CpE 405 – DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Last Name, First Name, (MI): BUTRON, GLYZA MARIE, S.

Course and Section: BSIT - 2103

PROBLEM SET 1

I. Translate the following propositions into symbolic form.

p: Algebra substitutes letters for numbers.
q: Geometry studies the sizes, shapes, positions angles and dimensions of things.
r: Trigonometry covers the relationships between the sides and angles of triangles.
s: Calculus denotes the study of functions and limits.

1-2. If Algebra does not substitute letters for numbers, then Calculus does not denote the study
of functions and limits.
ANSWER: ~p → ~s

3-4. Trigonometry covers the relationships between the sides and angles of triangles and
Geometry studies the sizes, shapes, positions angles and dimensions of things.
ANSWER: r ^ q

5-6. Calculus denotes the study of functions and limits if and only if trigonometry covers the
relationships between the sides and angles of triangles.
ANSWER: s ↔ r

II. Satisfy the given conditions.

7-14. Show that ~𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓) and 𝒒 → (𝒑˅𝒓) are logically equivalent using logical matrix.

~𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓)
p q r ~𝒑 (𝒒 → 𝒓) ~𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓)
T T T F T T
T T F F F T
T F T F T T
T F F F T T
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T T
F F F T T T
𝒒 → (𝒑˅𝒓)
p q r (𝒑˅𝒓) 𝒒 → (𝒑˅𝒓)

T T T T T
T T F T T
T F T T T
T F F T T
F T T T T
F T F F F
F F T T T
F F F F T

ANSWER: The last columns of the truth tables of ~𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓) and 𝒒 → (𝒑˅𝒓)

are the same, therefore ~𝒑 → (𝒒 → 𝒓) ≡ 𝒒 → (𝒑˅𝒓).
15-19. Construct a truth table and determine if (𝒑 ↔ 𝒒) ⊕ (𝒒 ↔ 𝒑) is a tautology,
contradiction, or contingency.

p q (p ↔ q) (q ↔ p) (p ↔ q) ⊕ (q ↔ p)

T T T T F

T F F F F

F T F F F

F F T T F

ANSWER: The value of last column of (p ↔ q) ⊕ (q ↔ p) are F’s. Therefore, it is fallacy or

contradiction.

III. Identify the relationship of each of the given statement to the conditional statement. Write
“converse”, “inverse”, “contrapositive”, or “none” as appropriate.

Reference Statement: Would you know my name if I saw you in heaven?

-Tears in Heaven by Eric Clapton
Conditional Statement: If I saw you in heaven, then you would know my name.

20. If I didn’t see you in heaven, then you wouldn’t know my name.
ANSWER: Let, p: I saw you in heaven
q: you would know my name
Therefore: ~p → ~q (INVERSE)

21. If you know my name, then I saw you in heaven.

ANSWER: Let, p: I saw you in heaven
q: you would know my name
Therefore: q → p (CONVERSE)

22. If you wouldn’t know my name, then I didn’t see you in heaven.
ANSWER: Let, p: I saw you in heaven
q: you would know my name
Therefore: ~q → ~p (CONTRAPOSITIVE)
IV. Determine the validity of the following arguments. Identify the rule of inference or structural
fallacy being shown. (Example: Valid – Modus Tollens)

23-26. Amane attends English class or plays judo. Amane does not attend English class or reads
comic book. Therefore, Amane plays judo or reads comic book.
ANSWER: Let, p: Amane attends English class
q: plays judo
r: reads comic book

Symbolizing: p˅q OR ((p ˅ q) ^ (~p ˅ r)) → (q ˅ r)

~p ˅ r VALID - RESOLUTION
⸫q˅r

27-30. Some animals are colorful. Some animals are extinct. Therefore, some colorful animals
are extinct.

ANSWER: Let, A: animals

B: are colorful
C: are extinct

Symbolizing: some A are B

some A are C
some B are C
INVALID – REASONING IN A CHAIN WITH “SOME”