Underground cable fault distance identifier over internet of

things(IOT) Platform

ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from

base station in kilometers. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in

many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related

to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The

proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault and the information has to be sent to the

user mobile phone by using IOT module.

The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied

at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon

the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage

across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise

digital data which the programmed microcontroller of arduino uno family would display in

kilometers.

The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KM’s and

fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the

same. The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD

interfaced to the microcontroller.

 Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to measure the

impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short circuited fault only

using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Phone

Relay Relay
16X2 LCD
driver

IOT Module
ARDUINO
UNO

RESET
Fault
switches

Current
ADC
sensing circuit
INTRODUCTION

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base
station in kilometers using an Arduino board.Many time faults occur due to construction works
and other reasons. Cables have some resistance. We are mainly focusing that resistance.
Resistance can vary with respect to the length of the cable. If the length of the cable is increase,
the value of the resistance will also increase. If any deviation occurs in the resistance value, we
will call that is fault point and finding that place through Arduino technology. That fault point
represents the standard of distance (kilometre) from the base station.This value displayed by
display unit.Before attempting to locate underground cable faults on cable, it is necessary to
know where the cable is located and what route it takes. If the fault is on secondary cable,
knowing the exact route is even more critical.

Since it is extremely difficult to find a cable fault without knowing where the cable is, it makes
sense to master cable locating and tracing and to do a cable trace before beginning the fault
locating process. • Success in locating or tracing the route of electrical cable and metal pipe
depends upon knowledge, skill, and perhaps, most of all, experience.

Although locating can be a complex job, it will very likely become even more complex as more
and more underground plant is installed. It is just as important to understand how the equipment
works as it is to be thoroughly familiar with the exact equipment being used.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

 ARDUINO UNO

 IOT MODULE

 RELAY

 LCD DISPLAY

 SWITCHES
Arduinouno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from
all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.

MicrocontrollerATmega328

Operating Voltage5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S

RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to
20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and
the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows: •
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. •
5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the
board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
another regulated 5V supply. • 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA. • GND. Ground pins.

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip . • External Interrupts: 2 and 3.
These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a
change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12
(MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by the
underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. • LED: 13. There is a
built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the
pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality: • I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)
communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board: • AREF.
Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). • Reset. Bring this line
LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the
one on the board.

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes
preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference,
C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. The
ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software
(Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can
use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).
 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

Power Supply:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from
the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output
obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the
output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after
rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc
voltage.

Fig: Power supply

230V AC
D.C
Output
50Hz
 Step down Bridge
transforme Rectifier
r Filter Regulator

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these

voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input

available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This

is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a

required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating

D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is

used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
 The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both
half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the
bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas,
D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,
power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers
05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive
regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several
fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can
provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single
point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
SWITCH INTERFACING:

CPU accesses the switches through ports. Therefore these switches are connected to a
microcontroller. This switch is connected between the supply and ground terminals. A single
microcontroller (consisting of a microprocessor, RAM and EEPROM and several ports all on a
single chip) takes care of hardware and software interfacing of the switch.

These switches are connected to an input port. When no switch is pressed, reading the
input port will yield 1s since they are all connected to high (Vcc). But if any switch is pressed,
one of the input port pins will have 0 since the switch pressed provides the path to ground. It is
the function of the microcontroller to scan the switches continuously to detect and identify the
switch pressed.

The switches that we are using in our project are 4 leg micro switches of momentary
type.

Vcc

P2.0

Gnd

Fig: Interfacing switch with the microcontroller

 Thus now the two conditions are to be remembered:

1. When the switch is open, the total supply i.e., Vcc appears at the port pin P2.0
P2.0 = 1

2. When the switch is closed i.e., when it is pressed, the total supply path is provided to
ground. Thus the voltage value at the port pin P2.0 will be zero.
P2.0 = 0

By reading the pin status, the microcontroller identifies whether the switch is pressed or
not. When the switch is pressed, the corresponding related to this switch press written in the
program will be executed.
Relays
A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles
and appliances.

The relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage
sources i.e., a small amount of voltage/current on one side can handle a large amount of
voltage/current on the other side but there is no chance that these two voltages mix up.

Inductor

Fig: Circuit symbol of a relay

Operation:

When a current flow through the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil i.e., the
coil is energized. This causes the armature to be attracted to the coil. The armature’s
contact acts like a switch and closes or opens the circuit. When the coil is not energized, a
spring pulls the armature to its normal state of open or closed. There are all types of
relays for all kinds of applications.
 Fig: Relay Operation and use of protection diodes

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced when the
relay coil is switched off. The above diagram shows how a signal diode (eg 1N4148) is
connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. The diode is connected 'backwards' so
that it will normally not conduct. Conduction occurs only when the relay coil is switched off, at
this moment the current tries to flow continuously through the coil and it is safely diverted
through the diode. Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a
damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing.

In choosing a relay, the following characteristics need to be considered:

1. The contacts can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). In the NC type, the
contacts are closed when the coil is not energized. In the NO type, the contacts are closed when
the coil is energized.

2. There can be one or more contacts. i.e., different types like SPST (single pole single throw),
SPDT (single pole double throw) and DPDT (double pole double throw) relay.

3. The voltage and current required to energize the coil. The voltage can vary from a few volts to
50 volts, while the current can be from a few milliamps to 20milliamps. The relay has a
minimum voltage, below which the coil will not be energized. This minimum voltage is called
the “pull-in” voltage.

4. The minimum DC/AC voltage and current that can be handled by the contacts. This is in the
range of a few volts to hundreds of volts, while the current can be from a few amps to 40A or
more, depending on the relay.

A relay is used to isolate one electrical circuit from another. It allows a low current control circuit to
make or break an electrically isolated high current circuit path. The basic relay consists of a coil and a set
of contacts. The most common relay coil is a length of magnet wire wrapped around a metal core. When
voltage is applied to the coil, current passes through the wire and creates a magnetic field. This magnetic
field pulls the contacts together and holds them there until the current flow in the coil has stopped. The
diagram below shows the parts of a simple relay.

Figure: Relay

Operation:

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is
mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed
contact. When the current is switched off, the armature is usually returned by a spring to its resting
position shown in figure 6.6(b). Latching relays exist that require operation of a second coil to reset the
contact position.

By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay operates a
thyristor or other solid-state switching device with a transformer or light-emitting diode to trigger it.

Pole and throw

SPST

SPST relay stands for Single Pole Single Throw relay. Current will only flow through the contacts when
the relay coil is energized.

Figure: SPST Relay

SPDT Relay

SPDT Relay stands for Single Pole Double Throw relay. Current will flow between the movable contact
and one fixed contact when the coil is De-energized and between the movable contact and the alternate
fixed contact when the relay coil is energized. The most commonly used relay in car audio, the Bosch
relay, is a SPDT relay.

Figure: SPDT Relay

DPST Relay

DPST relay stands for Double Pole Single Throw relay. When the relay coil is energized, two separate
and electrically isolated sets of contacts are pulled down to make contact with their stationary
counterparts. There is no complete circuit path when the relay is De-energized.
 Figure: DPST Relay

DPDT Relay

DPDT relay stands for Double Pole Double Throw relay. It operates like the SPDT relay but has twice as
many contacts. There are two completely isolated sets of contacts.

Figure: DPDT Relay

This is a 4 Pole Double Throw relay. It operates like the SPDT relay but it has 4 sets of isolated contacts.
 Figure: 4 Pole Double Throw relay

Types of relay:

1. Latching Relay
2. Reed Relay
3. Mercury Wetted Relay
4. Machine Tool Relay
5. Solid State Relay (SSR)

Latching relay
Latching relay, dust cover removed, showing pawl and ratchet mechanism. The ratchet operates a cam,
which raises and lowers the moving contact arm, seen edge-on just below it. The moving and fixed
contacts are visible at the left side of the image.

A latching relay has two relaxed states (bi-stable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay"
relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with a
solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-center
spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is relaxed, or with
a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the
second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the
opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an
instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage. A remnant core
latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state.
 Figure: Latching relay

Reed relay

A reed relay has a set of contacts inside a vacuum or inert gas filled glass tube, which protects
the contacts against atmospheric corrosion. The contacts are closed by a magnetic field generated
when current passes through a coil around the glass tube. Reed relays are capable of faster
switching speeds than larger types of relays, but have low switch current and voltage ratings.

Mercury-wetted Relay

A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with
mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) because of their
low contact resistance, or for high-speed counting and timing applications where the mercury
eliminates contact bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted
vertically to work properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays
are rarely specified for new equipment. See also mercury switch.

Machine tool relay

A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer
machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts
(sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to normally-
closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many
relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such
industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced
the machine tool relay from sequential control applications.
Solid-state relay

A solid state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a similar function to an
electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term reliability. With
early SSR's, the tradeoff came from the fact that every transistor has a small voltage drop across it. This
voltage drop limited the amount of current a given SSR could handle. As transistors improved, higher
current SSR's, able to handle 100 to 1,200 Amperes, have become commercially available. Compared to
electromagnetic relays, they may be falsely triggered by transients.

Figure: Solid relay, which has no moving parts

Specification
 Number and type of contacts – normally open, normally closed, (double-throw)
 Contact sequence – "Make before Break" or "Break before Make". For example, the old style
telephone exchanges required Make-before-break so that the connection didn't get dropped while
dialing the number.

 Rating of contacts – small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors are rated for up to 3000
amperes, alternating or direct current

 Voltage rating of contacts – typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types
to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15 000 V

 Coil voltage – machine-tool relays usually 24 VAC, 120 or 250 VAC, relays for switchgear may
have 125 V or 250 VDC coils, "sensitive" relays operate on a few milli-amperes

Applications:

Relays are used:

 To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems,

 To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile,

 To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit
breakers (protection relays),

 To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different
potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch. The
latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily installed in
partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be controlled by room
occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy,
 To perform logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realized by connecting
relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting contacts in parallel. Due to the failure
modes of a relay compared with a semiconductor, they are widely used in safety critical logic,
such as the control panels of radioactive waste handling machinery.
 As oscillators, also called vibrators. The coil is wired in series with the normally closed contacts.
When a current is passed through the relay coil, the relay operates and opens the contacts that
carry the supply current. This stops the current and causes the contacts to close again. The cycle
repeats continuously, causing the relay to open and close rapidly. Vibrators are used to generate
pulsed current.

 To generate sound. A vibrator, described above, creates a buzzing sound because of the rapid
oscillation of the armature. This is the basis of the electric bell, which consists of a vibrator with a
hammer attached to the armature so it can repeatedly strike a bell.
 To perform time delay functions. Relays can be used to act as an mechanical time delay device by
controlling the release time by using the effect of residual magnetism by means of a inserting
copper disk between the armature and moving blade assembly.
1. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven
segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are
limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of
refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the
data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means that
they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They areused for writing different messages on
a miniature LCD.

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two
lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks,
mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its
own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer,
backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
Pins Functions

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the microcontroller.
There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is built in). Their
function is described in the table below:

Logic
Function Pin Number Name Description
State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd

D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

Write data (from controller to

0 LCD)
Control of 5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to
operating
controller)

0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred
0 to LCD

Data /7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

commands
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3
 11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

LCD screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot
matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as
Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have
built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current
limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).
LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position
is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which
LCD recognizes are given in the table below:

Execution
Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Write to CGRAM or 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

DDRAM

Read from CGRAM or

1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
DDRAM

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left

S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line

U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots

0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots

B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift

LCD Initialization:

Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by
default. This means that:

1. Display is cleared

2. Mode

DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface

N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line

F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots

3. Display/Cursor on/off

D = 0 Display off

U = 0 Cursor off

B = 0 Cursor blink off

4. Character entry

ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1

S = 0 Display shift off

Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any
reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in thecourse of 10mS, display will start
perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit cannot meet this condition or if it is
needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new reset
enabling display to operate normally must be applied. Algorithm according to the initialization is
being performed depends on whether connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit
interface. All left over to be done after that is to give basic commands and of course- to display
messages.
Fig: Procedure on 8-bit initialization.
 IOT MODULE (ESP8266)

The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module,
made by a third-party manufacturer, AI-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to
connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands.
However, at the time there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the
commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact that there were very few external
components on the module which suggests that it could eventually be very inexpensive in
volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, chip, and the software on it.

ESP8266 can be used as an external Wifi module, using the standard AT Command set Firmware
by connecting it to any microcontroller using the serial UART, or directly serve as a Wi-Fi-
enabled micro controller, by programming a new firmware using the provided SDK.

The GPIO pins allow Analog and Digital IO, plus PWM, SPI, I2C, etc.

This board has been around for almost a year now, and has been used mostly in IoT contexts,
where we want to add connectivity for example to an Arduino project. A wide adoption has been
facilitated by the very modest price, ranging from 2.50 to 10 USD depending on the features.

Technical Features

 802.11 b / g / n
 Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
 Built-in TCP / IP protocol stack
 Built-in TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Built-in PLL, voltage regulator and power management components
 802.11b mode + 19.5dBm output power
 Built-in temperature sensor
 Support antenna diversity
 off leakage current is less than 10uA
 Built-in low-power 32-bit CPU: can double as an application processor
 SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
 A-MPDU, A-MSDU aggregation and the 0.4 Within wake
 2ms, connect and transfer data packets
 standby power consumption of less than 1.0mW (DTIM3)

ESP8266-based boards are available from several vendors and with different breakout
boards. Most of the boards differ in the number of pins made available, the amount of Flash
memory for storing program and data, and the shielding on the SOC for certified boards.

Some boards also support an external uFL antenna connector as well as the built-in on-chip
antenna.

This is the first and simplest board using the ESP8266. It allows attaching serial lines, and
only breaks out two GPIO pins for native usage.
SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT:

 ARDUINO
 PROTEUS
 ESP FIRMWARE FLASHER

ARDUINO

INSTALLING THE DRIVERS FOR THE ARDUINO UNO

 Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin it’s driver installation process
 After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts

 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel

 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System

 Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager

 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named “Arduino UNO
(COMxx)”. If there is no COM & LPT section, look under ‘Other Devices’ for
‘Unknown Device’

 Right click on the “Arduino UNO (COMxx)” or “Unknown Device” port and choose the
“Update Driver Software” option
  Next, choose the “Browse my computer for Driver software” option

 Finally, navigate to and select the Uno’s driver file, named “ArduinoUNO.inf”, located in
the “Drivers” folder of the Arduino Software download (not the “FTDI USB Drivers”
sub-directory). If you cannot see the .inf file, it is probably just hidden. You can select the
‘drivers’ folder with the ‘search sub-folders’ option selected instead.
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there

Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to test your first
program with your Arduino board!

 Launch the Arduino application

 If you disconnected your board, plug it back in

 Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1.Basics > Blink
 Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type

 Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > COMxx
 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available ports,
then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the ‘Upload’
button

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the
message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.
  If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking! You
just programmed your first Arduino!

Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type

 Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > xxxxxx (it’ll
probably look something like “/dev/tty.usbmodemfd131” or “/dev/tty.usbserial-131” but
probably with a different number)
 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available ports,
then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the ‘Upload’ button
  After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the
message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking! You
just programmed your first Arduino!

PROTEUS STEPS TO CREATE NEW PROJECT

Step 1: Download Library Zip Folder from Our Website

Download the Library Files Zip Folder from

websitehttps://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2015/12/arduino-library-proteus-
simulation.html, open it and paste these two files ArduinoTEP.LIB and ArduinoTEP.IDX files in
to Library folder path( C:\Program Files (x86)\Labcenter Electronics\Proteus 8 Professional\
LIBRARY).

2) Double click on Proteus 8 professional shortcut generated on Desktop following window will
popup
3) click on new project
4) In the field of Name, write name of project and in the field of path browse path for project like
this

5) Now click on next

 Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure

 Now Search Arduino

 Select Arduino uno

 Click OK
 After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then click
again to place it
1. CONNECTING COMPONENTS

 Place all the required components

 Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points




2. LOAD HEX FILE

 To create hex file press simply verify in your Arduino ide software

 Double click the Arduino Uno to open its properties

  C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_

 Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal
oscillator to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be
adjusted in the properties window as well.

3. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT

 The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time
The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON / OFF)
through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just see the
LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.

Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.
ADVANTAGES

 Less maintenance

 It has higher efficiency

 Less fault occur in underground cable

 This method is applicable to all types of cable ranging from 1kv to 500kv

 It can detect other types of cable fault such as Short circuit fault, cable cuts,
Resistivefault,Sheathfaults, Water trees, Partial discharges.
CONCLUSION

Thus the project on Underground cable fault detection using Arduino was done and the distance
of the fault from the base station in kilometers was displayed for the three individual phases R,Y
and B. Circuit can be tested with different resistor values to simulate various fault conditions In
this project faults upto a distance of 20km can be detected. When the fault switches are operated
to fault condition then the phase corresponding to that particular switch is considered as the
faulty phase. So the faulty section can easily be located.
FUTURE SCOPE

In this paper we detect the exact location of short circuit fault in the underground cable from
feeder end in km by using arduino. In future, this project can be implemented to calculate the
impedance by using a capacitorinanACcircuit and thus measure the open circuit fault.
REFERENCES

[1] Anurag. D. Borkhade (2014) ‘Transmission Line Fault DetectionUsingWaveletTransform’-

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume. 2 Issue. 10.

[2] Xia Yang, Myeon-Song Choi ,Seung-Jae Lee, Chee-Wooi Ten, and Seong-Il Lim(2008) ‘
Fault Location of Underground power cable usiNg Distributed parameter approach’-IEEE

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[3] Pooja P.S and Lekshmi M(2015) ‘Fault Detection Technique to pinpoint Incipient Fault for
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Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015.

[4] Yu Xiang and Joseph F.G. Cobben(2015) ‘A Bayesian Approach for Fault Location in
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Systems Journal, Volume 2, No. 4, December 2015.

[5] Abhishek Pandey and Nicolas H. Younan(2010) ‘Underground cable fault detection and
identification via fourier analysis’- International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and
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[6] H. Shateri, S. Jamali, “Impedance Based Fault Location Method For Phase To Phase And
Three Phase Faults InTransmission Systems”, IEEE 2010.

[7] Abhishek Pandey, Nicolas H. Younan, “Underground Cable Fault Detection and
Identification via Fourier Analysis”, 2010 IEEE.
[8] A. Ngaopitakkul, C. Pothisarn, M. Leelajindakrairerk, “Study of Characteristics for
Simultaneous Faults in Distribution Underground Cable using DWT”, 2011 IEEE.

[9] Yuan Liao, Ning Kang, “Fault-Location Algorithms Without Utilizing Line Parameters
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[10] S. Navaneethan, J. J. Soraghan, W. H. Siew, F.McPherson, P. F. Gale ,“Automatic Fault

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