Romeo and juilet – one of the best works critics immature work.

It was ist phase of learning because he

was not qualified,

2nd was little well. After completing it, whatever he had he would name. twelfth night, plot was written
casuallt mostly names on works’s protoganists. Writing got independent organility in first phase he
borrowed his works and added something but difficult to tell what borrowed.

In third phase peak of his career wrote tragedy.transformation is his works destructive emotion in these
workws mindless comedies.

Iv phase 1608-1612 last not well known tragicomedy – dimindhed writing. Was said has family members
died thesedays globe theathre fired when performing henry viii .saw said to be burnt and faced
lfanancial and got upset therefore writing diminished.

Features of Shakespeare drame.

Variety, range, and versatility. Characters died of different ways(first causing of death). Excellent
command over language – Milton.

15000 used in his works like naked truth, love is blind.

Catering to the groundlings. Less money but allowed to watch movie sit on floor not chair crowd showed
it was glorious play.

1562-1642 theathre timeline it was source of entertainment. Church puritan against theatre. England
government againt too but queen supported 16/17 century growth. Histories, comedies, tragedies.
Before it – there was no, no proper building, place.

But queen focused infrastructures. All theatre built in London. Everyone used to come to London.

3 Theatres inn yards, open air amphitheatre, play houses

Inn yards casual setting standing, sitting, lying. There were rooms people used to come and they used to
take wine and fight therefore got infamous. Theatre names: red bull, cross keys, bell savage, the red lion

Open air amphitheatres: the theratre the globe the swan big 2500-3000 people could watch at a time.

3 flours on floor people sat because of less money. But Shakespeare put some scenes in each plays to
impress grounglings some people showed their works but less popularity. Shakespeare plays performed
at O.A.A theatre.

3 flags white – comedy red – history, baclk- tragedy. No female actors male performed illegal to bring
them on stage. No allowance for famle. The boy one line missing page 28 fab
The dirst 1576 and revonation 1599 – changed name.

Elizabthan gae poetry/prose.

Medival poetry was revival in Elizabethan age.but was limitation but now narrative and lyrical poetry.
Speaker’s observation , feelings showed. Famousform – sonnets-only one theme. Start of sonnets in
Elizabethan age.

Sonnets writer

; William Shakespeare, sir Thomas wyatt, henry howard, sir Philip Sidney, yet sonnet was considered less
than drama.

Everyone In England could hold a pen was writing a sonnet. Standard got lost and famous too.

Edmand spenser 1552-1599 no known background. Starting of Elizabethan age starting of Elizabethan
from its work.

Shepheade’s calendar 1579 published after this work golden age started. Edmund spenserwas sent to
Ireland for official purpose as a sectary to the lord deputy. He didn’t like Ireland and wrote 1596 wrote
prose (veue of the present state of Ireland)

He defended the brutal oppression of the irish by the English monarch. Spelling weren’t standarlised. Ill-
will relation between 2 countries. 1598 – rebellion in Ireland. Spenser returned and got disturebed.
Wrote at 27 years – after its published Elizabethan age started. Dedicated Philip Sydney. Farie queen
wrote with help of walter Raleigh (5 books)

Amoretti and Epithalamion- wrote when in relation with E.boyle. 88 sonnets set that showed loved to
her beloved. Epithalamion is described as the noblest wedding hymn in English. Spenser married E.
Boyle.

Sir Philip Sydney 1554-86 belonged to noble family nephew of Robert Dudley (courter) friend of eliza

Robert dudly had sex with queen Elizabethan.

p. Sidney got popular because of Robert. Queen eliza got uninterested in Robert. 1583 made knight. One
could not get more than him. 18 ageelected in parliament. Polland, france, Italy visited and observed the
cultuyres and expressed in his words. Battle of zutphen water to wounded solider. Apology for poetry
1579 published established English as a literary language kept foundation of English.

Literary criticism could be written in English not only in Italy

Jacobean age

Eliza 1 died on 24th march 1603 (no child)

Politicians thought of making james vi and I

+ photo

England james I. he didn’t get love and respect because of other country king

People didn’t obey him. 1547 it was made law james I after no will be made king regarding relatives. It
was challenging to rule.

Robert cecil: sectry of state, administrator. Eliza’s court counseler, politician. Helped necome king james
I. Robert played major role to make him be king. James I had expreince (Scotland) then England

A good politician strategic: made good relation with other country.

Gave up the wars and latyer his reputation got better, he was appreciated. Parliament had contribution
with king sometimes, they attacked him but didn’t succeed. 1611, king dissolved parliament. King of the
great Britain: England, Ireland, scotlant. Parliament got frustraqted about it.jacobean literature:

Elizabethan 1558-1603 jacobean 1603-1625 ceroline age 1625-1649.

Ages are combined like Shakespeare worked in some ages. E. Age contribution of Jacobean age but was
not golden age. Drama were popular in J. Age.

Important writers in this age

+ photo

, sonnets were out of fashion. New forms: heroic couplets, verse satires, essays biographies.

British colonies were spreading much to different countries. America (Virginia)

It was beautiful and considered new England. Colonial expansion 1630-1643. 200000 pound invested to
expand in other country + 20000 soliders 200 ships, 40000 emigrants. Such people who started living
there as habitant.

Literature: translations – priting pressscience and learning were written (new forms)human psycholgy
and religious writing too.

Travelogues: started in J. Agetravel writing: geography, hitroeis of the world like british people to colony
and expensive, hence purchased to readit.

The king james version as known as the K. James bible or simply the authorized version of the bible was
educated (1607-11)

1769-extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney . at first, it was translated but not authentic. His
translation was as a literature and religion.

Influenced: john Milton, john bunyan, Ruskin, Macaulay, Tennyson.

James – jacobus – in latin.

Francis bacon: Worked In both Eliza and Jacobean.

Founder of modern systemaic thougt. Latin/English was liked much regarding literature.

Essays(59) collection.

1597-first edition.

Final edition 1625. 1 essay was gifted to james 1. His range was wide and splendid: history, travel,
government, politics, ethics, religion, law, gardening, family, health, science. He was said.

Robert bruton: the anatomy of melancholy 1621- republished again 5 in 17 years. (much changes)

Poetry: the Spenserians- the metaphysical poets (john donke). Popularized pastoral tradition (liked to
write (themes subject)

Narrative poetry.

Political, moral/religious allegories.

Two brother phineas and giles Fletcher. (sorrow.s joy) 1603

Metaphysical: ben jonson – unfit in any group. Challenge to classify him: poet, dramatist, satirist.
Including in works: songs, odd, poem unfit in both ages Eliza and Jacobean.

Drama: Shakespeare got famous in both age. Jacobean age drama different than eliza. Audience got
interested n society drama related to their lives. When drama be realistic, society was started critcising
whatever in society was shown in drama political themes were included.

drama: ( photo)

at first writers ignored to write over these topics, now they had got frankness.

Major types of drama:

1 revenge tragedy-hamlet, Middleton by tourneus’s +photo

2: city comedy: itdealt with lower people like they used to go through different situations (were themes)

+ photo

Cuckoldry – attair wife + photo

3. tragic comedies: + photo .

Masques performed in courts also in festivals.

Ben jonson worte much in J. Age and j. lyly played a good role. Though – john Milton wrote in his age
not got popular.
Hames liked to watch theme we used to like himmuch – favorite playwright. Ben enjoyed royal favor +
photo. Wrote drama/poetry translation got famous in J. Age along with songs in plays it was his amin
rule ti was useless without songs.

Drink to me only with thine eyes- popular line.

Short temper – Gabriel – about to die and was jailed. Changed his religion in ajail.

Jonson- the case is altered 1597 published – 1609

With this he became actor and playwright. Everyman in his humor – 1598, everyman out of his humor –
1599. Got popularity because of it. His status popular.

Shakespeare was said to have acted in this: volpone 1605-comedy, the alchemist – 1610 it caused
popularity. After shakes, john was higher. In some contemporary john was higher than shakes.

By Horace, translated by Johnson. The poetaster- 1601 – made fun of Marston/ dekker

George chapman – considered major writes of J. age famous – Homer translated by George. Plays: the
blind beggar of Alexandria . Cleanthes is compared with the marlowe’s charcter Tamburlaine.

Eastward hoe play by ben jonson. Geogoge and john marston

Because of it, james 1 got frustrated. James belgoned to Scottish. Written in response to westward ho
play by john Webster and Thomas dekker.

Beaumont Fletcher: two writers (Cambridge and oxford). The wittiest onsidered 52 plays wrote
together. Showed in their works of England.

Caroline age: last age of renaissance.

King Charles 1 son of james 1 1625-49

Major event/work – happened also known as – age of Milton.

In the end of the age – civil war. It was time theatres were closed. 1600-49 2 nd son- his elder brother
(henry- fedrick) 1612. His head was executed. 12 age of king. Scotland-england-france. Unaware of
governing – shameful, inconfident who worked to improve himself.

George Villiers played a role to make him king and improve him (adviser of Charles 1) went to Scotland
for training.

James 1 was close a even humo sexual relationship.

27, march,1625 king became. Bold confident and now after months of king, married Henrietta Maria
(catholic) and in England protestants were much. England public got upset regarding this marraiage and
started protesting.
Also known age of piritians (descendant of wycliff/ collards.) considered cutter – considered themselves
higher and had responsibility to improvetheir cgristians.

Puritains – protestant didn’t like and wanted them to follow it. + photo

Because of puritian much affected on literature and harmed secularism. Thought their thinking is better
and people should think like them.

Chatoline age (two division)

Royalists king Charles and parliamenterians (puritans)

Conflicts much because of catholic queen and parliament was much powerful because of business –
trading. Colonies money under them, parliament supported colonies otherwise ont succeeded. Charles
decided to have a war with span and james 1 ended the war that happened during Eliza but again
Charles started. He called parliamentainas for mmeting to give him money to attack spain. Parliament
and public disagreed but already paying hard taxes.

1st parliamentary meeting 1625 dissolved. Charles 1 dissolved them but after sometimes, he thought he
couldn’t achieve monet from others and somehow to have a war.

2nd parliamentary meeting 1626 dissolved. He frustrated again with them. But Charles 1 himslef started
fighting in shipps and way to spain but completely got failure. Public was unhappy with it. Charles
returned and public’s much protest. He ignored public.

Buckingham (nomi). Charles followed him – whatever he said, king acted. 18, june, 1628.

He was murdered with knife. Charles lost his support.

3rd 1629 dissolved: king directly blamed on plarliamentry, parliamentary claimed than supported much
catholic as compared to protestant.

George eliot: parliamentary. He was jailed in fake case, thought other parliamentary got afraid and
being harmed George and acted upon king.

Next 11 years (1629-1640) no parliamnetry meeting.

Eliza’s Father demolished catholic monarchy. Charles proclaimed during henry viii that it should be
restored. English people got upset and didn’t be catholiuc. First, they all were catholic later rebelled and
made new religion protestant.

Slowly, rebellion started and English had cicil war. Scotland rebelled too already and controlled them
had meed of money. Again p.m was held.

4th 1640 (dissolved) parliamentary, geoge was in jail and on his place – john pym and he laid some conditions
taxes on ships but Charles didn’t agree
King thought, he couldn’t get money from anyony except parliamentary now he had to kneel down after
six month again. 5th parlaimnetry (1640) not dissolved. Parliamentary laid conditions that if anyone to be
dissolved must be gotten permission from parliamentary. The conflict between king Charles 1 and
parliamnetry led a civil war 1642.

Statford wa s arredted on 1oth nov, 1640 and was blamed for unfaithful. Startford was advisor of him
and important person. Charles was forced to sign on death certificate, if not, your familt would be
violated and he signed.

Queen was blamed to be unfaithful. 3rd jan 1642. He ordered to arrest parliamentarian in which john
pym. And perliamenrty refused to surrender and he sent his wife to Holland. John pym claimed arms
forces, law, church control on but didn’t pay attention. He rebelled and placed army and king too.
English civil war started on 22nd army in 1642. At first, he defeated them. Oliver gromwell trained army
and defeated king. 14th june 1645 and feb 1647 got arrested and his attitude still remained same and
king was considered to be fool later. Parliament wanted king to make this better little parliament and
king knelt down to settle the matter. 30 jan 1669 he was executed.

Age of Milton

Drama didn’t develop Jacobean and carline age drama got downfall. Drama was said to be beginning of
draught.. 1647 play houses were closed by an act of parliamentary and less source of income. On one
wrote because not of earning

Prose: turned highly. Socio-political, scince + philosophy, science + religion, colonial voyages (describe
their culture) oeiole liked to read because of expensive.

Thomas browne religion medici 1642

Compared Christian with science. Pseudodoxia epidemica 1646 + science, hydriotaphia and urn nurial
1658 history + science and physician too.

Fictional works

Francis godwin, the man in the room 1638

New experiments in literature to produce something new. Poetry: metaphysical and religious poetry.

Robert herrick toys of life in his poetry. Political poetry no influence

+photo.

Why religion poetry – era of science actually puritian were (cutter) against drama in Christian drama not
allowed. To bring peace through poetry in England because of violation.

Cavalier poetry – simple

Courtly poetry for court for king this porty supported. Parliamentary vs king + photo
Cavalier ports influenced ben jonson.

Drma + no specific work.

John Milton 1608-74

The greatest after Shakespeare – outside drama works divided into 4 category.

College 1632 when study in Cambridge latin and English he produced his works

On the morning of christ’s nativity at age of 21. (1629)

Horton – travelling

L’ Allegro, ill pensorose, comus.

1639 – decided not to travel and returned London.

Prose: 1640-1660 he described such things that were not acceptable. + photo.

Milton: published 2 strong pampheleet about divorce – controversial.

Areopagitita 1644 also mentioned for writers freedom it was stange and modern thing. Of christian
doctrine: didn’t publish but 1825 publishad later.

Late poetic – important.

Paradise lost- 1667-1674 revised. Epic poem – writtent in black verses.

A paradise regained (1671) continuation of paradise lost.

Samson agonistes christ and samson – as example of what humanity outght to be.

Skilful in blame verse and developed it much. (Used for writing non dramatic form of poetry)

Before him, on one wrote it it.

Restoration age:

Charles 1st vs parliamentarian. After haging, no propersystem. 1660 may, charles 2 nd – son came to
london. Catholic but got protestant. Researchers said, he just showed but by heart . many people too.

Printing press – need liscense if someone wrote controversially against religion politian government
took action against. Licesning of the press act 1662. Laws were made puritian control themselves their
strenghth lowered.

The first public library in london 1684 the bank of england 1694. Plague 1665 major event.

The great fire of london 89 church burnt remained for 5 days. After it, emphasised on cleaniness.
Christopher wren reslait london and church in london. Coffee house culture – came and could discuss for
limitless time. Women weren’t allowed – if alone.

John dryden

John dyden: women lodged petition against coffee and changed political view. Wrote a lot on the death
of cromwell (supporter, ruled before charles 1 or 11 and dictator) john dryden supported charles 11 he
wrote + photo

John dyrden changed political view edmund waller john milton didn’t after 10 years theatre were
reopened and developed a lot them. People excited to invest.

Cavaliers want franse worked in theatre but returned again to work. King supported too, he was
luxurious liked to watch (12 inappropriate children) each women.in elizathbethan make performed
female character but in this age, femail theatre to be popular. Like shakespeare thetare were
modernised unlike from golden age – moveable senary was used.

j. and e. age theatre off at night but here everything is allowed. Women were paid less. Few writers got
playwright but men became playwright along with performed.

Chartolle clarke actress and became playwright wrote 3 plays.

Restoration comedy popular in london showing marriage with women and live was a boring. Focused on
sexual adraction, aduttery in restoration comedy.

Got criticised much because of open sexuality.

+photo.

g. etherege – she would if she could. 1688 performed. Most people left because of no space. W.
congreve the way of the world 1700 performed tells how was comedy + sexuality in this age. Tells how
marriage is boring people run for money and w. wycherly shoed sexuality with comedy. The country
wife. That’s why restoration comedy was criticised. J. vanburgh to create new after mixing (itly and
french)

the relapse/ the provked wife bold language.

g. farquhas to entertain wife are not faithful for sexuality women could do anything.

Aphra behn – women playwright. Women got struggled no one was first before has to be examined
women confident – first professional playwright criticised society – descrimination against women.
Aphra behn secretly knew about king – (spy) virginia woolf – mentioned behn

A room of one’s own = photo.

Tragedy was not liked – downfall. John dryden produced traged works essay on nervic plays.
All for love ny dryden but it was loved based on antomy and cleopatral. Other plays tragic plays.

Frannic love, the conquest of granada, the indian queen – not good performance.

Age of dryden + restoration +same.

A new made committee for the improvement of english language 1664. John dydden john evelyn
edmund waller bishop thomas sprat etc…

Charles ii mae this committee it started 1660 dryden 1700

Restoration 1660-1688

A big writers in restoration age.

Hudson the greatest man of a liitle age. Before 1660, strated writing works supported oliver cormwell.
Changed himself – supported charles ii

Abraham cowley metaphysical poetry – influenced dryden much and wrote – darling of his youth. 1663
he thought started writing too for earning money. His works not better than poetry. Annus mirabilis. It
was wriiten after Holland vs England war. The great fire of London. The event destroyed and this work
was happier to make it know much powerful English wae.

England’s first poet laurate in 1660 during charles. His name got famous. He applied catholic by heart
just showing protestant. And his name got lowered double tax paying laurate was snatched hard time in
last days.

Just translated works to earn money. His political satires – famous.

Absalom and achitophel 1681 published biblical history targated charles ii now he was luxurious and
unfair offspring. Not to be selected children.

Charles ii’s brother could not be elected because of catholism. Mac fleckuoe. John wimot luxurious
drinkman affairs with girls deathbed conversation (was popular for it)

To know about what he had regret, experience achievement it gives another life what would do. Popular
in restoration age. His poetry was mixture of the metaphysical cavaliers augustans.

Best poetic works the maimed debauchee.

Prose writing – wrote much essays regarding poetry drama issue.

Essay of dramatic poetry. It was to give importance to english writers french lit was growing english
people influence he didn’t feel good.

Samuel butter – famous hudibras written in 3 volume 1663,64,78.

A sitre on the puritans : target puritians puritans was trending topic. People liked to read but w.p.o time.
People stopped to.

Restoration: people liked it much w.p.o time his popularity covered – wrote on eradicating puritans.

Charles ii liked – hudibras.

John nunyan 1628 168. Best : the pligrim’s progress – participated in civil wae but unknown which side.
Was in jail for unlawful meetings. 12 years bedford jail he produced much better work in jail again jailed
for six months. And wrote the pilgrim progress was given license for preach and got minister in church.

Wrote much but 4 popular the p. progress, grace abounding, the life and death of mr. badman, the holy
war most important.

Not much educated – just known only single the authorized version of the e. bible.

William temple political saw politician in his essays. Ancient and modern learning didn’t set importance
about works. His style was wonderful therefore got popular. Johathan swift secretary of william later got
writer known for his writing. John locke important essay concerning human understanding 1690
published. Mind was tabula rasa untitiled brain. Two groups religiondifferent the quakers saw from
different perspective christinity and suffered much. The deists =photo.

Age of pope augustan age age of neoclassicim age of reason age of exuberance age of scandal age of
englightment.

Age of neoclassicm 3 age in this (restoration, augusten, age of johnson)

Charles ii james pp catholic 6th feb 1685 1668 forcefullt was disqualified. Me tried to bring catholism in
england and didn’t get popularity and didn’t tell a lie like charles pp hated more because of his son after
two daughter and wanted to disqualify it.

Glorious bloodless revolution- 1688

Head of the revolution william of organg son in law 7 protestants nobel came their army and disqualified
with him. William of orange mary both government become william the third 1701 was passed law no
catholic person would be king nor protestant would marry catholic.

James ii last romantic catholic monarch and died both queen anne got gueen charles ii didn’t follow her
father religion got protestant. Queen anne no child (17 th prganagt 1 son 11 years but died. She was not
like others whatever others said she used to believe.

Mechaly =photo.

She used to be ill when to be defeated king that time came by wheelchairnis sermony.
Literature no interest in nature. Religious poetry audience. A slight shadow worked appear in this age.
Would be seen classicm. Classicm literature would be seen.latin language revival. Translation latin to
english audience liked classicms satire in this age. To criticise harshly in funny way other writers didn’t
want to hurt their sentiments.

Gentle irony – used by writers.

The graveyard school of poets (a group) wokrs regarding tragedy, death and destruction. Elegy form of
poetry.

Robert burton’s the anatomy of melancholy.

Thomas gray’s elegy written in a country churchyard

Edward young’s night thoughts

Robert blair’s the grave.

The classical school of poetry . hudson’s different characteristics. The product of intelligence – argument
criticism politica in this porteyl (well educated could understand) no emotion and imagination.

Town poetry – for citizen people and written for them, not seen nature in the poetry. Not description of
common people.

Wanting in all romantic elements

Love of superticial polish – hard language simple thing described in hard language. Wordsworth critcised
about that.

Closed cuplet – form of poetry – inflexible. Hard rules to uter within rules.