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s_bias
Bias Biass
1 f1
2 Output Opk
Output Opk
Inputs, f2
Input Output Xi
DEFERENT ANN MODELS
Input
-hidden P -output
-P -ANN layer
layer layer
Input
P-hidden -output
P - -ANN layer
layer layer
10
Training of Neural Networks
Neural networks need to be trained. Based on the type
of network, it may be:
• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning
• Competitive
Although most networks are trained off-line using
available data, in some cases the weights can be up-
dated on-line in real-time to track the system operating
conditions.
Neural Network Controllers
Switching Table
abc to
3 2
4 1
5 6
+
Sector calculator
-
+ +
IP
-
-
ANN
abc to
N
3 2
4 1
5 6
+
Sector calculator
-
+ +
SMC
-
-
Torque and Flux Estimation
PI-DTC versus ANN-SMC-DTC
180
160
140 DTC-ANN-SMC
Reference
Rotor Speed (rad/sec)
120 DTC
X: 0.1507 160
Y: 149.2
100
150 158
X: 0.3459
80 Y: 149.2
100 156
60
154
40 50
152
20
0 150
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)
Block Diagram of an Adaptive Controller
Controller Structure with MLFF NNs
Neuro-Adaptive PSS
* Dynamic Stability Margin is defined as the maximum power output at which the generator loses
synchronism while input torque reference is gradually increased
ADALINE Network as an Identifier
Radial Basis Function Network
RBF-Identifier & Pole-Shifting Controller
Stability Margin Test
Disturbance
w(t) u_vector
u-vector
+ ω_vector
w vector
Plant -
PLANT
GN w
Controller
GN Unit Delay
Identifier
Σ
Results of GN identification for a 3-Phase to Ground fault at generator bus for 100 ms at P=0.7, Q=0.3 (lag).
Experimental Results of GN identification under 23 % step change in torque reference and trained on-line.
28
Performance of GNPSS and GNAPSS under three phase to ground fault for 100ms at the middle of one line in a double
circuit system at P=0.7pu and Q=0.3 pu (lag) .
Performance of GNPSS and GN based adaptive PSS when one line is removed at 0.5 sec. and re-energized at 5.5 sec and
then again same line is removed at 10.5 sec. and re-energized at 15.5 sec. at P=0.8 pu and Q=0.4 pu (leading). 29
Fuzzy Logic
General Concept
Fuzzy Logic Membership Functions
Examples of Membership Functions distributions
.
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB 1
1
0.5
Initial
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
0
-1 0 1 (a) =2.5
(a) Initial 1
1 Contracted Initial
0.5
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
0
-1 0 1 (b) =1.0
(b) Contracted
Expanded 1
1
0.5
We
NB NM Z PM PB
NB NB NB NB Z Z
NM NM NB NS Z Z
Z NS NS Z PS PS
PM Z PS PM PM PM
∆ We PB Z PM PB PB PB
Conventional and Fuzzy PID Algorithm
Fuzzy Logic Self-tuning PI Algorithm
Hybrid Micro-Grid Configuration
Wind Generator
Diesel Generator
PWind
Clutch Induction Wind Turbine
PDiesel
Diesel Synchronous Generator Dynamics
Engine Generator
Dump Load
Δf Fuzzy IF-THEN
ΔP
dΔf Inference engine
dt
23/42
DL frequency control
Previous fuzzy frequency
control
[4]
Proposed fuzzy
controller
Generator Loads
SVC
Generator Loads
Vm
-
SVC Vref
Δω / ΔPe
+
u(t)
Controller
Generator Loads
Vm
-
SVC Vref
+
u(t)
ΔPSVC
Adaptive
Controller
System
Identification
Consequent Parameters
G3 G1
1 1
2
Load 2
G2 8
1 Load 3
5 4
G5
1 G4
Load 1
1
-2
200
-4
150
100 -6
50 Wmes -8
0 Wref
-10
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Time (s) Time (s)
Estimated and Real Load Torque SRM
a b
12 0.05
10
6
0
4
0 Tl
Tl-obs
-2 -0.05
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator WECS
Field Oriented Control of Stator Side
Converter of PMSG
• D-Q components of the stator reference voltages, that
ultimately control the rectifier firing angle, are generated
by two PI controllers with d-q components of the stator
currents as inputs.
• Conventional PI controllers are replaced by trained ANFIS
with d-q axes stator currents error and integral of error
as inputs.
• Applied to a 1.5 MW wind turbine system with PMSG
Six sector phase plane
Δώ
Sector F
Sector A
R
Sector E θ
Δω
O
Sector B
Sector D
Sector C
Min Axis
Fig. 6 Fuzzy sets for input variable
Two Area Power System for LFC
Frequency variation of area- 1 in a Two Area Thermal
System without Reheat unit when disturbance in both areas
0
-0.005
-0.01 Both PI
PI in Area #1 and PFC in Area #2
-0.015
df1
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (sec)
Frequency variation of area- 2 in a Two Area Thermal
System without Reheat unit when disturbance in area - 1
- 0
-0.002
-0.004
PI
-0.006 PID
Fuzzy
df2
-0.008
Polar Fuzzy
-0.01
-0.012
-0.014
-0.016
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (sec)
Short Term Load Forecast
• Statistical methods
• AI based methods employing both neural networks and fuzzy logic
- Neural networks need to be trained
- Using heuristic optimization techniques, e.g. GA, that employ
random search and fuzzy rules to guide search, performance can be
improved.
- A generalized neural network (GNN) with four wavelet components
of the historic load data as input and fuzzy logic guided random
search GA as a learning tool for the GNN is used for short term load
forecast.
- RMS error with:
back propagation training – 0.0610 GAF training – 0.0486
Short Term Load Forecast with FL and GNN
Actual and predicted training and testing for winter season using GNN Actual and forecasted training (0:101) and testing (102:117) for the winter season using GNN-GAF model
1 1
actual actual
predicted predicted
0.9 0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
Load (kW)
0.6
Load (kW)
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time(Hours)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time(Hours)
Self-Tuning Load Forecast using GNN-W-GAF
Actual and predicted training and testing for the winter season using GNN-W-GA-F
1
actual
predicted
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Load (kW)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time(Hours)
Supervisory Control of a Cogeneration Plant
Generator Fuzzy Set-Point Control
Fuzzy Logic Self-Tuning PI Controller
Fuzzy Adaptive Control PSS
AVR
&
Exciter
TL Grid
u(t) +
Mamdani
^ FLC y(t)
y(k+1) _ z-1
RLS identifier
APSS
0.1 p.u. step increase in torque and 3 phase to ground fault at the middle of one
return to initial condition transmission line and successful re-closure
(power 0.30 p.u., 0.9 pf lead) -adaptive Mamdani fuzzy logic PSS (AMFLPSS
----fixed centers FLPSS
(power 0.9 p.u., 0.9 pf lag)
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
General Schematic of ANFIS
Basic structure of a typical ANFIS with two inputs and two-rule fuzzy system
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
• An ANFIS is an integration of neural networks and fuzzy
inference systems to determine the parameters of the
fuzzy system.
• Automatically realize the fuzzy system by using the neural
network methods.
• Fuzzy Sugeno models are involved in the framework of
adaptive system to facilitate learning and adaptation.
• Permit combination of numerical and linguistic data.
• Requires structural and parameter learning algorithms.
The Proposed Adaptive Neuro-Identifier
• A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) network is constructed to represent the
plant
f x N sign x N x N
xN
18-May-8 73/1
5
Control system structure
18-May-8 74/15
Online Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Controller for Nonlinear
Functions in the Input Layer for Damping Power
System Oscillations
A fuzzy PSS is usually made adaptive by adjustment of input
membership functions (premise) and consequent parameters (CPs).
w
18-May-8 77/15
Simulation results Multi-machine power system.
0.05 0.05
No PSS
No PSS 0.04
0.04 CPSS
CPSS
0.03 ANFPSS
ANFPSS
0.03
0.02
ω1-ω2 (rad/s)
0.02
0.01
w1-w2 (rad/s)
0.01
w 1-w 2 (rad/s)
0 -0.01
-0.01 -0.02
-0.03
-0.02
-0.04
-0.03
-0.05
-0.04 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
-0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
0.25
ω2-ω3 (rad/s)
0.25 No PSS
0.2
No PSS CPSS
0.2
CPSS ANFPSS
0.15
0.15 A NFPSS
0.1
0.1
0.05
w2-w 3 (rad/s)
0.05
w2-w3 (rad/s)
0 0
-0.05 -0.05
-0.1
-0.1
-0.15 Fig.14. 0.10 pu step inc-dec in torque of G3, -0.15
Fig.15. 0.10 pu step inc-dec in torque of G3,
-0.2
PSS on G3. PSS on G1, G2 and G3.
-0.2
-0.25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s) -0.25
18-May-8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
78/15
16 18 20
Time (s)
1.5 MW VSWECS
w e d
w
e q
_
i sd
0 + v
+_ PI dq
DC
i sd v
v PWM
n r* i
sd
+
+ SVM
gen.
sq
+_ PI +_ PI
i v sq
nr sq
i sd dq isa
i sb
isc
i
sq abc
PMSG n mech
1
s P
rad / sec - -
rot / min
Fig.2 Field oriented control scheme with speed sensor at generator
•Applied to the 1.5 MW wind turbine system.
• The wind speed starts at 11m/s, is changed to 9 m/s after 12 s
1.2
Generator Speed with PI Controller 1.2
Active Power with PI Controller
Generator Speed with ANFIS Controller Active Power with ANFIS Controller
1 1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (Sec)
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (Sec)
Experimental Results of Applying the
ASNFC in a Real-Time System
200 km Transmission Lines
Generator speed deviation in response to a 15% step increase Generator speed deviation in response to a three-phase to ground
in the torque reference (P=0.80 p.u. and 0.75 p.f. lag) short circuit test at the middle of a 200 km transmission line with
an unsuccessful re-closure (P=0.97 p.u. and 0.93 p.f. lag)
Concluding Remarks
• A wide spectrum of AI applications in power systems, from
load forecast to maintenance, is being explored.
• A general survey of the type of AI applications that have
been and are being explored for application in power system
has been attempted.
• This is not an exhaustive survey and some other applications
are also being pursued.
• Actual application of AI techniques, particularly for real-time
applications, is lagging. One application that seems to have
been adopted by the utilities is neural network based load
forecast algorithms.
Thank you
Questions?
Om Malik
maliko@ucalgary.ca