Ansi Hi 1.3

ANSU/HI 1,3-2000 4NSUHE 13-2050 American National Standard for Centrifugal Pumps for Design and Application Hydraulic 9 Sylvan Way Parsippany, New Jersey 07054-3802 wiew:pumps.orgANSU/HI 1.3-2000 American National Standard for Centrifugal Pumps for Design and Application Sponsor Hydraulic Institute www.pumps.org ‘Approved November 9, 1999 ‘American National Standards Institute, Inc. i GY, Recycled Ga Pre" LAA aaa mz OSE SESS American pv! of an American Nationa! Standard requires verification by ANSI thet the requirements for due process, consensus and olhercfteria for approval have been met National _ bvthe standards developer. ( Standard consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANS! Board of Standards Roviow, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected Restoste, Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, fand that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. ‘The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not In any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. “The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American Notional Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time, The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that jection be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of ‘American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by call- ing or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published By Hydraulic Institute 9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07084-3802 www.pumps.org Copyright © 2000 Hydraulic Institute All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior ‘written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1-880952-28-9 AEE LL eaContents Page Foreword . fees vil 13 Design and application 1 1.8.1 Scope coe 1 1.82 Prefered unt forpump applications. 1 1.8.3 Typical applications. ...... a 1.8.3.4 Booster servico.. 5 coca ot) 1.3.82 Process servce (chemical, petrochemical, rjcton ad 1.3.33 Transfer pumping 4 1.3.3.4 Mine dewatering 4 1.3.35 Wellpumping......, a4 1.3.3.6 Inigation service 5 4 1.3.3.7 Pumps for steam power plants . 4 1.3.3.8 Fire pumps ...... a 1.8.39 Pumps used as hydraulic turbines 1.3.3.10 General purpose service. ..... 1.3.3.11 Wastewater service (solids and non-clog) 1.3.3.12 Pulp and paper applications 1.3.3.18 Slury service . . 1.33.14 Liquids with vapor or gas . 1.8.4 Performance, selection criteria. . 1.3.4.1 System requirements 4.3.42 Determination of operating duty . : 1.3.4.3 Efficiency prediction method for centrifugal pumps ... 1.3.44 Operation away from the best efficiency point . 1.3.45 Noise levels. ..... 1.8.4.6 Suction conditions. 1.8.4.7 Mechanical features 1.3.4.8 Impeller types . 1.3.49 Casing type. 1.8.4.10 Drivers: type and size... 1.3.4.1 Pump liquid temperature limits on ond suction pumps 1.3.8 Horizontal pump baseplate design 1.3.5.1 Introduction 1.3.5.2 Functional requirements . 1.8.5.3 Definitions. : 1.8.54 Tolerancing......... - 80 1.8.55 Shims and fasteners... 81 18.5.6 Stress lOVEI5 6. cee eceeeeeseereeeeeeee . 8 i1.857 Rigidity ...... 1.8.5.8 Miscellaneous criteria Appendix A Torsional Stiffness .. ‘Appendix 8 Recommended Equipment Mounting Drilling Dimensions. ..... 87 Appendix References . 88 Appendix Index . 89 Figures 1.47 — Diagram of a simple steam power cycle . . — 5 4.48 — Diagram of a typical condensing steam power plant.\. 5 1.49 — Diagram of a closed feedwater cycle sevens 7 {.50— Diagram ofan open feedwater cyte with one dserstor and three closed heaters: sees G 1.51 — Turbine characteristics . 1.52 — Turbine performance . 1159— Seltpriming pump — construction indus 4 1.54 — Self-priming pump — chemical industry . 15 1.85.— Nomograph othe relationship of concentration to speci gravity in aqueous slurries... = 18 1.86 — Typical performance characterises —-non setting sturies 19 1.87 — Typical performance characteristics — setting slurries « 19 1.58 — Effect of gas on pump performance . .... 1.59— Inducer . 1.60 — Venting the eye of the impeller 1.81 — Top suction impeller 1.62 — Pump versus system... +++ 1.63 — Torque curve. 1.644 — Performance correction chart for viscous liquids (metric). .. 1.648 — Performance correction chart for viscous liquids (US units)... 1.658 — Performance correction chart for viscous liquids (metric)... 1.658 — Performance correction chart for viscous liquids (US units)........ 27 1.66A — Sample performance chart (Metric). 1.668 — Sample performance chart (US Units) . 1.874 — Recommended typical operating speed its for single suction pumps (metric). 1.678 — Recommended typical opera seed mis or ers suction pumps (US units). .... : 1.684 — Recommended ypeal operating speed mits for double suction pumps (metric)... .1.68B — Recommended typical operating speed limits for double suction pumps (US units) - 1,694 — NPSHR reduction for pumps handling hyocaton liquids and high-temperature water (metric)... : 4.698 — NPSHR reduction for pumps handling hydrocaron liquids and high-temperature water (US units). . Bae 4.70 — Pumps operating in series... 1.71 — Pumps operating in parallel. . 1.724 — Pump performance (Metric)... 1.73A — Temperature rise (Metric) .. 1.728 — Pump performance (US Units) 1.738 — Temperature rise (US Units). 4.74 — Impeller with angled outside diameter. 4.75A — Optimum generally attainable efficiency chart (Neti 4.758 — Specific speed-efficiency correction chart (Metric) . 1.75C — Optimum generally attainable efficiency chart (US Unis). 4.75D — Specific speed-etficiency correction chart (US Units)... 4.76A — Deviation from generally attainable efficiency (Metric) . 1.768 — Deviation from generally attainable efficiency (US Units) .. 1.774 — Estimated efcloncy Increase v0 to improved surface finish (Metric) . é 1.778 — Estimated oe increase due to irons surface finish (US Units) 178A —Estimatedeffcieney decrease due to Increased wearing clearance (Metric) «+--+ eee : . 1.78B — Estimated ety decrease due to increased wear ring clearance (US Units) . 1.79 — Inducer. ...... 1,80 — Single volute casing. 40 - 60 84 85 1.81 — K versus rate of flow for single volute casing ..... - 59 1.82 — Dual (double) volute casing - 59 4.83 — K versus rate of flow for dual (double) volute casing. . . +. 59 1.84 — Circular casing. . q - 60 1.85 — Pressure distribution on enclosed impeter shrouds. eee ee 1.86 ~ Enclosed impeller with plain back shroud... 61 41.87 — Impeller with back ring. .. 62 1.88 — Mechanical seal classifications . . 69 1.89 — Stutfing-box without lantern ring . 69 1,90 — Stutfing-box with lantem ring. -70 1.91 — Overhung impeller... al 1.92 — Impeller between bearings .. 72 1.93 — Grouted baseplate .79 vSPSS emer esr oe rere ne mre 1.94 — Free-standing baseplate . 73 1.95 — Height of mounting surfaces . - 8t : 1,96 — Equipment mounting surface flatness . 81 1.97 — Motor mounting pads... at 1.98 — Mounting block dimensions - 85 A —Baseplate support and anchoring...... 86 B.1 — Recommended equipment mounting driling dimensions ............ 87 Tables 1.8.1 — Symbols . 1.3.2 — Subscripts 1.3.9 — Sample calculations (Met) . 1.8.38 — Sample calculations (US Units) 1.3.4— The influence of pump type on efficiency... 1.3.5 — Rolling element bearing types . 1.3.6 — Product lubricated sleeve bearing material selection guide (commonly used in vertical turbine pumps) . 1.3.7 — Guidelines for minimum and maximum pump liquid ‘temperature for cast grey iron and ductile iron pumps (°C). 1.3.8 — Guidelines for minimum and maximum pump liquid temperature for cast grey iron and ductile iron pumps (°F) 1.3.9 ~ Metric manufacturing tolerances . 1.3.10 US units manufacturing tolerances . -78 - 80 viForeword (Not part of Standard) Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute ‘The purpose and aims of the Institute are to promote the continued growth and well-being of pump manufacturers and further the interests of the public in such matters as are involved in manufacturing, engineering, distribution, safety, transportation and other problems of the industry, and to this end, among other things: a) To develop and publish standards for pumps; b) To collect and disseminate information of value to its members and to the public; ©) To appear for its members before governmental departments and agencies and other bodies in regard to matters affecting the industry; 4) To increase the amount and to improve the quality of pump service to the public; e) To support educational and research activities; ) To promote the business interests of its members but not to engage in bus ness of the kind ordinarily cartied on for profit or to perform particular services for its members or individual persons as distinguished from activities to improve the business conditions and lawful interests of all ofits members. Purpose of Standards 1) Hydraullc Institute Standards are adopted in the public interest and are designed to help eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer, the purchaser and/or the user and to assist the purchaser in selecting and ‘obtaining the proper product fora particular need. 2). Use of Hydraulic Institute Standards is completely voluntary. Existence of Hydraulic Institute Standards does not in any respect preclude a member from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to the Standards. Definition of a Standard of the Hydraulic Institute Quoting from Article XV, Standards, of the By-Laws of the Institute, Section B: “An Institute Standard defines the product, material, process or procedure with reference to one or more of the following: nomenclature, composition, construction, dimensions, tolerances, safety, operating characteristics, performance, qual ity rating, testing and service for which designed.” ‘Comments from users Comments from users of this Standard will be appreciated, to help the Hydraulic Institute prepare even more useful future editions. Questions arising from the content of this Standard may be directed to the Hydraulic Institute. It will direct all such questions to the appropriate technical committee for provision of a suitable answer, Ifa dispute arises regarding contents of an institute publication or an answer provided by the Institute to @ question such as indicated above, the point In question shall be referred to the Executive Committee of the Hydraulic Institute, which then shall act as a Board of Appeals. vilRevisions The Standards of the Hydraulic Institute are subject to constant review, and revisions are undertaken whenever it is found necessary because of new developments and progress in the art. If no revisions are made ‘or five years, the standards are reatfirmed using the ANSI canvass procedure, Units of Measurement Metric units of measurement are used; and corresponding US units appear in brackets. Charts, graphs and sample calculations are also shown in both metric and US units. Since values given in metric units are not exact equivalents to values given in US Units, itis important that the selected units of measure to be applied be stated in reference to this standard. If no such statement is provided, metric units shall govern. Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass Method The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardiza- tion of centrifugal pumps were contacted prior to the approval of this revision of the standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI, ARR. Wilfley & Sons ANSIMAG Inc. Bechtel Corp. Black & Veatch Brown & Caldwell Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. Carver Pump Company Cheng Fluid Systems, Inc. ‘Crane Company, Chempump Div, Cuma S.A. Dean Pump Div., Metpro Corp. DeWante & Stowell Dow Chemical EnwiroTech Pumpsystems Essco Pump Division Exeter Energy Ltd. Partnership Falrbanks Morse Pump Corp. Fluid Sealing Association Franklin Electric GKO Engineering Grundfos Pumps Corp. Minois Dept. of Transportation IMG - Agrico Chemical Corp. Ingersoll-Dresser Pump Company ITT Fluid Handling (B & G) ITT Fluid Technology ITT Industrial Pump Group Iwaki Walchem Corp. LP. Messina Pump & Hydr. Cons. John Crane, Ine. Krebs Consulting Service KSB, Ino. M.W. Kellogg Company Malcolm Pimie, Inc. Marine Machinery Association Marley Pump Company Marshall Engineered Products Company Montana State University MW, Moving Water Industries ‘Oxy Chem Pacer Pumps Paco Pumps, Inc. Pinellas Cty, Gen. Serv, Dept. The Process Group, LLC Raytheon Engineers & Constructors Reddy-Butfaloes Pump, Inc. Robert Bein, Win. Frost & Assoc. ‘Scott Process Equipment Corp. Settler Supply Company Skidmore South Florida Water Mgmt. Dist. Ste-Rite industries, Inc. Sterling Fluld Systems (USA), Inc. Stone & Webster Engineering Corp, Sulzer Bingham Pumps, Inc. ‘Summers Engineering, Inc. Systecon, Inc. Val-Matic Valve & Mig. Corp. ‘Yeomans Chicago Corp. Zoeller Engineered Products4.3 Design and application The purpose of this section is to provide a guide for the application of centrifugal pumps for various services. No attempt has been made fo cover all phases of centritugal pump application, but an endeavor has been made to point out some of the principal featuros of pumps and the precautions which should be taken in their use. 1.34 Scope ‘This Standard is for centrifugal and regenerative turbine pumps of allindustria/commercial types except vertical ‘single and multistage diffuser types. It includes design and application. 4.3.2 Preferred units for pump applications Preferred terms, units and symbols to be used in the technology of pump applications are shown in Tables 1.3.1 and 1.32. 4.3.3 Typical applications 4.3.3.1 Booster service Centrifugal pumps in this service handle liquids piped to them at various levels of pressure, normally above ‘atmosphoric, and discharge at a higher pressure into the system. Acourate specifications of the liquid characteristics and the range of suction pressures expected must be provided with rate of flow and total head for the pump manufacturer to make a proper selection. 133.2. Process service (chemical, petrochemical, injection) 4.3.3.2.1 Chemical pump Pumps used for handling corrosive liquids o slurries are commonly termed chemical pumps. The materials ‘of construction for the parts in contact with the liquid, including stuffing-boxes or seals, must be selected to offer maximum resistance to corrosion and abrasion at the pumping temperature, with due consideration to the economy of such use. Each application must be carefully scrutinized to determine the severity of corrosion or abrasion, vis cosities at the extreme pumping temperatures, the hazard involved in the material to be pumped, changes in the composition of the liquid, true vapor pressure, pacer ccs en HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 ret positive suction head (NPSH), prolonged operation at or near shut-off, or any other pertinent charac tics of the liquid or the application. ‘The physical and chemical properties of materials, the available forms, and methods of fabrication must be considered in the design of satisfactory equipment. Dissimilar materials in contact with the liquid pumped should be avoided unless the combin which is known to be satisfactory for the particular service. ‘Special seals or deep stutfing-boxes, with provision for lubrication or sealing by clear cold water, are frequently necessary. Large unobstructed liquid pas- sages are desirable, The unit should be designed for easy and quick disassembly for inspection, cleaning or repair. Water jackets, steam jackets, or smothering type glands may be mandatory. The need for these features can be determined only after careful consideration of application requirements. ANSV/ASME B73.1, B73.2 and B73.5 covering speotfi- ‘cations for horizontal end suction and vertical indine pumps for chemical process may be used for more information. The manufacturers instructions with reference to installation should be strictly followed. In many cases, ‘such instructions may be radically different from those for clear water pumps. Regularly established schedules for periodic examina- tion and maintenance are essential 1.33.22 Hotoil pump Pumps for handling oils within the range of 150°C to 450°C (300°F to 850°F) are commonly termed hot oll pumps. Itis important that sufficient NPSH be available, as the liquid is almost always near the boiling point. Provision should be made to allow self-venting of vapors from the impeller eye by venting the suction eye of the first stage except where the suction nozzle is ina vertical upward position. ‘The stuffing-boxes and bearing housings should be provided with cooling jackets. The glands should be of the smothering type. If packing conditions require seal oil, lantern rings together with the necessary pipe connections should be provided. During operation, the"nuo}U Pose SUN Uo Puede NM san;eA ‘psn OU xe SUORIONIG 4 suum ajou = sun yo4bua x 40100 UosIaANED “arREp 70}6q 10 eb08'0 09) w serous enoge sourjsip abneB uoqenorg Zz t ‘euou ‘uou ‘auou weuodx x oe uooes/seyout sp Pucoes/sio}owys Uuoneiqin Uy ADO}, (wud) ¢ ep0e'0 Puosasneey sus puoossjiojeur Ayooren “ oz wo-6 Jejouques-uues6 eoupjequn jenpisoy a eset us Je|9u-UoyneNy enbuo, (ney) 8, (@ense) noyuaiyed seeuBap 2. snisjeg saaiBop eumpereduioy 7 1 ‘SSoJUOISUEULIP = ssojuo!sueunp ‘Aynes6 oypoodg, 8 ygHHSAN/p, DU = zor - h2sn you ~ qP2sn jou poads oytoeds uojong 8 zo9L eikuq! — yoo} orgnoyesemi punod guy se}eu o1qno/wesB0}p) ‘Aysueg (ou) 6 err 491 (e010) spunod N uuowony asnayy repey au 1 = Sso|uoysueuip » ss9|uojsuoup wa Lzz0 db einunyysuoye6 Sq, ww snoyjiayew oyqno ° verLoL 295/ Pucdesjeay ojqno yeu snowseyew o1qno ypeded) moy Jo ore b 2srL0 dy semodesioy i Emon, JeMod d S699 isd yout atenbs/spunod Pei reosedo04 emnssai 4 i = sso UOIsueUIp eS ssojuoisuewip =id x” cos'z6 205/24 —puodesyporenbsjesj sj, gypayenbs sejouyus (ou) 6 zou = ‘Pesn jou = ‘qP9sn jou yep, DY = SN SN 8408'0 ¥ 094 w Joyo Poinber peey uopons on YHSAN Bp0e'0 u 89} w veour ‘ejqeitene pray uojons ony VHSaN L wd ‘9ynujuysuonnjones wd ‘enuyuysuognjonos poods u shoe'0 u 709} w Jeyeur wy ones I L - ssoluo|suoup - ssojuo|suoump Jo}o8) Isns4 eIPEY ” By0E'0 u 1995 uw Jeyeuu ey feioL 4 Br0e'0 u 199 w serou, peoH 4 wa 300} o1qn9/spunod 1UB1o0M oyjoads, (ewures) ep0e'o P2s;} —_parenbs puosesjeay 25h paxenbs puosasjioyou! uowiojo0 6 L % quooied % lusoted Foust (e10) 1 = ‘Ssejuorsuowip as (even) v vse ur ‘se4youl wu a a = ‘Ssojuojsuewp - (eyeq) zove h sayouy ezenbs us v uojsiaAuog Hi Centrifugal Pump Désign and Application — 2000 sjoquiks — 1'e"h eigenHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 Table 1.3.2 — Subscripts Term [ ‘Subscript Term Subscript Term | Subsoript| | 1 Test condition or 9 Gauge 8 Suction model | 2 Specific condition | max Maximum | t Theoretical oF prototype | a Absolute rin Minimum | v Velocity aim ‘Atmospheric mot Motor ‘ Vapor pressure | b Barometric ot Operating temperature Water d Discharge oA Overall unit avr Driver input Pump seal oil pressure in the lantern ring should be held to ‘a minimum of 175 kPa (25 psi) above stuffing-box pressure. Mechanical seals must be chosen specif- cally for the oll, temperature, pressure and speed. ‘The materials used for the construction of hot cil pumps should have a uniform coefficient of expansion and should be selected with particular reference to the corrosive nature of the oil, as well as the actual pumping temperature. Due to the high pumping temperature, the support of the pump should be arranged in such a manner as to permit expansion of the pump casing without adversely affecting the coupling alignment. API Standard 610 Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service may be used for more information. ttis important that the suction and discharge piping be ‘supported to avoid pipe strains being imposed on pump nozzles. The unit must be aligned at the operating temperature. 4.3.3.2.3. Volatile liquid pump Pumps for handling volatile petroleum products, or other liquids having similar properties, are commonly termed volatile liquid! pumps. ‘The determination of the net positive suction head available (NPSHA) for pumps handling volatile, multi ‘component liquids such as gasoline should be based, whenever possible, on the true vapor pressure of the particular liquid at the actual pumping temperature. ‘The NPSH required by a pump at a given flow is a function of the individual pump proportions and of the liquid pumped. The NPSH available must exceed the NPSH required by the pump and can be established correctly only when the true vapor pressure is known. For refinery process applications, the true vapor pressure is usually avallable. For the pumping of finished petroleum products, the Reid vapor pressure is usually the only information available. This is the vapor pressure determined by the use of apparatus and procedure corresponding to the ASTM Standard 0-323. Because of certain inadequacies of the test procedure, Reld vapor pressures are generally significantly lower than the true vapor pressures. Precautions must therefore be taken when the NPSH available must be determined on the basis of the Reid vapor pressure. If the commercial grade of the liquid handled is known, the use of one of the standard handbook correction charts for conversion of Reld vapor pressure to true vapor pressure is indicated. Also, see Section 1.3.4.1.16.4 and Figure 1.69. ‘The suction piping should be arranged to avoid any accumulation of vapor and provision should be made to allow sel-venting of vapors by venting the first stage impeller suction eye, except where the suction nozzle ig in a vertical position and facing upwards. Since the suction pressure may vary over a wide range and the liquid pumped is frequently flammable or toxic, the stuffing-box may require the use of a mechanical seal, of, if packed, the use of one or more of the follow= ing elements: water jacketing, bleed-off connection, lantern ring for an oil or grease seal, or smothering- type gland.HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 ‘The materials of construction should be selected with due regard to any corrosive action of the liquid pumped. 1.3.3.3 Transfer pumping ‘This service is normally a part of a process where a fluid is transferred from one location or process to another in a given plant, The type of pumps used will vary with the duty involved as will construction details and materials of construction. 1.3.3.4 Mine dewatering Pumps used for handling acid or grity mine water and/ or abrasive mixtures, slush, etc., are commonly termed mine pumps. ‘The pump should be liberally designed, with a heavy casing wall having ample corrosion allowance, and with provisions to keep corrosive liquids from the pump shaft. The design should provide for easy renewal of parts subject to corrosion or wear, The materlais of construction for parts in contact with the liquid pumped must be selected for maximum resistance to corrosion and erosion. 1.3.3.5 Well pumping Installation of centrifugal pumps with the suction supply water in a well below the ground surface on which. the pump is located is possible when the pumping water level is close enough to the pump for atmospheric pressure to provide the pump’s NPSH required. The “draw down” of the well must be known at the purp's maximum rate of flow. For a pump that is rot self-priming, the suction pipe may be equipped with a foot valve, or an ejector may also be used to fll the suction pipe and pump casing. Automatic unattended operation is rarely successful with the installa~ tions as described unless automatic priming systems are installed. A self-priming pump's casing must be filed with water before it is started. It is important to ensure that air leaks in the suction pipe are virtually eliminated for satisfactory operation. 1.3.3.6 Irrigation service Centrifugal pumps in this service provide water either to open ditches for gravity flow to the points of applica~ tion or to sprinkler systems of various types. The suc tion supply varies; it can be a well, a pond, a lake, a river or stream, or a distribution main under pressure (sometimes from a vertical pump). The pump may be of the single suction or double suction type, with the impetter enclosed or semi-open. A suitable suction strainer is normally used to avoid clogging problems in either the pump or the sprinkler system, Single stage pumps normally supply the necessary head. Packing or mechanical seals may be used. Drivers are nor- rally either induction motors or internal combustion engines, 1.3.3.7 Pumps for steam power plants 1.3.7.1 Steam electric power plants ‘Steam power plants convert nuclear energy or organic energy, in the form of coal, oll or gas, into electrical energy through the generation and expansion of steam from a high pressure to a low pressure in a prime mover, typically a steam turbine. When the electrical output of the generating plant is distributed for general sale, the plant is referred to as a central station. If the plant is operated by a manufacturing company that takes the output for its own use, its referred to as an industrial plant. Figure 1.47 diagrams a simple steam power cycle. A nongondensing plant discharges the steam from the turbine at an exhaust pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure. A condensing plant (as shown in Figure 1.47) exhausts steam from the turbine into a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. Central station plants are condensing plants because their sole output is electric energy, A reduc tion in the exhaust pressure at the turbine decreases the amount of steam required to produce a given quantity of energy. Industrial plants are noncondensing plants because large quantities of low pressure steam. are required for manufacturing operations. The power required for operation of a manufacturing plant may be obtained as a by-product by generating steam at high pressure. This steam is expanded in a prime mover to the back pressure at which the steam is needed for manufacturing processes, Figure 1.48 diagrams a coal-fired, condensing-type steam power plant, and identifies major plant components. The steam generating unit consists of a fur nace, in which the fuel is burned, a boller, superheater, and economizer, in which high-pressure steam is gen- ‘erated, and an air heater in which the loss of energy due to combustion of the fuel is minimized. The boiler consists of a drum and a bank of inclined tubes connected to the drum. A water level is maintained at about the midpoint of the drum to permit separation of the steam from the water. Water circulates from the drum through the tubes and back to the drum. Part ofHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 Boller a cnt = == Boiler Food Purp Figure 1.47 — Diagram of a simple steam power cycle Flue gas to chimney Dust callestor Gas. Ls Forced:-dratt fan—-(©)-—= Inducdd-dratt Ait WA) aicneator '2" =I Feedwator feailer ‘conomizar| Boller tubes {ar presse epee 1 nea ot q sons Suporheater “or Pe Furnace EB ‘Condenser is Boller’ ‘sumer ‘Teod [condensate ‘Condenser nme am coresiatng iver water si Pump Pulerizer > Ash pit>| Figure 1.48 — Diagram of a typical condensing steam power plant Thake-up waterHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 the water in the tubes is evaporated by the flow of furnace hot products of combustion across the tubes. The furnace walls are lined with tubes that are also connected to the boiler drum to form very effective steam generating surfaces. The steam separated from the water in the boller drum flows through a superheater (essentially a coil of tubing surrounded by the hot products of combustion). The temperature of the steam increases in the superheator to as much as 425 to 600°C (800 to 1100°F) before itis piped to the turbine, ‘An economizer may be used to recover part of the energy in the gaseous products of combustion that leave the boiler tube bank at a relatively high temperature and discharge to the chimney. The economizer consists of a bank of tubes through which the boiler feedwater is pumped on its way fo the boller drum. This feedwater will be at-a temperature considerably below that of the water in the boiler tubes. The temper ature of the products of combustion may be reduced in the economizer to less than the boiler exit-gas temperature. A further reduction in flue gas temperature can be achieved by passing the products of combustion through an air heater (heat exchanger) cooled by the air required for combustion. This air is supplied to the air heater at normal room temperature and may leave the air heater at 200 to 315°C (400 to 600°F), thus returning energy to the furnace which would otherwise be wasted. The products of combustion are usually cooled in an air heater to an exit temperature of 135 to 200°C (275 to 400°F), after which they may be passed through a dust collector (to remove objectionable dust) and an induced-draft fan to the chimney. The function of the induced-draft fan is to pull the gases through the heat transfer surfaces of the boiler, superheater, economizer and airheater and to maintain a pressure in the furnace that is slightly less than atmospheric pressure (to eliminate leakage into the boiler room). A forced- draft fan forces the combustion air to flow through the air heater, duct work and burner into the furnace. If both a forced-draft fan and an induced-draft fan are used in combination, the system is called balanced draft ‘The diagram of a condensing steam power plant (Fig- ture 1.48) shows the coal being fed into the system by use of an overhead raw-coal bunker, where it flows by gravity through a feeder. In the pulverizer, the coal is {ground to a fine dust. Some of the hot air from the air heater Is forced through the pulverizer (il) to dry the coal and pick up the finely pulverized particles and carry them in suspension to the burner. They are then mixed with the alr required for their combustion and discharged into the furnace at high velocity to promote good combustion. The high-pressure, high-temperature steam from the boiler is expanded in a steam turbine which is connected to an electric generator, Three to 5 percent of the output of the generator is needed to light the plant and to operate the motors required for pumps, fans, etc. in the plant. In a central station plant, the exhaust steam from the turbine is delivered to a condenser to turn it into water at the lowest possible pressure. The condenser is a large, gas-tight chamber filled with tubes through which cold water is pumped. For normal operation, 725,000 kg (800 tons) of cooling water are required in the condenser for each 900 kg ( ton) of coal burned in the furnace. This means that large power plants must be located on lakes, rivers or on the seacoast. Turbine exhaust steam Is condensed because: + itwas distilled in the boiler and is, therefore, free of scale-forming material and should be retained in a closed system, ‘+ the efficiency of the plant is increased substantially by reducing the exhaust pressure at the turbine to as low a pressure as possible. Itis estimated that a reduction in the exhaust pressure of just 3.5 kPa (% psi) will reduce the coal consump- tion of the average plant by as much as 4 to 5 percent. Condensed steam, which is at a temperature of 22 to 38°C (70 to 10°F), is pumped from the condenser by a condenser hotwell pump and discharged through several feedwater heaters to a boiler feed pump which delivers water through an economizer to the boiler. Figure 1.48 shows a high-pressure heater, an interme- diate-pressure heater and a low-pressure heater, all supplied with steam that extracted from the turbine at appropriate pressures after having done some work by expansion to the extraction pressure in the turbine, These are closed heaters. Figure 1.49 diagrams a closed feedwater cycle where the boller feed water flows through tubes in the heaters and never directly contacts the steam extracted from the turbine. The condensed steam in a closed heater is collected and returned to the boller water system (see Figure 1.49). Direct contact heaters would have thermodynamic advantages, but a separate pump would be required for each heater. The use of a group of closed heaters (as in Figure 1.49) permits a single boiler feed pump to discharge through all the heators and into the boller. ‘Many power plants are based on a compromise system which uses one direct contact heater (which also provides for feedwater deaeration) and several closed- type heaters located both upstream and downstreamHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 used, the closed cycle system uses either the condenser hotwell or a separate vessel for deaeration. All the heaters are of the closed type. of the direct contact heater and the boiler feed pump. Such a cycle is termed an open cycle and is diagrammed in Figure 1.50. When no direct contact heaters are ==> steam condense Pn Ceced or Choad Geet Hester fear fee] Feat Mester Nae No Nn Net ) a aiee Figure 1.49 — Diagram of a closed feedwater cycle ==> steam Gonertor Gosed Cred foster [oem] Heater Contact Heatr Net Nas ae ot > Boller Feed Pump Figure 1.50 — Diagram of an open feedwater eyele with one deaerator and three closed heatersHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 1.3.8.7.2 Power plant pumps ‘There are dozens of pump applications in conventional (fossil fuel) steam power plants. Most of these applications fall into the "miscellaneous" category, which includes such services as chemical feed, fuel oil, ubri- cating ol, fire protection, heating/ventilating/air-condi- tioning, service water and support systems (such as ash sluicing, acid cleaning and hydrostatic pressure test pumps). The major categories include boiler feed, boiler feed boosting, condensate, condenser circulating, boiler circulating, and heater drain. 1.8.3.7.3 Boller feed pumps ‘The type of boller feed pump required by a generating plant is determined by the maximum boiler flow (capacity), the suction conditions (NPSHA), total pressure (head) required to be generated, and the operating temperature. For low flow, low-pressure boiler feed systems, it may be possible to fulfil flow and head requirements with a single stage pump. In most cases, pressure (head) requirements are such that multistage pumps are neo- essary. In these cases, the pump can be one of several types and construction: ‘+ Low to medium-pressureltemperature systems may requlre a pump of ring-section construction, where the individual stages are made up of impellers and segmental rings (or casing sections, which include collectors to lead the flow from one stage to another), held together with tie rods, End heads contain the pump suction and discharge nozzles (see Figure 1.21 in ANSVHI 1.1-1.2). + Medium-pressure‘temperature systems may require axially split or ring-section pumps. Axially split pumps, unlike the ring-section pumps described above, may be of either back-to-back or insine impeller construction and use cast casings, the lower hatf of which contains the pump suction and discharge nozzles. These pumps can be of either difuser or volute construction. A back-to-back impeller pump design with volute construction is shown in Figure 1.20 in ANSVHI 1.1-1.2, + Higher pressure/temperature systems require the 'us@ of pumps with confined, controlled-compression gasketed joints. This can be accomplished by selecting pumps of either barrel or ring-section design to ensure containment of the high-pressure/ high-temperature boiler water, and to resist the ‘considerable nozzle loads that can be imposed on. the pump as a result of temperature changes. Barrel-type pumps (see Figure 1.22 in ANSVHI 1.1-1.2) are often chosen for ease of maintenance and the double case construction feature. ‘The user must determine the pump type that is appropriate for the system, Such decisions as pump construction (axially split, radially split casing, ring-section ‘or barrel casing), rotor construction (back-to-back rotor arrangement of in-line rotor arrangement, with balance drum or balance disk), bearing type and pump support system requirements are usually made in conjunction with the pump manufacturer and teke into account the manufacturer's specific installation and service experience. A key factor in pump selection for demanding boiler {feed service is rotor hydraulic axial balance. Two types of rotor construction need to be considered: in-line impellers and opposed impellers. With in-line impellers, the hydraulic axial thrust of the impellers is usually countered by a balancing device: either a balance disk or a balance drum, or sometimes a combination of both, ‘The advantages of a balance disk design may include reduced leakage (better volumetric efficiency) and the ability of the disk to compensate for wear and the amount of thrust that requires balancing. The disk is referred to as a "self-compensating” balancing device, and may be utilized to exclude an axial thrust bearing in certain designs, thus reducing initial cost and simpli- fying rotor construction and assembly. The balance drum does not compensate for changes in thrust imposed on it, and it typically exhibits more leakage loss than a balance disk. The advantage of the balance drum over the balance disk is in the open- ness of its running clearance. For pumps in systems where severe upsets may occur, or where foreign material is continuously present, balance drums (with their larger running clearances) may prove less sensi- tive (less susceptible to damage) than balance disks. Bearing types vary from simple rolling element bearings (either ball or roller) to more sophisticated hydrodynamic versions which require support lubrication systems. Ball and roller bearings are usually selected for pumps with power requirements less than 1500 horsepower up to 3600 rpm. Pumps operating. at higher speeds or higher horsepower are usually ‘equipped with hydrodynamic radial and thrust bear- Ings with force-eed lubrication support systems.1.3.3.7.4 Boiler feed booster pumps Boller feed booster pumps are used to provide pressure to the feed pumps to meet their NPSH requirements and avoid cavitation. As the size and speed of boiler feed pumps has increased, the NPSH requirements have increased as well. It is not practical to install the direct-contact heaters from which feed pumps take their suction at sufficient elevation to pro~ Vide adequate NPSHA without “boosting” the suction pressure to the feed pumps. The suction pressure is increased by uizing low speed booster pumps ahead of the feed pumps. Boller food booster pumps are generally of the single stage, double suction design (refer to ANSVHI 1.1-1.2 Figures 1.18 for axially split case and 1.19 for radially split case versions of this design configuration) and operate at lower speeds than the feed pumps, typically at four-pole motor speeds. The NPSH required by the booster pumps is much tower than that required by the feed pump it supplies. It is not unusual for the NPSH requirements of large, high speed boiler eed pumps to bbe In excess of 60 m (200 ft), Such requirement is much more than could be economically provided by elevation differences from feedwater heater placement to the feedwater pump. 1.3.3.7.8 Condensate pumps Condensate pumps take suction from a condenser hotwell and discharge either to a deaerating heater in ‘an open feadwater system (see Figure 1.50) or directly to the suction of a boiler feed pump in a closed system (see Figure 1.49). Condensate pumps operate at very ow absolute suction pressures. Because itis desirable to locate the condenser hotwell as low as possible to minimize the elevation of the power plant, the NPSH available is usually extremely low. This may require the se of a deep pit for the condensate pump. The NPSHA, with absolute pressures in the condenser near zero, is only the submergence (or elevation) between the water level in the condenser hotwell and the centerline of the pump impeller (first stage impeller for multistage pumps). This value could be as low as 0.6 fo 1.2m (2 to4 ft), which means that fiction losses between the condenser hotwell and the pump suction ‘must be kept to an absolute minimum to avoid reduc~ ing NPSHA further. To minimize friction losses, calou- fated velocities in the suction piping and within the suction can of vertical pumps should be no more than 1.2 mis (4 105). Condensate pumps can be either horizontal or verti cal, single or multistage, depending on the system Serer erence HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 head requirements. Because of the low NPSHA, hor zontal pumps operate at relatively low speeds, from +1800 rpm for low flow requirements to 300 rpm or even Jess for higher flow requirements. Vertical can-type pumps (see Figure 2.6, ANSVHI 2.1-2.2), which can be installed below ground and attain higher values of ‘submergence of the impeller (higher NPSHA), can operate at higher speeds. Vertical can-type pumps are available with single and double suction first stage impellers and typically operate to 9600 rpm for low flow applications and 1200 rpm for higher flow require ments. Condensate pumps are designed or arranged such that they have discharge pressure (or at least a positive pressure above atmosphere) on the seal chamber (or stuffing box) to prevent air from entering the pump. If desired, pressure can be reduced through a throttle bushing at the bottom of the stuffing box and. through an orifice back to suction. To prevent al leakage into an idle pump, the seal cages of multipe pumps can be piped together and connected to a common pump discharge header. itis standard practice to vent the suction chamber back to the condenser above the water level to minimize vapor entrainment. 4.3.3.7.6 Condenser circulating pumps Condenser circulating pumps take cool water from a river, lake, stream or a cooling tower basin and circulate it through the condenser to condense exhaust steam from the main turbines. The pumps work against low to moderate heads (typically from 25 to 45 m [80 to 150 ft) and are installed to operate in parallel, These pumps can be added to or removed from service as heat load and demand for cooling water varies (a function of ambient temperature and plant toad), Circulating pumps may be of either horizontal or verti cal construction. The horizontal circulating pumps are low speed, axially split, single stage, double suction volute designs (see ANSVHI 1.1-1.2 Figure 1.18). They are located in a dry pit which allows full access. for servicing, dismantling and inspection. The vertical circulating pumps are of wet pit design (see ANSW/HI 2.1-22 Figures 2.8 and 2.9), which means they are fully submerged In the water pumped. They employ a long pipe column which supports the submerged pumping element and the vertical driver is mounted on. the top. Some vertical wet-pit designs allow removal of the pumping element without dismantling the pump casing or piping; these are referred to as “pull-out” designs. An alternative to the wet pit design is a dry pit, where the vertical pump operates surrounded by air, Single stago double suction pumps (as shown in ANSV/HI 1.1-1.2 Figure 1.18) are sometimes mountedHi Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 vertically in a dry pit as well. Actual pump type seleo- tion is determined by plant layout and the experience of the plant designers and operators. 1.33.7.7 Boiler circulating pumps Boiler circulating pumps circulate water within the boiler to enhance boiler operation, They take suction from a header connected to several downcomers from the bottom of the boller drum and discharge through additional tube circuits. This means the water pumped is at boiler temperature and pressure. The pumps must develop only enough head to overcome the friction of the tube circuits, Boller circulating pumps are designed for high temperature (usually between 150 and 315°C [300 and 600°], depending on boiler size and rating), and high pressure (corresponding to boiler temperature and water vapor pressure). This combina tion of high temperature and pressure results in sealing conditions that require special sealing devices. For small boilers, with relatively low temperatures and pressures, conventional overhung pump designs (see Figure 1.14) may be suitable for boller circulating service. Because of the relatively low head requirements, the pumps are single stage with single suction impellers and a single seal chamber. This creates a problem of unbalanced axial thrust which may require special purip bearing systems or balancing arrangements. A solution is to utilize pumps of wet motor construction, where the pump and the motor are inside the pressure vessel, eliminating sealing and unbalanced axial thrust Issues, These special pumps are welded into the boiler piping. For higher temperatures to 365°C. (685°F) and pressures from 12,400 to 19,900 kPa (1800 to 2800 psi), special pump designs are required. 1.3.3.7.8 Heater drain pumps Condensate from closed heaters (see Figure 1.49) Is cascaded from the heater drain to the steam space of a lower pressure heater where itis flashed to steam, ‘After the lowest pressure heater, the condensate in the heater drain is pumped back into the feedwater cycle. Because the pump takes suction from the heater hotwell where the pressure is low, this service is referred to as “low-pressure” heater drain service. in an open feedwater cycle, the drains from heaters located beyond the deaerator are cascaded back to the deaorator. The deaerator is located above the closed heaters and “high-pressure” heater drain pumps are used to transfer these drains to the deaerator and overcome static head and system frictional losses. 10 High-pressure heater drain pumps are subjected to more severe operating conditions than even the boiler feed pumps. Their suction pressure and temperature are generally higher, and the available NPSH is generally limited. They experience more severe transients than the feedwater pumps, primarily because of the extremely limited NPSHA. Heater drain pumps are low speed, heavy duty designs. They may be either single cor multistage, depending on pressure and flow requirements of the particular system. Single stage end suction pumps of the heavy duty process type (see ANSV/HI 1.4-1.2 Figure 1.14) are popular for both low and high pressure services. Where NPSHA is very low, or head requirements exceed that of a single stage pump, ver. tical can pumps (see Figure 2.6, ANSW/HI 2.1-2.2) are sometimes utlized. Heater drain pumps are vented to an appropriate heater steam space to release any entrained vapors NOTE: Pump types other than those discussed may be suitable for the various applications highlighted. 1.3.3.8. Fire pumps Pumps currently used today for fre protection in build- ings are of the centrifugal variety and provide water to a sprinkler and/or standpipe system. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) issues a document tied “Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps," which provides a national guideline for the selection and installation of centrifugal pumps for fire protection. A “Technical Committee on Fire Pumps,” consisting of a broad range of interested parties involved with fire protection, reviews and updates this document (referred to as pamplet NFPA-20) on a three-year cycle. NFPA published Its first standard for automatic sprin- Klers in 1896, and through the workings of the “Techni cal Committee on Fire Pumps,” each edition of NFPA-20 has incorporated appropriate provisions to cover new developments and has omitted obsolete provisions. NFPA-20 1986 has been approved by ANSI and is used not only as a national standard but is, accepted internationally as well. Information provided within the NFPA-20 standard regarding the installation requirements for centrifugal fire pumps is based upon sound engineering princi ples, test data, and field experience. The standard includes single stage and multistage pumps of hori zontal or vertical shaft design with guidelines being established for the design and installation of these pumps, pump drivers and associated equipment.semen Fire pumps have rated flow rates ranging in discreet flow ineroments from 6 m%h (25 gpm) through 1135 mn (6000 gpm), with net pressures starting from 275kPa (40 psi) and currently progressing through 4410 kPa (640 psi). In order for a centrifugal pump to be used as a fire pump it must meet stringent mechanical and hydraulic requirements witnessed and certified by Underwriters Laboratory (UL) and Factory ‘Mutual (FM), two independent testing agencies. These testing agencies have established (with Input from industry experts) certain engineering requirements that a pump must be capable of meeting before it can be listed or approved as satisfactory for fire service. ‘The “Authority Having Jurisdiction” (AH4) is the organization, office, of individual responsible for approving equipment such as a fire pump when used for the protection of life and property. Double suction axial split case pumps, close-coupled vertical in-line pumps, and horizontal end suction pumps can be used for all fire pump ratings 57 mh {250 gpm) and higher. If an installation has a static suction lit, then a vertical turbine type pump must be Utlized, The primary drivers for fire pumps are electric motors or diesel engines and almost all are started automatically. 4.3.3.9 Pumps used as hydraulic turbines Centrifugal pumps of all sizes, types and specific speeds may be operated in reverse rotation as hydraulic turbines, While running in the turbine mode, the performance characteristics of a PAT (pump as turbine) difforsignif- cantly from pump operation. See Figure 1.51. The ‘applied head is usually constant, so the other parame- ters are shown as they vary with speed. The discharge nozzle of the pump becomes the inlet of the turbine, the suction nozzle of the pump becomes the outlet of the turbine, and the impeller of the pump, rotating in reverse direction, becomes the runner of the turbine. ‘The Impeller orientation to the casing is the same for both pump and turbine. Reverse running pumps are an excellent alternative to conventional turbine designs. A common application is hydraulic power recovery turbines (HPRT). The potential for power recovery from high-pressure liquid streams exists any time a liquid flows from a higher pressure to a lower pressure in such a manner that throttling occurs. Fleverse running pumps are used instead of throttling valves to recover the power in the high-pressure liquid. HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 ‘The installation costs for PATS are about the same as for an equivalent pump, and reliability and malntain- ability are also comparable. Because the efficiency of fa pump operating as a turbine is comparable to the pump efficiency, the use of reverse running pumps as primary or secondary drivers becomes quite practical. Pumps operating as turbines are classified by thotr turbine specific speed (NST), which is a quantity that governs the selection of the type of runner best suited for a given operating condition, NST = nx ars Where: NST = Turbine specific speed n= Revolutions per minute P; = Developed power in KW (hp) at best effi ciency point (BEP) H, = Net head in meters (feet) per stage across: the turbine ‘The values of NST will be slightly different between a pump operating as a pump and the same pump operating as a turbine. The rate of flow and total head at BEP will be greater for the turbine operation than for a pump operation. The amount of shift from pump por- formance depends on the specific speed and other design factors. 20 100] ‘TOTAL HEAD CONSTANT i ato of Flow Efficiency & 8 se Max Powe o 100% Speed ~% Full Speed RPM Figure 1.51 — Turbine characteristics "1 SS EETHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 For preliminary selection, a rough approximation procedure can be used to estimate the turbine perfor- ‘mance from known pump performance. a9 oT Hp a Where: Q = Rate of low as turbine Qp = Rate of flow as pump Hp = Total head as pump Hy = Total head as turbine 1 = Efficiency Most centrifugal pumps are suitable and capable of operating as turbines, Because of the reverse rotation, be sure that the bearing lubrication system will operate in reverse, and threaded shaft components, such as impeller locking devices, cannot loosen. The power output is the rotational energy developed by the reverse running pump. Its value is calculated in a similar manner as for a pump except for the placement of the efficiency term. Ox Hxsxny Metric P, em GEE REE Usunts po OxHXexn units P= —3960 > 4 Power output from turbine - KW (hp) Q = Rate of flow - m3/hr (gpm) H = Totalhead in meters (feet) 8 = Specific gravity ‘nt = Efficiency of the turbine 12 ‘Special care should be taken in PAT applications to censure that the mechanical design of the unit wil allow safe operation. Frequently these applications subject the PAT to increased mechanical stresses, torque, and speed levels beyond original pump design values. Additionally, the turbine characteristics are such that both hydraulic forces and torsional stresses increase with increasing rate of flow. All pumps applied as turbines should be subject to a careful calculation of combined stresses in shatts. Pumps operated in reverse as turbines tend to have relatively narrow operating bands compared to variable nozzle turbines. At constant speed, the power developed and efficiency drop to zero at approximately 40 percent of the hydraulic turbine best efficiency rate of flow. See Figure 1.52. Energy must be added to the hydraulic turbine in order for it o rotate at the constant speed below this rate of flow. Changing the impeller diameter has lite eftect on adjusting the performance of a hydraulic recovery turbine. These facts, coupled with the difficulty in predicting hydraulic turbine performance from pump performance, results in some tncertainty when applying @ pump to a power recovery turbine application unless actual test data is available on the specific pump running in reverse as a turbine, Precautions should also be taken to ensure that the PAT will operate without cavitation. The turbine industry typically uses the terminology TREH (total required exhaust head) and TAEH (total avallable exhaust head) in place of NPSH. Total exhaust head is defined SPEED CONSTANT | Rate of ow Figure 1.52 — Turbine performanceas the total fluid energy at the impelier eye less the vapor pressure of the fluid. Some of the other factors which affect the use of pumps as turbines are: + Runaway speed * Rate of flow at runaway speed © Required solids passage * Fluid-bomne abrasives © Torque reversals during startup or shut-down, Overspeed trip and control 1.3.3.10 General purpose service 1.3.3.10.1 Self-priming pump applications Self-priming pumps are designed to have the following abilities: to prime themselves automatically atter being initialy filed, when operating under a suction lif; to free themselves of entrained gas without losing their prime and to continue normal pumping without atten- tion. Pumps in this class usually have single inlet impellers. Sel-priming centrifugal pumps have these additional features when compared to a centrifugal pump: * A reservoir, either integral with or external to the volute and impeller, to retain priming liquid. This reservoir is filled during the initial prime of the pump. The suction line itself is not fied. When the pump completes a pumping oycle and shuts down, the reservoir retains liquid for the next priming cycle. © A means of recirculating liquid. The majority of modern self-priming pumps have integral reser- vvoirs with internal recirculation, the most common being the recirculation from the pressure side of the volute back to the periphery of the rotating impeller. A less common method of recirculation directs the priming liquld back into the suction side of the pump. + An integral suction check valve to prevent the loss of liquid in the suction leg is common in many designs. Some designs allow for check valve fail- Ure due to debris-laden water and will reprime with residual amounts of priming liquid. HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 Self-priming can also be accomplished in- diffuser design centrigugal pumps used primarily for olear liq- lds. Closed impellers with suction side wearing rings can also be used. Self-priming centrifugal pumps are commonly placed up to about 8 meters (25 feet) above the liquid level of the source, All suction connections must be air-tight. During initial start-up, the impeller rotation causes the liquid in the impeller and suction side of the pump reservoir to be forced to the discharge cavity via centrifugal force. Differential pressures cause the priming recirculation to start. The priming action reduces pres- ‘sure in the impeller eye and allows atmospheric pres- ‘sure on the liquid source to fil the suction line. During priming, air in the discharge chamber sepa- rates up and out from the mixture while the heavier water continues to recirculate. It is important that the air in the discharge chamber have a means to escape either through the discharge pipe or an air release valve. This process continues to draw alr from the sub- ‘merged suction line until itis full of iquid and the pump goes to normal pumping. The different designs of self priming pumps have limited and varied capabilities of priming against discharge heads. When a discharge check valve is used, or the discharge design can form a pressure trap, air release lines or valves may be necessary to get rid of air from the suction side, Solf-priming centrifugal pumps are frequently used for unattended service in industrial, construction dewatering, waste water and agricultural applications where manual priming is not practical during operation. Most pumps are designed to accept the major modern drive sources through direct drive, flexible coupling or belt drives. The materials of construction are usually cast iron, steel, stainless steel or bronze, depending con the application. Many manufacturers of setf-priming pumps build units to conform to the specifications established by the Contractors Pump Bureau, an arm of the Construction Industry Manufactures Association (CIMA). See Fig- ure 1.53. In these cases, the pumps may carry a CPB rating decal and are bult to conform to CPB specifica tions. Other manufacturers build pumps that are closer in concept to the Chemical Industry requirements and appear as shown in Figure 1.54. 13HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 1 10.2 Hydraulic pressure pump These pumps are used for supplying water under pressure for scale removal from steel products and for ‘operation of presses, leveling tables, hydraulic press sorvice, elevators, ete. ‘The suction supply should be adequate to prevent parting of the liquid column during sudden demands for high rate of fiow. If this situation occurs, an accu- mulator may be required. ‘The demand is frequently intermittent and the control valves are usually rapid in action. The sudden demand or cessation of demand causes accelerations and decelerations of water in the piping, resulting in pressure waves of great intensity. These waves are fami jarly called “shock” or “water hammer.” The waves inate at the point of valving and travel back through the line toward the pump. To protect the pump against damage from shock, an air-ballasted alleviator is recommended. The alleviator should have a free liquid surface against which the shock waves cannot by-pass the alleviator. Alleviators mounted on side outlets of tees are of little value. 1.3.3.10.3 Sanitary pump Pumps designed to handle foodstuffs and beverages are commonly called sanitary pumps. The materials of construction for parts in contact with the liquid pumped, including the stuffing box or shaft seal, are selected to prevent bacterial, chemical, color, or taste contamination. Materials such as stainless steel, monel, porcelain, glass, etc., are frequently used. San- itary pumps are constructed to permit ready access for cleaning, flushing, and draining. If the liquid to be pumped contains solids, the maximum size solid must be specified ‘The user is cautioned that many states prescribe regulations regarding sanitary pumps. Adherence to such regulations is mandatory. The responsibilty for determining theso requirements rests with the user. 1 11 Wastewater service (solids and non-clog) Pumps designed to assure maximum freedom from clogging when handling liquids containing solids or stringy materials are commonly called non-clog pumps. They are also designated as sewage or trash pumps. — a | Figure 1.53 — Solf-priming pump — construction industry 14Non-clog pumps are recommended for handling raw or unsettled sewage, activated sludge, Industrial waste waters containing solids, and similar liquids where excessive clogging would otherwise be encountered. The largest solid sizes that the pump will be required to handle in normal operation must be specified. The term “sphere size” denotes the largest diameter ball which can be passed through the pump. Comminution and/or adequate bar screens must be provided to pre~ vent large solids from entering the pump. When used, bar screen openings should be sized to prevent clogging from irregular-shaped solids. Storm water and/or domestic sewage may be handled successfully by mixed flow and axial low pumps, using For domestic sewage service, pumps built to the indi vidual manufacturer's material specifications are ord narily used, Corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant shaft sleeves and wearing rings are desirable for max en ere HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 mum life. Inspection openings in the casing or adja- cont piping, for access to the impeller, are recommended. Stutfing-boxes may be furnished with mechanical seals or packing, either water or grease lubricated. When water 's used for the stutfing-box or wearing ring lubricant or flush, the supply line must be isolated from any potable water system. IFthe pumpage is corrosive and/or abrasive, the mato- rials of construction for parts in contact with the liquid should be selected for resistance to the effects of the pumpage, 18.3.12 Pulp and paper applications, 133.12.1 Paper Stock Consisting of a mixture of water and wood fibers in suspension, paper stock is created by a number of cit- ferent methods, and from a number of different wood, varieties. The pumpability of paper stock depends Figure 1.54 — Self-priming pump — chemical industry 18 ee eaHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 mainly on the characteristics of the raw material and the consistency of the stock. Paper stocks are generally separated into three distinct consistency categories, namely low, medium and high. Low-consistency stock usually refers to a class of products with 17% fiber content by weight. These paper stocks are normally handled by end-suction centrifugal pumps equipped with semi-open impellers and contoured wearplates. Medium-consistency stocks are made of 815% paper fiber. The rheological properties of fiber-water suspen- sions in this range are dependent on the properties of the individual fibers and the viscoelastic network that they form. Special designs of centrifugal pumps are required to handle this type of paper stock. For exam~ ple, some form of “shear generator” is needed at the inlet to create turbulence, and reduce the effective fli viscosity. Special impeller design and alr-extraction devices are also required to prevent airbinding. ‘An end-suction centrifugal pumping unit must be spe- cifically designed to handle medium-consistency stock mixtures without clogging the device, or dewatering the stock. A large suction-eye and unobstructed water- ways can be provided by an overhung, semi-open impoller design. This keeps the suction velocity low to promote smooth flow, avoid air binding and prevent separation of stock fibers from water. The contoured front surfaces of the impeller vanes interface with the replaceable wear plate, This arrangement provides a self-cleaning effect whereby the impeller resists clogging to improve its reliability. High-consistency paper stocks contain more than 15% paper fiber, and are found in the bleaching operation. Centrifugal pumps cannot handle such high consistencies, and therefore, positive-displacement rotary units are ‘used. Proper suction-piping design has to be included to help this high solids mixture to enter the suction cavities of the rotary pump. Normally two-screw or clove-rotor types of rotary pumps are used for handling high-consistency paper stock. Once the stock has been introduced into the suction area, the positive displacement principle is employed to force the product through the pump, and ‘out the discharge opening. ‘Special rotor designs and clearances are often used to obtain the most-efficient pumping action. When extrane- fous material and air are entrained in high-consistency 16 ge ne paper stocks, there can be serious difficulty in handling these liquids. A thick-wall casing design is used to allow for ample corrosion, and withstand reasonable piping loads commonly encountered in handling hot stocks. Large shaft diameters and heavy-duty bearings, mounted in a rigid, one-piece bearing frame, improve the units reli ability in dificult services. The impelier-shaft assembly can be moved via an adjustment feature located on the thrust-bearing housing to maintain close clearances between the impeller and the wear plate, thus ensuring maximum operating efficiency. Some designs provide adjustability in the wear plate for the same purpose. ‘To resist corrosion from the process chemicals, iffer- ent areas of the paper-making process requir differ- tent materials of construction for the equipment. Cast iron, Types 316, 317 and 317L stainless steels, and ‘Alloy 20 are commonly used in units handling paper stocks. These materials can also be used in various combinations to provide the corrosion resistance as well as mechanical strength. 1.3.3.12.2 Hydraulic performance correction ‘The many different paper stocks available and their varied characteristics make it difficult to predict the effect of a given type of paper stock on pump perfor- manes. Still, many tests have been conducted on different pumps and paper stocks to establish performance correction criteria, to relate water pertor- mance of a pump to predicted performance on various types and consistencies of paper stock. However, for accurate prediction this data is limited to the type of paper stock and type of pump from which the data was obtained. ‘Testing continues to this day to derive more-acourate correction data. For many applications of mid-sized to large-sized pumps, no performance correction is required for up to 6% stock consistency. Modern data Indicates that in some cases, pumps smaller than those previously chosen can be used for paper stocks. Clearly, this data also suggests an improvement in ciency of modem units. Refer to the pump manulac- turer when precise performance correction data is required. ‘While corrections for consistency for up to 6% are not critical, the user must still make sure that air entrainment is taken Into consideration. Also, optimum suc~ tion-conditions and adequate net positive suction head (NPSH) must be available to ensure that the desired a rnee on mmo ne Performance will be achieved on the given paper stock. The essential requirement is to get the stock to the impeller. To do so, every effort should be made to keep the suction piping as large and straight as possible. 1.33.13 Slurry service Centrifugal slurry pumps may be used for inplant, process and pipeline applications where heads aré not hhigh enough to warrant the use of reciprocating or rotary units. The other factors which affect the selection of centritugal slurry pumps are: — Rate of flow; — Pressure; — Abrasiveness (le, particle size, density, concentration, shape, hardness); — Pump Performance (L¢., particle size, density, concentration, carrier, viscosity). Pumps are commonly applied for rates of flow from 2 to 4500 m%/n (10 to 20,000 gpm) with heads up to 90 meters (300 feet) per stage. Pumps may be installed in series for higher head and severely abrasive applications. There are many different slurry pump designs avail able to accommodate various industrial applications, Those applications include the pumping of solids encountered in mineral ore treatment, dredging, sewage handling, land reclamation, paper manufacture, solids transportation and chemical processing. 1.3.3.13.1 Performance changes pumping slurry The characteristic performance curve of a centrifugal Pump differs from its clear water performance when ‘solids are included and the flow becomes two phase, lee, the head and efficiency will decrease. The magnitude of the reduction and the shape of the characteristic curve will depend mainly on solids size, volumetric concentration and density. The pump horsepower will increase directly with the slury specific gravity. A omograph relationship between concentration and specific gravity for aqueous slurries is shown on Figure 1.85. HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000, ‘The pump manufacturer will make allowances in the Pump selection for head and efficlency reduction, provided the slurry characteristics are defined, 1.3.3.13.2 Non-settling slurries Slurtiss with a narrow band distribution of small parti- les where the average size is usually less than 100 microns will be “non-setting” and behave as a Newto- nian liquid. Standard viscosity correction procedures can be used, provided the apparent viscosity of the slury is known, See Figure 1.56 for typical perfor. mance characteristics. Cv = % solids by volume. Non-settling slurries which have higher apparent viscosities such as pastes, filter cakes, ete., should be Pumped at lower velocities to minimize friction losses inthe system, 1.3.3.13.3 Settling slurries Slurties with @ distribution of larger particles exhibit “settling” and the particles and the liquid exhibit their ‘own characteristics, since energy is dissipated due to liquid drag. See Figure 1.87 for typical performance characteristics. The critical factor governing a system handling a watery slurry in which the solids have a much higher specific gravity than the carrier liquid is the settling rate and characteristic. Coarse solids with a high settling rate are carried in a centrifugal pump with many pre= cautions to prevent plugging, draining and squeeze out. {mn applying centrifugal slurry pumps to handle setting sluries, one must be certain that the head requirements of the system above the critical carrying velocity would be met by the pump. If the head produced is insufficient, the rate of flow is reduced and the solids will sete in the line. Since the head versus rate-of- flow curve of most slurry pumps has litle slope, such an increase can make a large reduction in the volume Pumped, further reducing the flow velocity and leading to plugging in the system pipe. This situation can usu ally be avolded by using conservative values for the slurry critical carrying velocity, 1.3.3.13.4 Materials of construction for slurry pumps. Pumps designed to resist abrasion are normally made of hard metals (abrasion-resistant cast irons and steels), elastomers or ceramics, As a general guideline, hard ‘metals are often used in applications characterized by 7Hi Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 large, sharp-edged solids, and elastomers for smaller _b)._Utilize pumping elements which combine soft and round-edged solids. Either high-chrome irons or elas hard materials in such a fashion as to reduce tomers are used for their corrosion resistance. In spe- abrasion and provide resiliency; cial applications with low head requirements, solid ceramic-lined pumps are used for pumpages contain- _¢) ‘Increase material thicknesses in areas of high Ing fine material. wear; ‘Some pump design techniques to minimize wear are: d)-_Utilize hydraulic designs with specific speeds of 1400 or less. a) Utiize pumping elements which are harder than the hardest slurry particles; 108 +4 © 12 n. es 14 #0 « ; 18 % AT 18 ». 10 10 2 21 gm : Hay ee Sethe Sin ee Figure 1.55 — Nomograph of the relationship of concentration to specific gravity in aqueous slurries 184.3.3.13.5 Rotational speed of slurry pumps. ‘Speed is one of several contributors to wear rate. With abrasive solids, wear rate is generally proportional to relative velocity between the slurry and the pump elements to the power of two or three. Tota Hea 5 i ove 19% i Water ; a ele ove t8% exert 8 \ i 0% . os 2 | inp awe a Fae of flow Figure 1.56 — Typical performance characteristics —non-settling slurries “otal 4 Head : 4 i zg £ Witor a y= 15% od F (E-—S ater AS i son oon om Poeer waar Input Power L________——s aloof flow Figure 1.57 — Typical performance characteristics — settling slurries HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 Impeller tip speed as distinct from rotational speed is often used as a guide for wear in the selection of slurry pumps: — for dirty water-type applications, limited to 40 m/s (130 ft/sec); — for medium slurries up to 25% solids concentration. by weight and mean solids size of 200 microns, limited to 35 mis (115 ft/sec); — for slurries with higher concentrations of solids and much larger solids size, restricted to 30 m/s, (100 fsec); — pumps fitted with elastomeric impellers are commonly limited to 26 mis (85 ft/sec). 1.33.14 Liquids vapor or gas ‘Two phase flow pumping applications include situa- tions where undissolved vapors or gases are being carried by the pumpage. One example is biological- fluid processing, such as the fermentation process used in yeast production. In this application, the pro- ccess liquid is circulated from the bottom to the top of fan aerator that injects large amounts of air into the process liquld. The fluid entering the pump may contain as much as 50% air by volume. iil production from wells often requires the pumping of crude oil that contains large amounts of natural gas mixed with the oil. In many cases, the inlet pressures {for the pump range from 10,000 to 20,000 kPa (1500 to 3000 psi). Other applications are those where the inlet pressure is below atmospheric pressure. As a consequence, air can leak into the system, resulting in gas-liquid mixtures that must be handled by the pump. Even small amounts of air can cause problems because the air ‘expands substantially under low pressure to increase its volume, particularly at the inlet of the pump impeller. 1.3.3.14.1 Effect of gas on performance “The most dramatic effect of gas or vapor on centrifugal pump performance is the complete blocking of the impeller inlet as the pump becomes “airbound.” When this happens, the impeller acts as a centrifuge, and tends to separate the heavier liquid from the gas that builds up at the impeller inlet. At low rates of flow, the liquid flow cannot even carry the air through the impeller, and the gas bubble grows until it completely fillsHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 the impeller eye (suction side). The result is complete cessation of liquid flow. Even when small amounts of gas are carried through the Impeller, the liquid rate of flow and pump discharge pressure are reduced (Figure 1.58). This reduction is the result of the blockage of the flow by the gas, and a reduction in developed pressure due to the reduced speeific gravity of the pumped mixture. When the specific gravity of liquid alone is used to convert pressure to head, a lower head measurement is indicated. It can be seen from Figure 1.58 that even with small percentages of air, the unit stops pumping liquid due to accumulated air in the impeller when operating near the ‘shut-off condition of the pump. High velocities at higher rates of flow can carry with It higher percentages of gas. ‘Therefore, when gas entrainment is a potential problem, pumps should be operated at or beyond the BEP rate of flow specified by the manufacturer. Inducers or inlet boosters (Figure 1.59) are devices designed to benefit the functioning of the impeller in that they increase the fluld pressure before the mixture enters the pump. This increase in pressure reduces the volume of the ait, thereby reducing its negative effect on the impeller performance. Since inducers generate low levels of pressure, they will have litte benefit on high suction pressure applications. Laboratory tests have shown that pumps with higher specific speed (above 3500 [3,000)) are affected loss by the presence of gas than those with low specific ‘speed (below 1150 [1,000)). In some cases, it may be helpful to use a high specific speed booster pump in series with a low specific speed pumping unit in order to minimize the effect of the gas. 32 4 5 Porcent gas by volume" ® “otal Hoad so Liquid Fate of Flow ure 1.58 — Effect of gas on pump performance Open impellers may handle gas better than closed impellers, particularly with large clearances between the impeller and the casing. The large clearance gen- erates turbulence which helps prevent the accumulation of large gas pockets. Another helpful action is to provide a gas vent at the pump inlet. The suction pipe should be sized about twice as large as the flange at the pump inlet in order to keep inlet velocities low, A vent connection should be located at the top of the pipe, close to the pump so that gas can escape back to the source. Hf the pump takes suction from a closed tank, it may be possible to pressurize the inlet, thereby reducing the volume of entrained gas, or turn some vapors back to liquid. Where vapor is the primary problem, subcooling of the inlet pipe may be helpful. This will also tend to turn vapor back to liquid, and thus reduce the volume of free vapor that must be handled by the pump. 1.3.3.14.2 Special designs for vapor or gas Venting the eye of the impeller through the back shroud and eventually back to the atmosphere or liquid source, reduces the tendency of the impeller to be clogged by gas (Figure 1.60). This allows the impeller to accept liquid with a higher percentage of gas. How- ever, this higher gas volume does not actually go through the impeller blades. A top suction impeller (Figure 1.61) is also effective in venting excess gas. Figure 1.59 — Induceri rr So Selt-priming pumps (Figure 1.53) can handle higher amounts of gas without becoming completely clogged (@irbound), especially at low rate of flow, These units will not become alrsound because they will revert to the priming mode if necessary and evacuate the air on the suction side. However, they will suffer reductions in rate of flow and head similar to conventional centritugal pumps when operating at higher rates of flow with entrained gas. Rotary pumps, especially the screw-type units, can also handle large amounts of gas because they use positive displacement and are not subject to the problems caused by the complex fluid dynamics associated with the centrifugal pumping action. The single ‘screw pump is particularly suitable in that it can handle low viscosity liquids. Many other rotary units, such as, {gear and vane pumps, depend on the viscosity of the liquid being pumped to lubricate the moving parts. Vent 40 fonk HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 1.3.4. Performance, selection criteria 1.3.4.1. System requirements ‘A pumping system comprises the piping, the valves, the vessels, the flow measuring equipment, and any ther conduits through which the liquid is flowing For @ successful pump application, the pump, the system components and the system must be properly matched to each other. ‘The requirements for and the characteristics of the system must be determined before the pump can be selected. Modifications to the system may be needed for compatibility of all components. Some important features of the system are given in the following paragraphs. 1.3.4.1.1 Pumps versus system curve ‘A typical simple system and pump curve is shown in Figure 1.62. It wil be noted the pump always operates at the intersection point of its head versus rate of flow curve with the system curve. ‘With more complex systems, the static head varies as the suction and discharge liquid levels, or pressure, change. Friction head is affected by changes in the Piping, valve opening or pipe condition. Similarly, the pump characteristics change if the pumps are operated at variable speed, or several pumps are operated simultaneously (see Section 1.8.4.2.1) All these changes generate new intersection points of the pump and system curves. A complete plot of these curves is a very useful tool for the system designer to determine the complete pump operating range. System Frion Fuad ‘stem stashed Rate of flow Figure 1.62 — Pump versus system 21 eeHI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 1.3.4.1.2 System pressure limitation The system must be capable of withstanding the pressures at the operating conditions, as well as at any ‘other conditions, which may be reasonably expected Hf the system is equipped with a discharge shut-off valve, the piping should be designed for pump shut-off pressure or protected with a pressure relief valve of adequate capacity. The possibilty of pressure surges in the system must also be considered, as itis discussed in more detal in Section 1.3.4.1.4 below. 1.3.4.1.3, Reverse runaway speed Refer to Section 1.4.4.4.4 in HI 1.4-2000. 1.3.4.1.4 Water (hydraulic) hammer Water hammer is an increase in pressure due to rapid changes in the velocity of a liquid flowing through a pipe line. This dynamic pressure change is the result of the transformation of the Kinetic energy of the moving mass of liquid into pressure energy. When the velocity is changed by closing a valve or by some other means, the magnitude of the pressure produced is frequently much greater than the static pressure on the line, and may cause rupture or damage to the pump, piping or fittings. This applies both to horizontal and vertical pump installations. Starting at the closed valve, a wave of increased pressure is transmitted back through the pipe with constant velocity and intensity. When the pressure wave has travelled upstream to the end of the pipe where there is a teservoir or large main, the elasticity of the com- pressed liquid and of normal pressure travels down- stream, the flow being progressively reversed as the liquid expands. Ifthe liquid were incompressible and the pipe inelastic, the instantaneous closure of the valve would create infinite pressure. Since it is impossible to close a valve instantaneously, itis apparent that a series of pressure waves is created, thus causing an increased pressure at the valve. If the valve is completely closed before the first pressure wave has time to return to the valve as a wave of low pressure, the pressure increases continuously up to the time of complete closure, and the resulting pressure is the same as if the valve had been closed instantaneously. The velocity of the pressure wave depends upon the ratio of the wall thickness to the inside pipe diameter, on the modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, and on the modulus of elasticity of the liquid, ‘The head due to water hammer in excess of normal static head is a function of the destroyed velocity, the time of closure and the velocity of pressure wave along the pipe. The value of water hammer can be calcu lated with a fair degree of accuracy by an engineer thoroughly experienced in this work, providing all of the factors influencing water hammer are known. Water hammer may be controlled by regulating valve closure time, relief valves, surge chambers and other means, It is recommended that specialized engineering services be engaged for such calculations, since few pump users or pump manufacturers have the know ‘edge and experience necessary for this work. 1.3.4.1.5 Startup and shut-down During start-up, the pump torque and the driver torque vary as the pump is accelerating. The driver must be capable of supplying more torque at each speed than required by the pump. Following certain procedures reduces pump torque requirements and assists the driver during the starting process. 1.3.4.1.6 Starting with closed discharge valve ‘A high or medium head centrifugal pump, when primed and operated at full speed with the discharge valve closed, requires much less power input than when it is operated at its rated flow rate and head with the discharge valve open. For this reason, it is advan- tageous to have the discharge valve closed when the pump is being started, After starting the pump, do not operate with a closed discharge valve. 1.3.4.1.7 Starting with open discharge valve (mixed flow and axial flow type pumps) Pumps of the mixed flow type frequently require greater input power with the discharge valve closed than with it open. Axial flow type pumps nearly always require a great deal more power at shutoff than at rated conditions and must be started with the discharge valve open. The manufacturers instructions should be consulted for the characteristic curve of such pumps.13.4.1.8 Shut down ‘Avoidance of water hammer is the primary concem during the shut down of a pump, especially in installa tions with fong discharge piping. Gradual closing of the discharge valve is one way to eliminate or reduce the water hammer. For water hammer, see Section 1.3.4.1.4 for further information. Running at shut-off conditions (with the discharge valve closed) for extended periods is not recommended. It induces increased radial thrust in many pumps and overheats the liquid in the pump. Recirculation provisions will help, as recommended by the pump manufacturer. 1.3.4.1.9 Pump and motor speed torque curves A plot of torque versus speed requirements during the starting phase of a centrifugal pump is sometimes checked against the torque versus speed curve of the driving motor. The driver must be capable of supplying more torque at each speed than required by the pump in order to bring the pump up to rated speed. This condition is generally attainable with standard induction or synchronous motors but under certain conditions, such as high specific speed pumps or reduced voltage starting, a motor with high pullin torque may be required. Where centrifugal pumps, in the low to medium specific speed range (under 4000 (3500), are started with the discharge valve closed, the procedure used to cal- culate the minimum torque requirements at various speeds under this condition is as follows: — Determine the maximum pump power input required at rated speed under shut-off conditions. Convert this power to torque. — Torque of the pump varies as the square of its speed; see curve, Figure 1.63. ‘At zero speed, the torque would theoretically be zero, but the driver must overcome stuffing-box friction, rotating element inertia and bearing friction in order to start the shaft turning. This requires a torque at zero ‘speed of from 2 percent to 15 percent of the maximum. Speed torque requirements for starting conditions: other than closed discharge will vary depending on the percentage of static head to total head; the cubic content of the discharge line; the condition of the discharge line, whether full, partly full, or empty; and }) condone ‘which may change dung the, staring period, such as the opening or closing of bypass valves. Each of these conditions determines a different eee eo HI Centrifugal Pump Design and Application — 2000 torque requirement at any specified speed which should be obtained from the pump manufacturer when. necessary. 1.3.4.1.10 Effects of handling viscous liquids The performance of centrifugal pumps is affected when handling viscous liquids. A marked increase in brake horsepower, a reduction in head, and some reduction in rate of flow ocour with moderate and high viscosities. Figures 1.644 and B and 1.65A and B provide a means of determining the performance of a conventional centrifugal pump handling a viscous liquid when its performance on water is known. Figures 1.64A and B and 1.65A and B can also be used as an aid in selecting a pump for a given application. The values shown in Figures 1.654 and B ate averaged from tests of conventional single stage pumps of 50 to 200 mm (2 to 8 inches), handling petroleum oils. The values shown in Figures 1.64A and B were prepared from ‘other tests on several smaller pumps (25 mm [1 inch} and below). The correction curves are, therefore, not exact for any particular pump. ‘When accurate information is essential, performance tests should be conducted with the particular viscous. liquid to be handled, 1.3.4.1.11 Viscous liquid performance correction chart limitations Reference is made to Figures 1.644 and B and Figures 1.65A and B. Since these charts are based on empirical rather than theoretical considerations, extrapolation beyond the limits shown would go outside the experience range which these charts cover and is not recommended. 100 ° I 0 02 08 06 08 10 Full speed torque mutter Figure 1.63 — Torque curve 23.

Ansi Hi 1.3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ansi Hi 1.3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like