LIBRARY DATABASE

MariaDB [library]> SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, B.PUB_NAME,

A.AUTHOR_NAME,C.NO_OF_COPIES,L.PROGRAMME_ID
-> FROM BOOK B, BOOK_AUTHORS A, BOOK_COPIES C, LIBRARY_PROGRAMME L
-> WHERE B.BOOK_ID=A.BOOK_ID
-> AND B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
-> AND L.PROGRAMME_ID=C.PROGRAMME_ID;
+---------+---------------------+----------+-------------+--------------
+--------------+
| BOOK_ID | TITLE | PUB_NAME | AUTHOR_NAME | NO_OF_COPIES |
PROGRAMME_ID |
+---------+---------------------+----------+-------------+--------------
+--------------+
| 1 | BASICS OF EXCEL | SAPNA | SRI DEVI | 10 |
100 |
| 1 | BASICS OF EXCEL | SAPNA | SRI DEVI | 16 |
101 |
| 2 | PROGRAMMING MINDSET | PLANETZ | DEEPAK | 20 |
102 |
| 2 | PROGRAMMING MINDSET | PLANETZ | DEEPAK | 6 |
103 |
| 3 | BASICS OF SQL | PEARSON | PRAMOD | 4 |
104 |
| 4 | DBMS FOR BEGINNERS | PLANETZ | SWATHI | 3 |
101 |
| 5 | WEB SERVICES | OZONE | PRATHIMA | 7 |
100 |
+---------+---------------------+----------+-------------+--------------
+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [library]> SELECT CARD_NO

-> FROM BOOK_LENDING
-> WHERE DATE_OUT BETWEEN '2017-01-01' AND '2017-06-01'
-> GROUP BY CARD_NO
-> HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
+---------+
| CARD_NO |
+---------+
| 501 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.006 sec)

MariaDB [library]> DELETE FROM BOOK

-> WHERE BOOK_ID=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.019 sec)

MariaDB [library]>
MariaDB [library]> SELECT * FROM BOOK;
+---------+---------------------+----------+----------+
| BOOK_ID | TITLE | PUB_YEAR | PUB_NAME |
+---------+---------------------+----------+----------+
| 1 | BASICS OF EXCEL | JAN-2017 | SAPNA |
| 2 | PROGRAMMING MINDSET | JUN-2018 | PLANETZ |
| 4 | DBMS FOR BEGINNERS | SEP-2015 | PLANETZ |
| 5 | WEB SERVICES | MAY-2017 | OZONE |
+---------+---------------------+----------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [library]>
MariaDB [library]> CREATE VIEW V_PUBLICATION AS SELECT
-> PUB_YEAR
-> FROM BOOK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.010 sec)

MariaDB [library]>
MariaDB [library]> SELECT * FROM V_PUBLICATION;
+----------+
| PUB_YEAR |
+----------+
| JAN-2017 |
| JUN-2018 |
| SEP-2015 |
| MAY-2017 |
+----------+
4 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [library]> CREATE VIEW V_BOOKS AS

-> SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, C.NO_OF_COPIES
-> FROM
-> BOOK B, BOOK_COPIES C, LIBRARY_PROGRAMME L
-> WHERE B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
-> AND C.PROGRAMME_ID=L.PROGRAMME_ID;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.009 sec)

MariaDB [library]>
MariaDB [library]> SELECT * FROM V_BOOKS;
+---------+---------------------+--------------+
| BOOK_ID | TITLE | NO_OF_COPIES |
+---------+---------------------+--------------+
| 1 | BASICS OF EXCEL | 10 |
| 1 | BASICS OF EXCEL | 16 |
| 2 | PROGRAMMING MINDSET | 20 |
| 2 | PROGRAMMING MINDSET | 6 |
| 4 | DBMS FOR BEGINNERS | 3 |
| 5 | WEB SERVICES | 7 |
+---------+---------------------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.001 sec)

Sales_Order Database

MariaDB [ORDERS]> SELECT GRADE,COUNT(DISTINCT CUSTOMER_ID)

-> FROM CUSTOMER
-> GROUP BY GRADE
-> HAVING GRADE>(SELECT AVG(GRADE)
-> FROM CUSTOMER
-> WHERE CITY='BANGALORE');
+-------+-----------------------------+
| GRADE | COUNT(DISTINCT CUSTOMER_ID) |
+-------+-----------------------------+
| 300 | 1 |
| 400 | 2 |
+-------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.004 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]> SELECT SALESMAN_ID, NAME

-> FROM SALESMAN S
 -> WHERE (SELECT COUNT(*)
-> FROM CUSTOMER C
-> WHERE C.SALESMAN_ID=S.SALESMAN_ID) > 1;
+-------------+--------+
| SALESMAN_ID | NAME |
+-------------+--------+
| 1000 | RAHUL |
| 2000 | ANKITA |
+-------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.002 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]> SELECT S.SALESMAN_ID, S.NAME, C.CUST_NAME, S.COMMISSION

-> FROM SALESMAN S, CUSTOMER C
-> WHERE S.CITY=C.CITY
-> UNION
-> SELECT S.SALESMAN_ID,S.NAME,'NO MATCH',S.COMMISSION
-> FROM SALESMAN S
-> WHERE CITY NOT IN
-> (SELECT CITY
-> FROM CUSTOMER)
-> ORDER BY 1 ASC;
+-------------+--------+-----------+------------+
| SALESMAN_ID | NAME | CUST_NAME | COMMISSION |
+-------------+--------+-----------+------------+
| 1000 | RAHUL | ADYA | 20% |
| 1000 | RAHUL | DANISH | 20% |
| 1000 | RAHUL | ESHA | 20% |
| 2000 | ANKITA | ADYA | 25% |
| 2000 | ANKITA | DANISH | 25% |
| 2000 | ANKITA | ESHA | 25% |
| 3000 | SHARMA | NO MATCH | 30% |
| 4000 | ANJALI | NO MATCH | 15% |
| 5000 | RAJ | NO MATCH | 15% |
+-------------+--------+-----------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]> CREATE VIEW V_SALESMAN AS

-> SELECT O.ORDER_DATE, S.SALESMAN_ID, S.NAME
-> FROM SALESMAN S,ORDERS O
-> WHERE S.SALESMAN_ID = O.SALESMAN_ID
-> AND O.PURCHASE_AMOUNT= (SELECT MAX(PURCHASE_AMOUNT)
-> FROM ORDERS C
-> WHERE C.ORDER_DATE=O.ORDER_DATE);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.006 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]>
MariaDB [ORDERS]> SELECT * FROM V_SALESMAN;
+------------+-------------+--------+
| ORDER_DATE | SALESMAN_ID | NAME |
+------------+-------------+--------+
| 2020-06-02 | 1000 | RAHUL |
| 2020-04-09 | 2000 | ANKITA |
| 2020-03-15 | 2000 | ANKITA |
| 2020-07-09 | 3000 | SHARMA |
| 2020-05-05 | 2000 | ANKITA |
+------------+-------------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.010 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]> DELETE FROM SALESMAN

 -> WHERE SALESMAN_ID=1000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.003 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]>
MariaDB [ORDERS]> SELECT * FROM SALESMAN;
+-------------+--------+-----------+------------+
| SALESMAN_ID | NAME | CITY | COMMISSION |
+-------------+--------+-----------+------------+
| 2000 | ANKITA | BANGALORE | 25% |
| 3000 | SHARMA | MYSORE | 30% |
| 4000 | ANJALI | DELHI | 15% |
| 5000 | RAJ | HYDERABAD | 15% |
+-------------+--------+-----------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.003 sec)

MariaDB [ORDERS]>
MariaDB [ORDERS]> SELECT * FROM ORDERS;
+----------+-----------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| ORDER_NO | PURCHASE_AMOUNT | ORDER_DATE | CUSTOMER_ID | SALESMAN_ID |
+----------+-----------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
| 202 | 450.00 | 2020-04-09 | 1 | 2000 |
| 203 | 1000.00 | 2020-03-15 | 3 | 2000 |
| 204 | 3500.00 | 2020-07-09 | 4 | 3000 |
| 205 | 550.00 | 2020-05-05 | 2 | 2000 |
+----------+-----------------+------------+-------------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MOVIE DATABASE

MariaDB [movie]> SELECT MOV_TITLE

-> FROM MOVIES
-> WHERE DIR_ID = (SELECT DIR_ID
-> FROM DIRECTOR
-> WHERE DIR_NAME='HITCHCOCK');
+-----------+
| MOV_TITLE |
+-----------+
| AAKASHAM |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [movie]> SELECT MOV_TITLE

-> FROM MOVIES M,MOVIE_CAST MC
-> WHERE M.MOV_ID=MC.MOV_ID AND ACT_ID IN (SELECT ACT_ID
-> FROM MOVIE_CAST GROUP BY ACT_ID
-> HAVING COUNT(ACT_ID)>1)
-> GROUP BY MOV_TITLE
-> HAVING COUNT(*)>1;
+-----------+
| MOV_TITLE |
+-----------+
| AAKASHAM |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.005 sec)

MariaDB [movie]> SELECT ACT_NAME

-> FROM ACTOR A
-> JOIN MOVIE_CAST C
 -> ON A.ACT_ID=C.ACT_ID
-> JOIN MOVIES M
-> ON C.MOV_ID=M.MOV_ID
-> WHERE M.MOV_YEAR NOT BETWEEN 2000 AND 2015;
+----------+
| ACT_NAME |
+----------+
| RAHUL |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [movie]> SELECT MOV_TITLE,MAX(REV_STARS)

-> FROM MOVIES
-> INNER JOIN RATING USING (MOV_ID)
-> GROUP BY MOV_TITLE
-> HAVING MAX(REV_STARS)>0
-> ORDER BY MOV_TITLE;
+-----------+----------------+
| MOV_TITLE | MAX(REV_STARS) |
+-----------+----------------+
| AAKASHAM | 2 |
| HOME | 3 |
| KALIYONA | 5 |
| MANASU | 4 |
| WAR HORSE | 4 |
+-----------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.003 sec)

MariaDB [movie]> UPDATE RATING

-> SET REV_STARS=5
-> WHERE MOV_ID IN (SELECT MOV_ID FROM MOVIES
-> WHERE DIR_ID IN (SELECT DIR_ID
-> FROM DIRECTOR
-> WHERE DIR_NAME='STEVEN SPIELBERG'));
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.005 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

MariaDB [movie]> SELECT *FROM RATING;

+--------+-----------+
| MOV_ID | REV_STARS |
+--------+-----------+
| 1001 | 4 |
| 1002 | 2 |
| 1003 | 5 |
| 1004 | 5 |
| 1005 | 3 |
+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)

College Database

MariaDB [college]> SELECT S.*, SS.SEM, SS.SEC

-> FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, CLASS C
-> WHERE S.USN = C.USN AND
-> SS.SSID = C.SSID AND
-> SS.SEM = 4 AND SS.SEC='C';
+------------+--------+-----------+--------+--------+------+------+
| USN | SNAME | ADDRESS | PHONE | GENDER | SEM | SEC |
+------------+--------+-----------+--------+--------+------+------+
| 1BI15CS091 | MALINI | MANGALURU | 235464 | F | 4 | C |
+------------+--------+-----------+--------+--------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.002 sec)

MariaDB [college]> SELECT SS.SEM, SS.SEC, S.GENDER, COUNT(S.GENDER) AS COUNT

-> FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, CLASS C
-> WHERE S.USN = C.USN AND
-> SS.SSID = C.SSID
-> GROUP BY SS.SEM, SS.SEC, S.GENDER
-> ORDER BY SEM;
+------+------+--------+-------+
| SEM | SEC | GENDER | COUNT |
+------+------+--------+-------+
| 3 | A | M | 1 |
| 3 | B | M | 1 |
| 3 | C | F | 1 |
| 4 | A | F | 1 |
| 4 | A | M | 1 |
| 4 | B | F | 1 |
| 4 | C | F | 1 |
| 7 | A | F | 1 |
| 7 | A | M | 2 |
| 8 | A | F | 1 |
| 8 | A | M | 1 |
| 8 | B | F | 1 |
| 8 | C | M | 1 |
+------+------+--------+-------+
13 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [college]> CREATE VIEW STUDENT_TEST1_MARKS_V

-> AS
-> SELECT TEST1, SUBCODE
-> FROM IAMARKS
-> WHERE USN = '1BI15CS101';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.006 sec)

MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> SELECT * FROM STUDENT_TEST1_MARKS_V;
+-------+---------+
| TEST1 | SUBCODE |
+-------+---------+
| 15 | 10CS81 |
| 12 | 10CS82 |
| 19 | 10CS83 |
| 20 | 10CS84 |
| 15 | 10CS85 |
+-------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [college]> CREATE PROCEDURE AVG_MARKS()

-> BEGIN
-> DECLARE C_A INTEGER;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near '' at
line 3
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_B INTEGER;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_B INTEGER' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_C INTEGER;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_C INTEGER' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_SUM INTEGER;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_SUM INTEGER' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_AVG INTEGER;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_AVG INTEGER' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_USN VARCHAR(10);
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_USN VARCHAR(10)' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_SUBCODE VARCHAR(8);
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_SUBCODE VARCHAR(8)' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_SSID VARCHAR(5);
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_SSID VARCHAR(5)' at line 1
MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> DECLARE C_IAMARKS CURSOR FOR
-> SELECT GREATEST(TEST1,TEST2) AS A, GREATEST(TEST1,TEST3) AS B,
GREATEST(TEST3,TEST2) AS C, USN, SUBCODE, SSID
-> FROM IAMARKS
-> WHERE FINALIA IS NULL
-> FOR UPDATE;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near
'DECLARE C_IAMARKS CURSOR FOR
SELECT GREATEST(TEST1,TEST2) AS A, GREATEST(TEST...' at line 1
MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> OPEN C_IAMARKS;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'OPEN
C_IAMARKS' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> LOOP
->
-> FETCH C_IAMARKS INTO C_A, C_B, C_C, C_USN, C_SUBCODE, C_SSID;
ERROR 1324 (42000): Undefined CURSOR: C_IAMARKS
MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> IF (C_A != C_B) THEN
-> SET C_SUM=C_A+C_B;
ERROR 1327 (42000): Undeclared variable: C_A
MariaDB [college]> ELSE
-> SET C_SUM=C_A+C_C;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'ELSE
SET C_SUM=C_A+C_C' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> END IF;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'END
IF' at line 1
MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> SET C_AVG=C_SUM/2;
ERROR 1193 (HY000): Unknown system variable 'C_AVG'
MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> UPDATE IAMARKS SET FINALIA = C_AVG
-> WHERE USN = C_USN AND SUBCODE = C_SUBCODE AND SSID = C_SSID;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'C_USN' in 'where clause'
MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> END LOOP;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'END
LOOP' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> CLOSE C_IAMARKS;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'CLOSE
C_IAMARKS' at line 1
MariaDB [college]> END;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'END'
at line 1
MariaDB [college]> //
->
->
-> CALL AVG_MARKS();
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near '//

CALL AVG_MARKS()' at line 1

MariaDB [college]>
MariaDB [college]> SELECT * FROM IAMARKS;
+------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+
| USN | SUBCODE | SSID | TEST1 | TEST2 | TEST3 | FINALIA |
+------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+
| 1BI15CS101 | 10CS81 | CSE8C | 15 | 16 | 18 | NULL |
| 1BI15CS101 | 10CS82 | CSE8C | 12 | 19 | 14 | NULL |
| 1BI15CS101 | 10CS83 | CSE8C | 19 | 15 | 20 | NULL |
| 1BI15CS101 | 10CS84 | CSE8C | 20 | 16 | 19 | NULL |
| 1BI15CS101 | 10CS85 | CSE8C | 15 | 15 | 12 | NULL |
+------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [college]> SELECT S.USN,S.SNAME,S.ADDRESS,S.PHONE,S.GENDER, IA.SUBCODE,

-> (CASE
-> WHEN IA.FINALIA BETWEEN 17 AND 20 THEN 'OUTSTANDING'
-> WHEN IA.FINALIA BETWEEN 12 AND 16 THEN 'AVERAGE'
-> ELSE 'WEAK'
-> END) AS CAT
-> FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, IAMARKS IA, SUBJECT SUB
-> WHERE S.USN = IA.USN AND
-> SS.SSID = IA.SSID AND
-> SUB.SUBCODE = IA.SUBCODE AND
-> SUB.SEM = 8;
+------------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+---------+------+
| USN | SNAME | ADDRESS | PHONE | GENDER | SUBCODE | CAT |
+------------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+---------+------+
| 1BI15CS101 | CHETHAN | BENGALURU | 534234 | M | 10CS81 | WEAK |
| 1BI15CS101 | CHETHAN | BENGALURU | 534234 | M | 10CS82 | WEAK |
| 1BI15CS101 | CHETHAN | BENGALURU | 534234 | M | 10CS83 | WEAK |
| 1BI15CS101 | CHETHAN | BENGALURU | 534234 | M | 10CS84 | WEAK |
| 1BI15CS101 | CHETHAN | BENGALURU | 534234 | M | 10CS85 | WEAK |
+------------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+---------+------+
5 rows in set (0.001 sec)

Company Database

MariaDB [company]> SELECT DISTINCT P.PNO

-> FROM PROJECT P, DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E
-> WHERE E.DNO=D.DNO
-> AND D.MGR_SSN=E.SSN
-> AND E.NAME LIKE '%SCOTT'
-> UNION
-> SELECT DISTINCT P1.PNO
-> FROM PROJECT P1, WORKS_ON W, EMPLOYEE E1
-> WHERE P1.PNO=W.PNO
-> AND E1.SSN=W.SSN
-> AND E1.NAME LIKE '%SCOTT';
+------+
| PNO |
+------+
| 1004 |
| 1005 |
| 1007 |
| 1003 |
| 1006 |
| 1000 |
| 1001 |
| 1002 |
+------+
8 rows in set (0.003 sec)

MariaDB [company]> SELECT E.NAME, 1.1*E.SALARY AS INCR_SAL

-> FROM EMPLOYEE E, WORKS_ON W, PROJECT P
-> WHERE E.SSN=W.SSN
-> AND W.PNO=P.PNO
-> AND P.PNAME='IOT';
+-------------+----------+
| NAME | INCR_SAL |
+-------------+----------+
| HARRY SMITH | 550000.0 |
| LEAN BAKER | 770000.0 |
| RAVAN HEGDE | 715000.0 |
+-------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.005 sec)

MariaDB [company]> SELECT SUM(E.SALARY), MAX(E.SALARY), MIN(E.SALARY),

AVG(E.SALARY)
-> FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPARTMENT D
-> WHERE E.DNO=D.DNO
-> AND D.DNAME='ACCOUNTS';
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| SUM(E.SALARY) | MAX(E.SALARY) | MIN(E.SALARY) | AVG(E.SALARY) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| 650000 | 350000 | 300000 | 325000.0000 |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [company]> SELECT E.NAME
-> FROM EMPLOYEE E
-> WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT PNO FROM PROJECT WHERE DNO='5' AND PNO NOT IN
(SELECT
-> PNO FROM WORKS_ON
-> WHERE E.SSN=SSN));
+-------------+
| NAME |
+-------------+
| HARRY SMITH |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [company]> SELECT D.DNO, COUNT(*)

-> FROM DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E
-> WHERE D.DNO=E.DNO
-> AND E.SALARY > 600000
-> AND D.DNO IN (SELECT E1.DNO
-> FROM EMPLOYEE E1
-> GROUP BY E1.DNO
-> HAVING COUNT(*)>5)
-> GROUP BY D.DNO;
+-----+----------+
| DNO | COUNT(*) |
+-----+----------+
| 5 | 3 |
+-----+----------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)