CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 1 LABS

CAPE Chemistry SBA Format

Date: Top line to the left Page #: Top line to the

right

Title: As given by lecturer

Aim: As given by lecturer

Apparatus: can be listed in paragraph format to save space

Method: Must be in past tense and in paragraph format

Results: where tables are used they must have a proper title that is not ambiguous e.g ‘THE
TITRE VALUES OBTAINED DURING THE NEUTRALIZATION OF 0.1M NaOH’ and
NOT ‘RESULTS OBTAINED DURING EXPERIMENT’. You can use more than one table
if needed. If do number your tables. Eg ‘TABLE 1: OBSERVATIONS OF METTALLIC
ION FLAME COLOR’

Calculations: (If required)

Discussion: Must be in paragraph format and past tense where possible

Sources of Error/limitations/assumptions:

Conclusion: Usually a couple sentences. It must relate to your aim.

Table of contents

Ensure that you keep your table of content up to date.

 PLANNING AND DESIGNING LAB WRITE UP

The format of ALL plan and design reports should be as follows

Problem Statement/Observation:

Title:

Date:

Hypothesis:

Aim:

Apparatus and Materials:

Variables:

• Controlled

• Manipulated

• Responding

Method:

Expected results: (tabular form for display of results and a sentence or two stating what you
are expecting based on your hypothesis)

Treatment of results:

Discussion:

Sources of error / precautions / limitations and areas of improvement (if any)

 LAB 1

Skill assessed: ORR

Title: Flame tests
Aim: To observe the characteristic colors produced by certain metallic ions when vaporized in a flame
and then to identify an unknown metallic ion by means of its flame test.
Materials:

 Bunsen burner
 Safety glasses
 Beaker with water
 Wooden splints
 Solutions (1.0 mol/L) of the following metal salts
 barium chloride
 calcium chloride (cobalt chloride substituted)
 copper(II)chloride
 sodium chloride
 potassium chloride
 magnesium chloride
 zinc chloride
 iron (II) chloride
 sodium chloride /potassium chloride mixture
 unknown A
 unknown B

Procedure:

1. Work in pairs to carry out the test on each solution at the workstations set up.

2. At your first workstation, light the Bunsen burner and open the air vent to obtain a non-luminous
flame with two blue cones.

3. Remove one of the wooden splints that have been soaking in the metal salt solution labeled on the
beaker

4. Carefully place the end of the wooden splint that was soaked in the metal salt solution at the top of
the inner blue cone. Record the color and intensity (bright/faint) of the flame in the data table. The
color given off by the salt is the initial color observed, not the yellow-orange color produced by the
burning wood. (To avoid burning the wood, wave the splint through the flame rather than holding
it right in the flame).

5. If more observations are needed, dip the clean end of the wooden splint in the solutions for a few
minutes and repeat. Otherwise, discard the wooden splints in beaker of water at the end of the
experiment.

6. Repeat with the other salts at the different workstations. Be sure to record the colors as precisely as
possible
Results: Record your results in a suitable table

Discussion:
Analyze the data obtained using the following questions as guidelines. Questions do not have to
be answered in the order given but you should organize your discussion so that it flows. From
one point to the next.

1. Explain how the colors observed in the flame tests are produced.
2. Why do different chemicals emit different colors of light?
3. List the colors observed in this lab from the highest energy to the lowest energy.
4. List the colors observed in this lab from the highest frequency to the lowest
frequency.
5. List the colors observed in this lab from the shortest wavelength to the longest
wavelength.
6. What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength?
7. Based on the results of your experiment, what metal is found unknown A and
unknown B? Explain.
8. Can a flame test be used to determine the identity of unknowns in a mixture? Why or
why not? (refer to results from the experiment)
9. Account for cases where a distinct flame color and intensity was not observed.
10. Give relevant sources of errors (at least 2) and limitations.

Conclusion: A statement related to the aim of your experiment

 LAB 2

Skill assessed: ORR

Date: 28th January, 2022

Title: Physical properties of ionic and covalent compounds.
Aim: To determine the physical properties of ionic and covalent compounds

Apparatus/ material: Solid samples of A, B, C and D, 12 test tubes, test tube rack and
holder, glass rod, 25cm3 measuring cylinder, spatula, Bunsen Burner, electrical circuit,
propanone, distilled water.

Method:

1. Add a small spatula of sample A to a test tube and heat gently at first and then strongly
until no further change is observed.
2. Add a small spatula of sample A to 20cm3 of distilled water in a test tube. Test the
resulting mixture for electrical conductivity. Record your observations on solubility and
electrical conductivity.
3. Repeat step 3 using propanone instead of water.
4. Repeat steps 1 – 3 using samples of B, C and D.

Results: Record your results in a suitable table.

Discussion: Should include but not limited to

1. Principles associated with the formation of ionic and covalent bonds.

2. Identify which sample(s) are ionic and which are covalent.
3. Justify your classification of substance A –D by account for the observations made
based on the forces of attraction present in the substances analyzed.
4. Identify possible sources of errors and limitations (at least one each).

Conclusion:
 LAB 3 (P&D # 1)

Skill assessed: P/D

Due date: to be submitted along with Lab #4

Problem Question:

John and Sarah are interested in the oxidizing abilities of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Ag+. Plan and design
an experiment to compare the relative oxidizing abilities of these metal ions.

Hypothesis: this is a statement based on the observation/problem that can be tested.

Title:

Aim:

Apparatus/Materials:

Variables: Independent variable (the one you are controlling), Dependent variable (the one
you will be recording results for), Controlled variables (all other variables that must be kept
constant)

Method:

 Present tense

 List all steps in point form

Expected results: shows how results will be recorded (tables, graphs etc), if tables are being
used then draw empty tables with headings and title.

Treatment of results: If graphs are being used state which variable should be plotted on
which axis.

Outline steps to be taken for any calculations

Describe the results that are expected if applicable

State your inferences

Discussion: Explain the results that should be expected (if known) and write relevant
equations.

Limitations/Assumption: shortcomings of your design which may become sources of error

and list any assumptions made.
 LAB 4

Skill assessed: M/M; A/I

Date: 11th February

Title: Titrating Na2CO3 with HCl using methyl orange indicator.
Aim: To determine the percentage mass of Na2CO3 in B1

Apparatus/ Material:

A1 – 0.1 moldm-3 HCl (100 cm3), B1- Solution containing 60gdm-3 Na2CO3/NaCl mixture (40
cm3), methyl orange indicator, 250cm3 volumetric flask, 25cm3 pipette, two 50 cm3 burette,
three 250 cm3 conical flask, funnel, White tile, wash bottle with distilled water.

Method:

1. Using a burette, place 30.00 cm3 of B1 in a 250cm3 graduated flask. Make up the contents
of the flask to the mark using distilled water to produce B2.
2. Place A1 in a second burette.
3. Pipette 25cm3 of B2 into a conical flask. Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate
with A1 until the first permanent color change is observed.

Treatment of results/calculations

1. Calculate the average volume of A1 required to neutralize 25cm3 of B2.

2. Write an equation for the reaction of Na2CO3 with HCl.
3. Calculate the number of moles of HCl (A1) used.
4. Determine the number of moles of Na2CO3 in 25cm3 of B2.
5. Calculate the number of moles of Na2CO3 in 250cm3 of B2.
6. Calculate the concentration of Na2CO3 in B1 in i) moldm-3 ii) gdm-3
7. Determine the % by mass of Na2CO3 in B1.

Discussion

Thoroughly discuss your results

Points to include:

 Definition of titration.
 Explanation of the reaction occurring.
 Concept of end point/equivalence point (in relation to the titre value obtained) and
choice of indicator.
 Why titration is a suitable method.
 Sources of error: At least 2 appropriate.
Conclusion:
 Lab 5

Skill Assessed: M/M; A/I

Date: 18th February, 2022

Title: Redox titration
AIM: To determine the concentration of a solution of hydrogen peroxide

Materials/ apparatus:

0.020 moldm-3 potassium manganate (VII) solution (75 cm3), H2O2 stock solution (10cm3),
1M sulphuric acid solution (40cm3) distilled water, 250cm3 volumetric flask (1), beakers to
collect solutions (3), conical flasks (3), 50cm3 burette (1), 25 cm3 pipette (1), pipette filler,
white tile, retort stand, 10 ml measuring cylinder (2)

Procedure

1. Prepare 250 cm3 of a solution of hydrogen peroxide by adding 7.5 cm3 of the stock solution
supplied to the volumetric flask and diluting to the required volume.
2. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of this solution into a conical flask.

3. Add 10 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid in a measuring cylinder.

4. Titrate the mixture against the potassium manganate (VII) until a permanent pale pink
colour appears in the conical flask.

5. Record the titre volume and repeat until concordant values are obtained.
6. Write your results in the table below and answer the questions that follow.

Results

Burette Trial 1 2
Reading/cm3
Final

Initial

Volume
used/cm3

Treatment of results/Calculations

1. Write the relevant half equations for the reaction occurring.

2. Using the two half equations from question 1, write the full balanced ionic equation.
 3. If the stock solution of hydrogen peroxide had a molar concentration of 1.67 mol dm-
3
, determine the molar concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution prepared by
you.

4. Determine the molar concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution prepared by you
using your titration results.

5. Hydrogen peroxide is sold using terms such as “20-volume”. This means that any
volume of H2O2 will decompose the produce 20 times that volume of oxygen gas (eg.
1cm3 of hydrogen peroxide would produce 20 cm3 of oxygen upon decomposition).
Using the molar concentration of the stock solution of 1.67 mol dm-3, determine what
designation you would assign this hydrogen peroxide.

Discussion (should include)

1. Relevant definitions
2. Make reference to relevant equations to identify
 Changes in oxidation states,
 what is oxidized/ reduced
 oxidizing and reducing agents
3. Account for any differences in values for 3 and 4 under treatment of results.
4. Sources of errors/

Conclusion:
 LAB 6 (To be done in groups of 4)

Skill assessed: MM

N.B. For your M/M skill, you will be assessed on your use of the top loading balance, as
well as general lab measurement skills (measuring cylinder, thermometer readings, use
of reagents etc.)
NaOH rapidly absorbs moisture from the air to form a corrosive liquid so conduct this
part of the experiment quickly but carefully! The persons weighing the NaOH must
wear gloves!

Date: 25th February, 2022

Title: Hess’ Law

Aim: To determine the standard enthalpy changes of solution, neutralization and reaction for
sodium hydroxide and use them to verify Hess’ law.

Apparatus: Top loading balance, spatula (will be in container with NaOH), weighing paper
(2), solid sodium hydroxide, 2M sodium hydroxide solution (100 ml), 2M hydrochloric acid
(100ml), 0.25M hydrochloric acid (200ml), thermometer (2), styrofoam cup (3), 250 - 300 ml
beaker (6), 100 ml measuring cylinder (1), distilled water (200ml), 50ml burette (1), 25ml
pipette (1), pipette filler (1), retort stand and clamp (1), funnel (1)
Method:

Standard enthalpy of neutralization of NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)

1. Place the styrofoam cup into the 250/300ml beaker.

2. Pipette 25 ml of 2M NaOH solution into the styrofoam cup. Allow it to stand and
record the constant temperature reached.
3. Rinse a clean burette with a small volume of the 2M HCl solution and then fill the
burette with the remaining 2M HCl solution (ensure that the tip is filled and the
funnel removed after filling)
4. Run 5.0ml of the HCl from the burette into the styrofoam cup.
5. Stir the mixture well using the thermometer and record the highest temperature
reached.
6. Add another 5.0ml portion of HCl to the styrofoam cup, stir the mixture and record
the highest temperature.
7. Repeat step 6 until all 50 ml are used up.
8. Record your results in a suitable table

Standard enthalpy of solution of NaOH (s)

1. Place the styrofoam cup into a 250/300 ml beaker.

2. Using the measuring cylinder, add 200 ml of distilled water to the styrofoam cup
3. Measure and record the steady temperature of the water.
4. Record the mass of an empty sheet of weighing paper.
 5. Add between 2 – 3 g of solid sodium hydroxide to the weighing paper and record the
total mass.
6. Quickly add the sodium hydroxide to the distilled water in the styrofoam cup
7. Stir the mixture gently using a thermometer until all of the solid has dissolved
8. Record the highest temperature reached.
9. Reweigh the weighing paper and record its mass.
10. Record your results in a suitable table

Standard enthalpy of reaction between NaOH(s) and HCl(aq)

1. Place the styrofoam cup into a 250 ml beaker.

2. Using the measuring cylinder, add 200 ml of 0.25M HCl to the styrofoam cup
3. Record the steady temperature of the acid.
4. Record the mass of a sheet of weighing paper
5. Add between 2 – 3 g of solid sodium hydroxide to the weighing paper and record the
total mass.
6. Quickly add the sodium hydroxide to the acid in the cup.
7. Stir the mixture gently using a thermometer until all of the solid has dissolved
8. Record the highest temperature reached.
9. Reweigh the weighing paper and record its mass.
10. Record your results in a suitable table

Results:

 Record your results in suitable tables. Ensure that your tables are numbered, enclosed,
easy to read, have suitable titles that are underlined, have suitable headings and units.
 Draw a graph of temperature (y-axis) vs volume of 2M HCl added (x – axis) for the
standard enthalpy of neutralization. From your graph determine the equivalence point
of the titration and clearly label this point on your graph.

Calculations:

1. Calculate the standard enthalpy changes of neutralization, solution and reaction using
your knowledge of energetics and the results obtained from the experiments (Assume
the specific heat capacity of the polystyrene cup is negligible and that the specific heat
capacity of the solution is 4.18JK-1g-1.) For the standard enthalpy change of reaction,
determine which reagent is limiting and use its number of moles to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of reaction.
2. Write the net ionic equations for all reactions
3. Use your ionic equations for neutralization and solution to construct a Hess’ law
diagram to determine the value for the enthalpy change of reaction for sodium
hydroxide with hydrochloric acid
 4. Use your Hess’ law diagram along with the calculated values for standard enthalpy
change of neutralization and solution to calculate a second value for the standard
enthalpy change of reaction for sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

Discussion:

Your discussion should include but is not limited to:

 Comparisons between the value for the enthalpy of reaction calculated from the
experiment with that obtained using Hess’ law and account for any differences
 Comparisons between your experimental values for each enthalpy with theoretical
ones and account for any differences.

Conclusion:
 LAB 7 (P&D#2)

Skill assessed: Planning and designing

Problem:

The substance hydrogen peroxide decomposes naturally to water and oxygen gas. You are
given THREE substances X, Y and Z and are told that they catalyse the decomposition
process of hydrogen peroxide. Your task is to determine which of the three substances is the
most efficient catalyst.

Hypothesis: this is a statement based on the observation/problem that can be tested.

Title:

Aim:

Apparatus/Materials:

Method:

 Present tense

 List all steps in point form

Variables: Independent variable (the one you are controlling), Dependent variable (the one
you will be recording results for), Controlled variables (all other variables that must be kept
constant)

Expected Results
Based on the method, what data can you collect? This is basically the responding variable.

Shows how results will be recorded (tables, graphs etc), if tables are being used then draw
empty tables with headings and title.

If graphs are being used state which variable should be plotted on which axis.

What do you expect to occur based on the procedure used.(general statements)

Treatment of results and inferences(linking of expected results to hypothesis)

Expected Results and Treatment of Results are two different criteria. In the latter criterion,
students must describe how they will use the results obtained to solve the problem.

This would include details of the calculations that must be done (if applicable) and inferences
that can be made.
Discussion: Explain the results that should be expected (if known) and write relevant
equations.

Limitations/Assumption: shortcomings of you design which may become sources of error

and list any assumptions made.

LAB 8 (to be done in pairs)

Date: 11th March, 2022

Skills assessed: ORR
Title: Rates of Reaction
Aim: To determine the effect of concentration on the rate of the reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and HCl

Apparatus: per pair of students

0.5M HCl – 110ml

0.15 M Na2S2O3 – 130ml
Distilled water
Beaker (2)
Stopwatch/Timer (1)
25ml measuring cylinder (1)
50ml measuring cylinder (1)
Method: (This lab will be done in pairs – 1 person will conduct the 1st two conc.s while
the other does the 2nd two concs. You will then swap results.) This instruction is not to
be included in write up.

1. Measure 50ml of sodium thiosulphate into the 50ml measuring cylinder and then add
it to the beaker.
2. Place the conical flask/beaker on a paper given.
3. Record the initial temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution
4. Measure 25 ml of 0.5M HCl into a 25ml measuring cylinder
5. Add the HCl to the conical beaker and immediately start timing
6. Swirl the contents of the flask/beaker once and let it stand on the white tile
7. Stop timing when the writing on the paper is no longer visible through the solution
8. Record the time taken in seconds
9. Wash the solution down the sink with plenty of water
10. Repeat the experiment at three different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate (refer
to the results table)
11. Use 1/time taken as a measure of the relative rate

Expt. Volume of Volume Volume of Concentration Time Relative

# 0.15M sodium of HCl/ml of taken/s rate/s-1
 thiosulphate/ml distilled thiosulphate
water/ml solution/M
1 50 0 25
2 35 15 25
3 25 25 25
4 15 35 25

N.B. Add the required volume of thiosulphate to the 50ml measuring cylinder and then
make it up to the 50 ml mark with distilled water, where applicable.

1. Calculate the concentration of Na2S2O3 in each experiment using the formula

C1V1 = C2V2, where C1 = initial concentration of 0.15M, V1 = volume of 0.15M used, V2 =
volume of thiosulphate + distilled water
2. Plot a graph of concentration (y-axis) vs time taken (x-axis)
3. Plot a graph of relative rate (y-axis) vs concentration (x-axis)

Discussion:

A complete analysis of your results (inclusive of your graphs) based on the information learnt
during the study of Rates of Reactions.

Lab 9
Date: 18th March, 2022
Skills assessed: AI

N.B.
 The cobalt chloride equilibrium mixture contains concentrated HCl so the person who
will be handling it needs to wear gloves. Be careful when washing the test tubes after
the experiment as well.
 AgNO3 decomposes in sunlight, so only collect this solution when you are at test tube
#4.

Background information:

Title: Le Chatelier’s Principle

Aims:

1. To determine the effect of changes in temperature and concentration on the position

of equilibrium in a cobalt chloride system
2. To determine the effect of changes in pH on the position of equilibrium in a chromate
system
Apparatus:

0.1M equilibrium mixture of cobalt chloride (~10 ml), 0.1M equilibrium mixture of acidified
potassium chromate (~10ml), AgNO3 solution (10 ml), 6M HNO3 (10 ml) 10% NaOH (10
ml), concentrated HCl (CORROSIVE! - will be administered by teacher), test tubes (8), test
tube rack (2), test tube holder (1), bunsen burner, matches, ice bath, droppers, 50 ml beakers
(5)

Method:

Effect of changes in temperature and concentration on cobalt chloride system

1. Divide 10 ml of the cobalt equilibrium solution amongst 5 test
tubes.
2. Record the initial color of all the solutions
3. Label one of the test tubes ‘control’. (This test tube will be used
to compare the color changes in each experiment.)
4. Place the 2nd test tube in the ice bath and leave it to cool until the
end of the other experiments.
5. Heat the 3rd test tube in the bunsen burner flame (moderate
flame) by wafting it back and forth until a color change occurs.
6. To the 4th test tube add the silver nitrate solution dropwise at
first and then in excess.
 7. To the 5th test tube add concentrated HCl solution in excess.
8. Record all observations in a suitable table.

Effect of changes in pH on chromate system

1. Divide 10 ml of the acidified potassium chromate equilibrium solution amongst 3 test

tubes.
2. Record the initial color of all the solutions.
3. Label one of the test tubes ‘control’. (This test tube will be used to compare the color
changes in each experiment.)
4. To the 2nd test tube add an equal volume of 6M HNO3.
5. To the 3rd test tube add an equal volume of 10% NaOH solution.
6. Record all observations in a suitable table.

Results:

Discussion:

Your discussion should include:

 Key definitions
 Explanations for all your observations based on Le Chatelier’s principle (with
relevant equations)
 Possible sources of error (explaining their impact on your results)

Conclusion:

Simulation: http://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/equil/
equil.htm
 Lab 10: (To be done in groups of 5)
Date: 25 March, 2022
th

Title: Period 3 and Group 2 Elements

Skill Assessed: ORR

Title: Period 3 and Group 2 Elements

Aim: To describe the trend in solubility and acid/base nature of some of the oxides, chlorides
and hydroxides of period 3 and group 2

Apparatus: 250ml beakers (10), spatula, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide,
calcium oxide, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminium chloride, sodium hydroxide,
magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, universal pH papers,
thermometer, tap water, top pan balance, weighing paper

Method:

Solubility and Acid/Base Nature of oxides of period 3 and group 2

1. Add approximately 100ml of tap water to an empty 250ml beaker

2. Record the temperature of the water
3. Record observations of the solid magnesium oxide
4. Using the balance, weigh approximately 1 g of magnesium oxide and add it to the
water in the beaker.
5. Stir the solution using the thermometer and record any temperature changes
6. Record observations about the solubility of the oxide
7. Test the pH of the mixture using universal pH paper and record the results
8. Repeat steps 1-7 using aluminium oxide, calcium oxide and silicon dioxide.

Solubility and Acid/Base Nature of chlorides of period 3

1. Add approximately 100ml of distilled water to an empty 250ml beaker

2. Record the temperature of the water
3. Make observations of the solid sodium chloride
4. Using the balance, weigh approximately 1 g of sodium chloride and add it to the water
in the beaker
5. Stir the solution using the thermometer and record any temperature changes
6. Record observations about the solubility of the chloride
7. Test the pH of the mixture using universal pH paper and record the results
8. Repeat steps 1-7 using magnesium chloride and aluminium chloride.

Solubility and pH of hydroxides of period 3 and group 2

(Wear gloves when handling these hydroxides and avoid contact with your skin)
 1. Add approximately 100 ml of distilled water to an empty 250ml beaker
2. Record the temperature of the water
3. Make observations of the solid sodium hydroxide
4. Using the balance, weigh approximately 1 g of sodium hydroxide and add it to the
water in the beaker
5. Stir the solution using the thermometer and record any temperature changes
6. Record observations about the solubility of the oxide
7. Test the pH of the mixture using universal pH paper and record the results
8. Repeat steps 1-7 using magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and barium
hydroxide.
Results:

Record your results in suitable table/s

Discussion:

 Describe and explain the trends in solubility of the oxides, chlorides and hydroxides
of period 3
 Describe and explain the trend in the acid/base nature of the oxides, chlorides and
hydroxides of period 3
 Describe and explain the trends in solubility of the oxides and hydroxides of Group 2
 Describe and explain the trend in the acid/base nature of the oxides and hydroxides of
Group 2
 Sources of Error
Conclusion:
 Lab 11: Qualitative analysis of halides

Date: 1st April, 2022

Skill Assessed: A/I

This lab will be done in groups of five

Title: Qualitative Analysis of the Halide Salts

Aim: To identify the halide ions by their reactions with concentrated sulphuric acid and
aqueous silver nitrate

Apparatus: test tubes (7), test tube rack (1), 50ml beakers (7), droppers (3), solid samples of
halide salts KX, KY and KZ, distilled water, nitric acid (20 ml), aqueous silver nitrate (10
ml), aqueous ammonia (20 ml), concentrated sulphuric acid (~5 ml) , spatula, test tube
holder, pH paper

Method:

Reaction of the halides with concentrated sulphuric acid

1. Using a spatula, add a small amount of solid KX to a dry test tube

2. Holding the test tube in a test tube holder, add concentrated sulphuric acid drop-wise
to the test tube until the reaction starts (stop adding acid once the reaction starts!)
3. Test any gases given off with moistened pH paper
4. Record all observations (color of gases/solutions/solids, scent of gases, color changes
to and pH of pH paper)
5. Repeat steps 1- 4 with the solids KY and KZ
Reaction of the halides with aqueous silver nitrate

1. Fill 3 beakers with approximately 50ml of distilled water and dissolve a spatula full of
KX, KY and KZ into each beaker.
2. Rinse the four remaining test tubes with soap, followed by distilled water, followed
by a final rinse with nitric acid
3. Add approximately 1ml of distilled water to one of the test tubes. (This will serve as
your control)
4. Add approximately 1 ml of the solution of KX to another test tube
5. Add 5 drops of nitric acid to the test tube and shake to ensure proper mixing
6. Add silver nitrate solution drop-wise to the test tube until a precipitate forms. Shake
the test tube after each drop.
7. Record the color of the precipitate formed
8. Add dilute aqueous ammonia in excess to the test tube noting if any of the precipitate
re-dissolves. Shake the test tube after adding the ammonia.
9. Record your observations.
10. Repeat steps 4-8 using the remaining solutions of KY and KZ
Results:
Discussion:

Your discussion should include:

 Identification of the halide ions present with explanations for your deductions
 Balanced equations with state symbols for reactions occurring
 Identification of products observed when the halides react with concentrates sulphuric
acid
 Identification of the type of reaction occurring and identification of what has been
oxidized/reduced where applicable
Conclusion: