I had many opportunites to note the diferences between the various armion An ancedote about ‘marching. You all ow that the Britah infantry marches with {lfeen step from our own: with a diferent frequney and «diferent ride, For the moment Tam not talking about the English swing ot the action ofthe knee, ete. The Worcester Regiment, having achieved ‘considerable glory alongside French infant inthe Date ofthe Aisne, Fequested Royal perminsion to have French trumpets and dene band of French Bugler and drummers. The result was not very ‘encouraging. For realy si months, in the strosts of Bailleul, long ater the Battle of the Aisne, T often saw the following sight: the ‘eiment had preserved ita English march but had set it to French rhythm. Ieeven had at the head of its band tle French ight infantry regimental sergeant major who could biow the bugle and sound the march even better than his men. The unfortunate regiment of tll Englishmen could not march. Their git was completely at ads When they tied to march in step, the musie would be out of step. ‘With the result that the Worecster Regiment was forced to give up ie French buplers. Infact, the buglecllealopted army by ny eal, inthe Crimean War, were the ealls'xt cate “retreat ete, Thus Is in a very precie and frequent fashion, nt only with the ordinary ‘march, but also atthe double and so 0, the diferenecs in elementary 18 well as sporting techniques between the Englah and the French Prince Curt Sach, who is living here in France at present, male the same observation. He har dtcunsed it in several of his Ixtures He ould recognise the gait of an Englishman and = Frenchman from & long distance ‘Bt these were only approaches tothe subject. A kind of revelation came t9 mein hospital 1 was ill in New York, wondered where previously 1 had seen gils walking ar my nurses vlked. Thad the time to think about it At lst Tree that i war 4 the cinema. Returning to France T noticed how common this git ‘was, especially in Pais; the gels were French and they too were walking in tis way. Infact, American walking fshions had gun to asive oer here, thanks tothe cinema, This was an idea T could generalise, The positions ofthe arms and hands while walking form a social idiosyncracy, they are not simply a product of some purely individeal, almost com pletely peyehical arrangements and mechanisms. For example: | thisk {ean alo recgnie a girl who has en raised i a convent In general she will walk with hee fits eloed And [can sil remember my thid- form teacher shouting st me: Idiot! why do you walk aroun the whole time with your hands fapping wide open? ‘Thos there exists an ‘education in walking, to. ‘Another example: there are polite and impolite positon forth hands at ret. Thus you can be certain that facil at le keps his elbows in when hei ot eating he ie English. A young Frenchman hat no ia how to sit up sight; his elbows stick out sdemay; he pus them on the abl, a 20.0 oe tally, roning to, Ihave see, you all have sen the change in technique. Intapies my gymnastics teacher, one ofthe top gradester ‘of Jive aun 186, taught me to sua with ny fs cave to ny shat: movement eompltely contradictory oll running movements, Thad to see the profesional runners of 18)o before T reaped the necsity of running in «diferent fashion, Hence Ihave ha his notion ofthe social nature ofthe ‘hai for man years, lease note that ne the Latin word should beer cod in France—hebitws. ‘The word canst infinitely beter than “hbiad’ (habit or custo), teen the nequtd ability and “acl af Aristotle (who was paychologit. Te does not degnate there tnetaphysial hati, that mysterious "tenor, the subjects of Yolumes or short and famous theses. These ‘habit do not jot vary with inividals and their stations, they vary eapetaly between socities, educations, proprites and fashions, prestige In therm we ‘auld se the echniques and work of collective and individual prac seston atier than, in the ordinary way werdy the aul and Fepeiive faculties, "Thus everything moved me towards the postion that we inthis Society ae amang those wo have adopted, following Comte example the postion of [Georges] Dumas, for example, who, in the conta relation between the boloical and the sotologeal, eaves bur le ‘oom forthe psychological mediator. And I concluded tha it es not Teste to havea clea ia ofl thee facts about running, wining, 16, unless one introduced tiple consideration instead of single ‘onsdeation, be it mechani and physica, ke an anatomical and Pypilogcal theory of walking, or on the contrary peyehologieal or fociloles, Te isthe tpl viewpoint, dat of the tual a Ut Lastly, another serie of facts impressed itll upon me, In sl these slements of the art of using the uman body, the facts of econ vere dominant. The notion of education coud be superimpored on {her of inition, For there sre parularehlren wih tey sng imitative fale, others with very weak ones, But all of them ge through the sme clveatio, nich tat we ean understand the conus af the concatenations. What takes place ia + prestigious imation, The shld the al, imitaten actions which have succeeded and which he ts san successfully performed by people in whom he has confidence and mio have authority oer hi, ‘The action i imposed from without, from above, even it an excunivelybislgal scion invlving is ‘dy. The individual borrows the setiet of movements which constte i from the action executed infront of kim or with him by thes Tes precisely this notion ofthe preige ofthe person who performs ‘he ordered, authorised, tested ston raed the tinting iadht contain al he soi cent Th imitative ain which flows ss pclogiel clement and the loi elt at Raheem, condoned bythe tre ements indolbiy mine teetie. ‘ini cay inked oa muerte facts, 1 a ook by Elson Aueheat lather in gag thee x roartble dimen the Ba cic New Zealand) walk (Do ot sy that hey ae Ma mun ay thn ty ae sere tthe Cals ad Beret ate monn wpe = pain gat he Engh ord Cerra) tht war ace in youth, 2 fost swinging 1 i angay ao uy but wan aed by the Moe tise Ped ie agers in te xcomplishent, eel ol, Men Cte other any to he git"! Koore ae ¢ os a te sng te on) when te young one wan eecting 10 ro ts wa an sed, ata naturel oy of wal Fe esas no sar wy fr the as A fort Fe a sian inervene’ to tke ours, the ft that ihn th Stealth potiony of ous fet: we fe i Mic Shaugh when we kwh them eet nd issue i gosto aoe or ina iret cen et ie wtianecocsning mage pot, bel in {Bee Sy pal bt doh age ad leven the am only Bae I am perme ven ote om my ova Exch ee ocaurus train ofthe poyho-pyslogy of nde of sia sary one for mei this compen ek pm fc, Abin he ne: «tua oma emery En for runing. As youl krow, te Ausraan a sa Langu, cy ands dog. He manag 1 a mor anges a the tp of ia ee, even thou the cae somata rrstance. One of tee using tal aa a orl ye ag, ta ofthe hur forthe digo or WA oer pe Adhd. The une conan show the feng fort iii ithe dng) with he ult of eal thr (se in non) sir in) ihe gd Se (ee) te ting round the Bead SE with Hod of creamcsen SoM iy th the tod ofthe ar Si tim) with entra ood Send ha osep, ante eromoy sn fe psu nt he a eaeg a restock ysl (ocemaba), a parca agi aa ae Toma fhe same nd and wh th separ + io seshnigue, that e sable to dislodge the possum, that he climbs the tree and can Stay hanging on to it by is bolt, that he can oulast and catch and Kl ‘his dficalt prey. "The relations between magia! procedures and hunting techniques are cleat, 100 universal t need sessing "The poychological phenomenon L am reporting at this moment is early only too emy fo know and understand from the normal point fof view ofthe socialist. But what I want to get at now isthe con- ‘dence, the psychological momentum that can be liked to an action which i primacy a fact of biological resistance, obtained thanks to foe words and a magical objec. "Tecinical action, physical action, magico-eligions action are con- fused forthe actor. "These are the elements 1 had at my disposal. ‘Allthis didnot satay me, sa how everything could be desesie, frat how i oud be oral; T id ot haow what ame, what filet give i al. Te was very snp, jut had to refer tthe dvs of wana acins ito tevinagues and sits, which I believe to be wel founded ‘hese tod of ction were techniques, th echniqus af the body. — 1 made and went on aking for sera jar the fundamental ise of king tha here technic oly when thre san instar tment I ha fogo back oanent notions, tothe Paton postion on to spoke often of muse ai parc of FiEitfiect te dant andewen! hee nnn Teal tchngue an action uch i efeoe and tein (and you vile Tats tus tao diferent ea mapiel reiourot symbolic Tei) Ie has ob efctce an trata Theres chi and te ansmission in she absence of tadion, This above all what ‘Eeingues tan fom the ana: the amon of his techniques Sd ery probly ter oa wana. "Alo fe heteoe 0 sume that you acep my define ut atte dference between the ctv aditoal actin of reign, Thesymbot or jr lt radial acon, the actions oie in tonutnn moral actions gn the ane Band and the wadonal ston of tehmiqc onthe other? Tein tht the ater ae fle bythe autor ton of mechanical pia on phytic dra that he te pursed ith at smi view rts caval that ace sin ite simply that we are desing sith tecnipues of the lndy. ‘Te bodys man’s stand oot natal EEavuneats Or ore sural, otto spesk of instrument, man's] Ent and mont tural technical ober and athe ane te tecieal | & ‘rani a body Tedaely this whole broad etegory of wit T ‘Stalin dence sociology as "mene dnppared fom thar rubac and tok shape and dy we ow know where angeBefore instrumental techies there i the ensemble of tciquce ofthe body. Tam nt exaggerting te importance of hs kd of wor the work of pyehosociogal taxonomy. Bu if something: order put ines where there a none efor. Even inde thi grouping Slines the principe made ponte a pect cacieaton. he core Sant adaptation to a physic, mecania or chemi im (ewes fre den) pure ia’ etn ofsmemibled cnn and ered Tor the tna! not by Riel sine bur by al hi ection, by the whole soy to which he belong, nthe pce he occupa "Moreover al there ecniques wer cal srangd in aspen which ‘x common’ to. the noon basic to) peycelog, partly (Wiliam Habe] Hovis and [Sir Henry] Head of the symbole eof the mind the notion weave ofthe activity of the conciousness Ing stove alla system of symbole serblags, T teu sever up Il ed to demonetne to you all the face that might belated to mae vale this concourse ofthe body and ‘orl or inllecl symbol Here le sek fora momentat rele. Everything in ll under cominand I am tue or Jou; You can ell fom my siting posture and my voice, and you ar tring to me seated and in sence, We bave a he of permiae or inpere tbe, rat or unnatural attitudes Thus we should tribute ‘iret values to the at of wring fixedly: a spb of politeness the amy and of dence in everyday ie ‘Chapter Two: Principles ofthe Classification of Techniques of the Body ‘Two things were immeditcly apparent given the notion of techniques ofthe body they are divided and vary by sox and by ae 1. Sexual dison o techgus ofthe body (and not jst sexu vision of labour) ‘This isa fairly broad aubjoct. ‘The obsevatons of (Robert Mears] ‘Yerkes and [Wolfgang] Kahler on the postion of abject with respect to the body, and especialy to the groin, in monkey provide inepration fora gene! disquisiion onthe diferet attitudes ofthe moving body with Fespect to moving objects in the two sexes. Hesdes, there are Classical observations af an hse on this point. They poed to be supplemented. Allow me to suggest this series of investigations to my psychologist fiends. Tam nat very competent in thi field and also ‘ny time is otherwise engaged. Take the stay of losing the fet. A man formally closes his ft wth the thumb outside, a woman with her ‘thumb inside; perhaps because dhe hat not been taught to do it, but T am sure dat if she were taught, i would prove dial. Her punching, her delivery ofa puneh, are weak. And everyone knows tht worn Tetley ” thcowing, ofa stone for example, is not jurt weak, but always ferent from tat ofa man: i» vert istead of «orion plane Pechaps this a case of two instruction. For there nace of men and a society of women. However, I belive that there are ako perhaps biological and psychological things involved a well. Dat there ‘agtin, the psychologist alone wil only beable to give dubious explans. ‘on, and he will ned the collboration of two neighbouring sencen, Physiology, sociology 2% Variations oftcigurof the bay with ae ‘The child normally squats. We no longer know how to. I believe that ‘his ian absurdity and an inferiority of ur race, cvlisations, cei, An example: I lived at the front with Australians (whites). They had ‘one considerable advantage over me. When we made 4 stop ix rnad ‘oe water, they could sit down on theic heels to Fest, andthe ‘ott, ‘it was called, stayed below tei hel. Iwas fored to stay sanding ‘pia my boots with my whol foot in the water. The aquatingponion iin ny opinion, an interesting one tht could be preserved ins chil, Wis very stupid mistake to take it away from him. All making, ‘acepting only our soca, has 2 preserved it 1 seems sides that inthe series of ages of the human eace this posture fas also changed in importance. You will remember that furvature of the lone limbs was once regarded a sgn of degenera: tion. physiological explanation han ben piven fr this aca shana. texte. What even [Rudolf Ludwig Kar] Vischow sil egurded shan vunlorunate degenerate and ib in fact simply what is now called Neanderthal man, had curved loge, This is because he notmall Ted ‘nx squatting postion. Fence there are things which we belie t be of a hereditary kind which are in realty physslogial,peyctologeal 5 scolgial in kind. certain form ofthe tendons and cen of the bane is simpy the result of extn forms of posture and cepone, Tie fs dear enough. By this procedure, itis posible not nly to cily ‘echniques, but also to caniy this varitons by age and sex. aving established this elasifieation, which cats across ll ls of society, We can now glimpse a hid one 4 Clacton of technique ofthe body according to efcieny ‘The techniques ofthe body canbe clase according to thei ciency, ise atcording to the results of taining. ‘Training, ike the asembly ot ‘machine, s the search fr, the aoqittion ofan effcency. Hare ‘thuman eicincy. "These techniques are thus human nor of human ‘ining. Thee procedures that we apply ta animale men voluntarily sppy to themselves and to thee children. The later are probably the fit beings torhave been trained in this way, before all the asianeich fot nd to be tamed, Asa reut ould 102 cain See shit fin cecigeny tem a the amin 1 HI comet sd rank them nthe oder of x eetenes nema, and nk efor the notion of dese, 20 impose sony, Bu in French we only have the lenin bad teansiaion ofthe Latin word AA oe ne pope witha sense of the alain Sf fa eet ated moves (0 fal whe a ei peg rep the Engin notions of Ca OF ve hn aN prsence of rind and alt combine’) Py So “cer (eng. One oanne ae ett en ema _g Trnaion of the for ofthe eis a oer iewpont the echng of eciquss bing cent Oa ring to the atte of hay the etd of ein: masses of etal which Pave 70) Here ne eld be, connate the pyc education ofa 26 taeda rh eld eds ul of wre date AC and bath ake the problem ambien PG secre mel ane meres of the eg and and SS ur ners ed ot Hot much ak of er eA hand Fei can ey be eos: even whe Nef ile 2 Piga i ravep be wil go to ay Teg (0000 sn fe (oe pt hand. He mt reer touch 8 NS saying bat par offi ody with i gt. To ko Je a rece genie and doe mak» cra OO doe mcr the pal os the pyeloy of mat SIT tor ts Fi ao eceary 0 know the wads We i a er Hse as pone ts prob ores a mpc Rope er Kinde canbe apd whens: tee aw “ote of de principles of movements ic FA efor studying al the modes of ning, fans a rte pendent ings that can be cal se ot aa er er the tar, heater the anne hema? te ert eusfation, or tebe, four viewpoint chapter Three: A Blogrophice Ls ofthe Techniues of he Body Another quite ferent camino it would ota mate ne ever, ein simple it Ld thought of recep befall bie of he in Ames prt to you ase orator ete ages fa, te seal SEP atl gy oly am arangeent of the technics of tHe by fh comecen ie oF which Bei moght 1 Techie of bith and bstetria “The fats re athe itl rowa, and muck ofthe si information apt Arwong the Beha of Water Roh on he Aueaian Shien Quand no ths of rich Gina “i oe a ey ve es eh Sr Hs mother faye upegit and cling othe Branch of & te Sep hag pilin co ig Sin in th potion, Something we thak of normal, ike gi SER gy into St oma fours There ae techniguen of ging ith, bath eet ets puta on that of her helper, of Rong the baby, he and ting the ube cord, eavng forthe mother cating for Se TiS fe quite a number of quexins of some iporane. a hee a ane me Se oe te Ceiulngs the iling of twine ae dete moments inthe Bitary of nee fe ancient ory andi oer cao he ep sent in ef her ies hn mepin o 2, Techniques of Ifancy ening nding hcl tues th treed tle ofthe two inteatel e a ke ch eling ey crying ee Te a of eeeying is very important. A child carried next to its mother's Een ta que al atte (0 ts mother Ne rt ch ett wt ae to care lg to her ec her solder, sae tts esse preteen ought fe ad the cs nn rt oe ee fel se ne Ste whch have ape Neem te a Si enue in aes Wann. ekes ong tie, wl too thes yer. The oigation a ee snl ena aks mg ie rhe stirs eon dy ee thr con bees ‘Temngandrprodcton spensionsof erin daring wing ings edn ete ed int pole whee and people witout For ther are techniques of thebody which pressppost Exevrument Counc with eae include alot all the peoples of dhe tno Northern espe thowe of the Andean rein, and also a Seaver of Ceara Afscasppsstins nee ato OUD SEARDEP AES trae coincides wih a craniat deformation (which perhaps evous phoiloia consequence) ‘The weed chil ft cam eat and drink; iis taught to wal its tained {vino, hearing, ina sage of rhythm and form and movement, often for dancing and susie° a Mae 1 acquires the notions and practice of physical exercise and breathe ing. 1 takes certsin postures which ae offen imposed on 43: Techniques of adolescence ‘To be observed with men in particular, Less important sith gil in those societies to whove study's course in Ethnology is doroted The big moment in the education ofthe body is, in fat the moment of Inkiation, Beene ofthe way our boys and rs are nought ep we imagine that both acquire the sume manners and petutes sad ree the same training everywhere. The ides is alr ertoneaus about urelies—and it is totally fie in so-aled primive, courte ‘Moreover, we describe the facts av if something lie our ows senna beginning straight away and intended to proect the cid and tus {or life, had always and everywhere exited. The oppasite i the tle For example: in all back societies the education of the boy Intenciog ‘around the age of puberty, while that of women temas atonal, to $0 speak. There is no achool for women, They ate a achoo! wah heir mothers and ae formed there continuously, moving deety, with fev exception, tothe marred state. The male child enters the soviet ‘of men where he fears his profession, especialy the profession of arms. However, for men as well ar woinen, the desiine momcot that of adolescence. Isat this moment that they learn daiiively the techniques of the body tha they will reaia forthe whole of dee sul lives, 4: Tecimiuer of aul hfe ‘Toit thet we cancun through the various moments of the day among which co-ordinated movements and suspensions of movement are “seibuted. ‘We can distinguish sleep and waking, and in waking, ext and activity © Techniques of sleep. The notion that going to sleep is something natural totaly inaccurate, I can tll you that the Wer taught me seep anywhere, on heaps of stones for exanple, but that 1 lave never been able to change ny bed without a moment of insomnia: nly oe the second night can Igo to sleep quickly ‘One thing very simple: iti posible to distinguish between those ‘cies tht have nothing to sleep on except the lor” and thoes that have instrumental assistance. "The ‘iviisaton of ltd se discussed by Grachnee i characterised among other things by ss oe ‘of a bench forthe neck. This neckret is often totems svnesines ‘carved with squatting figures of men and totemic animal, These ee People with mats and people without (Asia, Oceania, part of Amerie), ‘Toere are people with pillows and people without. There are popul, ‘ons which lie very close together in tring to alecp, ound x hte, oy ven without fre, There are primitive ways of geting warm and keeping the fet warm. The Fuegane, whe live in very cold region, ant warm thet fect while they are asleep haviog only one bleak ‘of skin (quence), Finally there is slep standing up. ‘The Masal on sleep on their fet. Ihave sept standing up inthe mountana. Ihave often slept on a horse, even sometimes a moving hore: the hore wes more intelignt than I was, ‘The old chroniclers of the invasions picture the Huns and Mongols slecping on horseback. hit i sll ‘tue, and thee sides sleeping doesnot sop the hore’ progres ‘Theve is the use of coverings. People who sleep evered and ‘uncovered, ‘There is the hammock and the way of sleeping hanging up. ‘ere area large number of peacties which are both tetiguea of he body and abo have profound biological echoes and effect All his ca td must be observed on the ground hundreds of things sil remain to be discovered, 2 Weng: Teint of ret Rs can be pe to mee fepeson of sty hag dor, ting aang ce hy geen Yeni rae ttt tas Medes mea econ ak ‘ting al th woe yous The wey Say Sen i tendmenal You an dtp sang eck ese fukin Ad inh ts, pepe wl hs aa ga he Rech and as pep ih chan sad pope ke ee Wooden dns soppy couching gus ae wlio cy ‘ora nal gun ten geet ede Ree bay Se Haut both contents" The ae epi she ho aes ti pee whoo ot The al the Ged Pape ies thir Normally ills ape tae ele theta Sa ial complete ron af rtd eee oases Caran sot ale th est in vry pe yoo Te the wc of Moc Ain nd fof he Cade ti op {Tanguay by sen nh re ft Fes et Sone mage ret noe ft wt sen ana she Time reing tcmgucs fon re chances of ciate cmon tot ge Rube th, fo se tn 0 ol ating sco moe ult the ehcp Tie ee thy weld qle apc mh, at ee tat We pnt SSavamahare deo thigh fe pss ne snd on Stahl ose, ce hy se aban sopied 8 econ Space eu gency at et hu een acing a ra i tegict teal mn oi 2 Ti of eco rent By on, tthe sence et amen, mover le ete ton He ov angel ie Movements of the wile aly: clinking:tmpling; ing.ething: the habits ofthe body bring upright wile walking, breathing Free tthe wall, swinging the fn the elbows, progeion wh Pa on advance of the body or by advancing ether side of the pe Fatemmarey (we have got accustomed to moving all the body ody rms), Feet in or ou. Extension ofthe lg. We Inogh x the fora ip ew the way the Gestan Army can bain she maximum “Beane the Teg, given in parila tat all Northerner igh on Sree Hke to take seps 1 log a» posible. 10 the abeena of thei I tne Frenchmen fettin more of less knock-kneed. Here te etree idoayncracis which are simultaneously mater of act ‘aon eal mentary and of colecive mentality Techniques such at ait pe aboutturh are among the most curious, ‘The about-turn ‘aig’ Enginh-yle sso diferent from our own that takes ‘Snaderable study to master it euming.Yoiton of the fet, postion of the arms, reuthing, rening ree Horane In Washington I sa the ci ofthe Fie Fraternity sa oh Tian who had sited with fou of his men co pote sy ike prohibition Of thease of certain alcoholic Huo in i ngtinn OMe Fite oan certainly the best cunner in the work, He had senenes wahout voppng. All the Pucblos a ascstoned ‘eeu phy fet of all kinds. (Hensi] Hubert who bad sen Fre ee them physialy with Japanese athletes, ‘This same Tian was an incomparable dancer i Ma enc tecnigues of active ret which are not simply 8 mater of aesthetics, but lo of body games. ‘Dancing, You have perhaps attended the Testres of M. (ich Mara) Panett odtl and M. Curt Sachs. I recommend to you the latter's Tayi hntory of dancing! 1 asept the division into dances 2 rey a ances ation, Lam les prepared to acept their hypothesis eat a abun of thee dances. ‘They are victims to the fandae soot se nbich is the mainstay of a whole section of sciologs aan a guppaed tobe scien with exchsvely masculine desecnt ane ees altn exclusively uteriae desent, The uterine one, being ae mba dt danee onthe spt; the overs with descent by the foal, take thee pleasure in moving about ae oe che ts better clsrfe thew dances into extrovert and nooner dance We ar plunged straight into psychoanalysis, which ineepeby quite well founded here. n fact the sols a = Aubin sore complos way. Thus, the Polynesians and in partir th ete wey great, even on the spot, of ave about ery inch when they have the space to dos pat dancing ani women’s dancing shout! be distinguished, for they at offen opposed, Serer oa rele that dancing na partner’ arms ie = product ote European ciisation. Which chow you that things we Bnd * nate ita Moree they hry eveyone he wr bt T move onto the techniques of the body which are also function of voeatons and part of voations or more complex techniques, Jonping. We bave winosted a tanformation of jumping techniques Weralhjumped from a spring-board ad, once again, fulface. Tam {iad tomy tat th bas stopped. Now peopl ump, forusately, fom toe side Jumping lengthway, sideways, up and down. Standing jump, fpolejump. Here was return to the objects of the reflections of our Ficnde {Wolfgang Kohler, [Raul] Guillaume and {Igoace] Meyerson: the comparative peyeology of man and animal. T won't say anything tore about iy These techniques ar infinitely vatiable, Clink. 1 can tell you that 'm very baat cining tee, hough Ct Sr curtis ad rs A aifevace of eunion sed fence of thd "Cthod of geting up recs witha bl eaicing the wee andthe ody erucl aong al scaled pisines, But we do not bare dhe weet bet, Were eloaph where ining with eempny bak set Ths powedre shal be eu then ™ "Pachter of mountanering tetas very noteworthy. ¢ has sade fle progres in yen Dewent. Nothing makes me s0 dizzy as watching 2 Kabyle going downstairs ia Turkish slippers (balou, How can he hep is foe Srihout the sippers coming of? I have teed to ace, to doi, but I ‘an understand "Nor can T understand how omen ean walk in high heels, Thus ane Tr die whee conga ‘Seimming. I have tld you what I think. Diving, wwimmings ure of oprlomecary means; aft, planks, ec, We ae on the way tothe Intention of eavigtion. L was one of those who criticud the de Rougts! bak on Australia (7), demonstrated their plagaisms, believed they sree grossly inaccurate, Along with 3 any otbersT ld their story Tora'ibies they had seen the. NiotNiol (NAW. Australia) ding ‘Galas of prem seaturdes, But sow we have excellent photographs Aranach these people ean be seen riding tures In the same ay {aber Sutheane) Rattray noted the story of pices of ood on Iihich people swim among the Ashaat.2® Moreover, it has been con- red for the natives of aost al the lagoons of Guinea, Port-Novo in or own colonies. Forel movement. Posing, pullin, ling. Bveryone knows what a fackhave io It is an acquired technique, not just x series of “Throwing, up or along the ground, ete; the way of Boling theobject to be thrown between the fingers is noteworthy and undergoes iret variation, Holding, Holding between the teth. Use ofthe toc, the armpit, ete, ‘This study of mechanical movements bas got off to a good sat. It isthe formation of mechanical ‘pas of elements with the body. You ill recall [Frans] Reuleau’s grt theory about the formation of these pair of elements.# And here the great name of [Loui Hubet} Farabeof will aot be forgotten, As soon as I use my ist, and fron, when a man had a ‘Chellean handkare’ in hie hind, these “pars of ements are formed, ‘This is the place for conjuring tricks, sleight of hand, athletic, acrobatics ete I ust tel you tit I ha and sl havea great adie: ‘on for jugglers and gymnasts. 4 Techniques of care for the body. Rubbing, euing, sping. "This onser is hardly a day old. The investor of soap were nt the Ancients, they did not ute i. Te was the Gaul. And on the other hand, inde pendently, in the whole of Ceatal and North East of South Antica they soaped themes with guilaa bark oe “brai, hence the name of the empire Care of the mouth. Coughing ad spitting technique. Here is «personal observation, A litle gel dd not know how to spt and thi mae every ‘old she had much worse. T made inquiries. In her father's village and inher father's family in parcuar a Berry, people do not know how to spit I taught her to spit. I gave her four sma pet spit. As she was saving up for a bicyele she learnt to spt. Shei the first potson in Ie family who knows ow to sit ‘Hype th needs of nature, Here I colli innusserable facts for you. § Conmption 1 ating. Yo wil remember the sory itr Hoting repent south Shah of Pers he Sha wa fuest of Napoleon i and insted on eating wth hs frgcs, The Emperor urged bin to se 4 goen fork "You dont now what lenare you are ing! the Sha pl “Absence and eof knives. An enor facta eroe i made by {W.F] Meee wo belived he ad shared that the Sev Unda of the Madeleine Peis, Carin, having no Dation of kane were the most prime human beng "They dino have tne fot ng, ha al Drinking ¢ would be very viel to teach cident drink stright from the sours the fount ee, or fom pues of ter, te pour thir dink stlght down thei tees te © Tees of Rerotucon. Nothing ore techie than sexu positions. Very few writers have had the courage to discuss this ‘question. We should e gratefol to M, [Friedrich Sloman] Kraus for having published his great collection of Antiropophyteia. Conse for example the technique of the sexual penton conitng of hiss the woman's legs hang by the knees trom the man's elbows, I fa technique space to the whole Pei, fom Australi to lowee Peru, athe Behring Strats—very rare, 90 to speak, elsewhere "There are all the techniques of normal and abnormal cexual acts. Contact of the sexual organs, mingling of breath, kisses, etc. Here seual techniques and semua morals are closely related 7, Tay thee ar the techie ofthe cre ofthe abaormal: masa, (Chapter Four: General Considerations eal actin may ps be of marine 3 dh tae tof tchniqes that have pared before you at rates too a length. ce ‘What emerges very carly from thom isthe fact that we ae here fced with phosoprychosociolgalsssmblgey af sees of Actions Thee ats re mons or ln habitual and mares ese scent {ie lie of themida ad the story ofthe soy. ‘Let us go farther: one ofthe restos why thee nics may more cay be Senbled inthe india te recsely becrce they ‘ssenbied by and for social authority. Al's corporal this how T {aight the ean for exec in clone order marchag fou ste ad instep. Corded th wis not march in sop drawn up a aa ad in evo ies four nbc, and Loge the sad to pas Gemera fo ofthe tres inthe courtyard They tarched ontop of one sate, ‘They realied tat what they mere bing made to do wasn so sup, Jn gop if asa whole sae a hind of ection of movement in lo ode Tr every society, eveyone knows ad has o know and learn what he 4s to do in all conditions. Neral, social ife 3 nt exempt frome ‘diy and abnormalities. nor may be a principe. The French Navy only ecey began to teach als fo swim. But example sd order, that the principle. Hence thee is Seong secoge ‘aust nll hee fact 1 ope you wil cept hat Te rg (n the eter hand sine thee Bre movements af the Bod ti all presposc an enormous bilge and plyologeal appara, What i he breadth ofthe inking pyehologea copea 1 delberntely Sy cogenel A Corian would sy tat the eno gap between the tec andthe biological, What I can ell you that hee lee yes — pe fc oti copy and 42 cat ep in ens reaton or reform. Caso of invention, of laying down ring fc: Ca of supaton ean india ehoogee ae,it in general they ae gover by eduction, an at Feast by the Biatince of ie in common, of ont ‘hier hn gros oh gl peck e urton of situa expos, of technic ent Py an of sant fate, of bo-sypoogy, which may Lon a ne et invesigstionn 1 ave just mae: ‘The ei an at canchology in the a foe Jers have not in my option Aavaes Eva each of the so-aled facie of pyshology, but ter ein, tn the aaa of prychoogal hole ize eal comer aan he gsi Hee Ine of much race and ch 2 biology of such exci ee uname questions 1 aleve tat Hee 0; peop Ths crearaneny Weare dealing wth blogic ecologic ae Tink ta he aie eduction in al chee echniss henoment Tapio ofthe body to thei se, For exam, the comet Pacis ee, which constant fr the apy sea cm ive a thir am t teach compose, esistance, sour ade mind, dg, ee. Te main tity Ts 8 a es iening wes ths ection of my composure, which Foor eye on te narowest lige evsooking #8 sys 7 sve that this whole notion ofthe eduction of races that ae wets Te es of determinate eieney fone ofthe fonda et oe of hry fel: eduation of the vison, dation in emer ings deen, ruNTng Te coms eps, of Sr cre And the inter above all rearing cut renin, ning iordriy movements; hi mechan abeequenty allows acoorinaed reponse of coordinated Fao el in the dvecton of chosen gal. This resistance aoe someting fandamcaal i social and ent ee tern es the svi priitie socks tert they display moe ruta unrellted, unconscious cringe contrary more oat precise actions governed bY Scar eoniiousne city that there i an intervention of consciousness Stn to unconsiuenes that there isa intervention of 1 iso hunt to soley tht thee the certainty of pre-prepared ty aminaon of the comacous over eration and uncit- revere domi at the French Navy no 0 ake it obiatry Feel sare tear t sn eo ey move onto mich mote pilwopicl problems From eo wheter you hav paid tention 0 what our friend (racer has aed printed oo in bi et ovesigtone {parcel Gee at, fi cchniqus ofthe body, Breathing techy fe eae ars have stil the Sans texts of Yor enogh ies ee ame thing oct im Ia 1 elwe precy hat st the bottom of all ur saatica states there are techniques of the brody which we have not studied, but which were perfectly atudied by China and Tadia, even in very’ remote periods. ‘This socio-pycho- biological study should be made, T think that there are neceaily ‘loiel means of entering ito ‘communication with God. Althoug> inthe end bresth technique, ete, i ony the basic aspect in India and China, I believe this technique is much more widespread. At any rate, on this point we have the methods to understand a gre many fact Sthich we have not understood hitherto, T even believe that all the Teeent discoveries in seflex therapy deserve our attention, our, the elo wel ht of less and pychaog more competent than ourselves. ach ‘Translated by Ben Bester Notes 1s fla fact Sydney Holand: See Holand 190-21 2 Bicragag: Infotel ge ace lar refrence we tobe 8 ‘ite af Manes cul Rehan Bean refering ofa I 886, Sehcemeipeatn mde ree Prd Stn, eyo 4 ‘ Bit en oft Do Waib Bar's ets, et.) ee en eee fGen 269: Romh, oot 93-6] 4. Otervasns ne bnpinniny to be pblabed on hpi. CEST icf tpn ac aon ee ti Ps Boe ad Bs HE 1." nea he ie sorerains a Grebe, 1933 18, Sac sony 28 TE in gs wate tem ‘lone dace’ and “expanded dace} 13 Sec 0859-609), Fie sci ue at a (Spring 120 oF eh te He 1 [ttc lnenmticdements o's machine ve not employed sing Baris plot orn eiter words the rcine cet ell be sid © it Epa ii ln) ee Ce in tr tna ar of i hi icin! cn ft tS ga te df rn a Sa atid anon roe, ee Gal ram gett 1906—: 1980-291 49. [Grego ae 330)References Re gt oe end” Eyre ran tgp zaomtea pat Bo ‘na Comet See SEE vay toate Sheeler Sa Rats ter a al Ee eidet aie, Ea Leelee meets, Het eee ee Seema ae, Te ion mco ead Spencer oe ElatanFedrich Sloman (6-2) geet ert erat Sade dbp, Lee, Inte, Sm dal Ea AE Sit ose ‘eel aie Map n ata tert on a ‘netitnus fae base "Deck {ites tle fo Peo ‘Etc Sifertmne the North Edad Geer. Goreme Prine, Row, ar Eland (2) “An ‘ShaStanea porto he Buren jos, Car (2033) edge der Sach, Cit eh a Hier af Be an Einar ceca, fet tate Neer tee Eee Elson no a8 9 Are there Castes in India? Claude Meillassoux* Summary Altough Indias we the notion of at athe basic element of {ir atalino Indian society, spare hat th sein fees ono dnndequteorpoloial aod taupe aprons which cast [eats behind the formalied Keay ad con las rlatine ships, clntship and unaryane soil seatcomage “The analysis ofthe relataae of production bigs to light in cai ‘ect tre dominant il as originating a diferent tes td a ly tone aoe: a wight cs eoffoted witha dere lan crignating aa cet group ofthe fer, wth bth of oe ‘onfroatng an emegent mechin clas Each of them had diferent ‘aon of production with the labouring claw "The sata tem of the earns vas an attempt to msintin cla catinehip a they exited sing the cnc per tn adtan te Gominant Canes eed arcu them groups of cena nho were bound to the bye seecaip acwn a jman, which vss mot expat in eset Int dependant ‘on the exlataton ofthe lbourng Cnn, vata sytem a ie ‘eas was disturbed by changes det inguin ote contadie- ‘ion iaheret in he ea-entees sod delet of il cmc ive way to ane saunter dered rm the ale, oly ore Aci od sdapable os raged scty by any hon ofthe Soman ee whntever thar enn. Tis ate oma dasa ‘eltinship within the fener ii tat organ ‘atced bya epee religious iesogy which temane the bat of Healy bined colt aprons ‘In Sabelo-Suadanian Africa and in the Sahara there ae certain heredi= tary, specialised, hiccarchial groups which do not intermarey. "These right readily be described 2 ‘eats’, were it not that sociologists ‘specialising inthe study of India have tepetely and often hoy exe that castes exist outside India (Hotton, 1946: 127; Dumont, 1966: 8.108; Leach, 1967: 9) Te would therefore sesn necessary to turn to the works of the most exebrated Indiaists to discover what ‘netbods and criteria would enable us to describe this phenomenon. Ia ite of the profuse literature onthe subject the exploration of ease ‘specie phenorenon scems to have made no important progres ince Guiaot and Bouglé. The opecaton i il not feed from the categorical Tee authori 2 Fen fea. 1 wa in elstion hip cere on ‘Wes Alsi populations, fen sito be oauied according ste ‘pre tht he comet osetpte the noc ae wed to ace te icy