CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

School-Based Assessment (SBA) is an integral part of your CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2

examinations. It assesses you in the experimental skills and the analysis and interpretation skills
that are involved in laboratory work, and it is intended to assist you in acquiring certain
knowledge, skills and attitudes that are critical in the study of Chemistry. The important points
that you should note about SBA are

 SBA is worth 20 % of your final examination mark.

 You will be assessed in the following four skills:
 Manipulation and Measurement
 Observation, Recording and Reporting
 Planning and Designing
 Analysis and Interpretation

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

  CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT
 NAME & CLASS
 DATE: dd/mm/yy the date the experiment was done
 LAB #
 TITLE
 AIM: the purpose of the lab
 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: must be listed
 DIAGRAM: neatly labelled 2D drawing of the experiment set up
 METHOD: stepwise, written in past tense
 RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS: must be tabulated, appropriate headings,
with units where necessary, self-explanatory titles
 CALCULATIONS: CORRECT units must be included
 DISCUSSIONS: significance of results, data analysis questions
 SOURCE OF ERROR/LIMITATION/PRECAUTION
 CONCLUSION: must be related to the AIM
 REFERENCES
 FOR PLANNING &DESIGN REPORTS ONLY
 NAME & CLASS
 DATE dd/mm/yy the problem statement was given
 LAB #
 PROBLEM STATEMENT:
 HYPOTHESIS: clearly stated with one variable, testable
 AIM: related to hypothesis and problem statement, method to be used
specified
 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: all essential ones listed
 DIAGRAM: experimental set up (2D)
 METHOD: logical sequence of steps, written in present tense, feasible to test
hypothesis
 VARIABLES: (manipulated, responding and controlled): clearly listed
 DATA TO BE COLLECTED: observations, measurements or qualitative
data which will prove or disprove your hypothesis
 INTERPRETATION OF DATA: shows the link between how data to be
collected proves or disproves hypothesis
 LIMITATIONS, PRECAUTIONS, ASSUMPTIONS
 REFERENCES

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 LAB # 1

Title : Analytical Chemistry : Uncertainty in Measurements

Aim To investigate the uncertainty in measurements associated with the use of a

:
burette, a pipette and a measuring cylinder.

1. 50 cm3 burette (Class A)

Apparatus 2. 25 cm3 pipette (Class A)
:
and Material 3. 25 cm3 measuring cylinder (Class A)
4. Distilled water
5. Balance

Procedure 1. Label 3 empty dry conical flasks A, B, and C.

2. Weigh each conical flask and record the mass.
3. Transfer 25 mL of water from the burette into each conical flask. Re-
weigh the flasks and record the results.
: 4. Repeat steps 1-3 using a pipette to measure the volume of water.
5. Repeat steps 1-3 using a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of
water.
6. Record all results in a suitable table

Measuring Mass (g) 1 2 3 Average

Instrument

Burette Mass of flask &

water

Mass of flask
Observations
:
and Results Mass of water

Pipette Mass of flask &

water

Mass of flask

Mass of water

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 Measuring Mass of flask and
cylinder water

Mass of flask

Mass of water

Data Analysis

1. Find the average mass of 25 mL of water delivered from:

 The burette
 The pipette
 The measuring cylinder
2. Using the density of water as 1 g/mL, calculate the average volume of water delivered
from the 3 apparatus
3. Calculate the Standard deviation from the volume of water delivered by the 3 apparatus.
4. Find the absolute error and the % relative error in the measurement made using the 3
apparatus.
5. Comment on the accuracy and precision of the volume measurements made using the
burette, the pipette and the measuring cylinder.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 LAB # 2

Title : Alkanes and Alkenes

Aim : To compare the reactions of cyclohexane and cyclohexene

1. Safety goggles,
2. Hard glass watch glasses
3. Bunsen burner,
4. Wooden splints
5. Blue litmus
6. Test tubes with corks
Apparatus and Material : 7. Test tube rack
8. Cyclohexane

9. Cyclohexene
10. Conc. Sulphuric acid
11. Acidified potassium permanganate solution
12. Bromine water
13. Bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane

Procedure 1. Place 3 – 4 drops of the alkane on a watch glass, set it alight

and observe. Repeat using the alkene.
2. Place app. 2 cm3 of the alkane into two test tube and add 5
drops of a solution of bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane to
each. Place one in the dark and one in light. Make
observations. (Several methods are available for identifying
the gas produced. Select the most appropriate method and
identify the gas.) Repeat using the alkene.
3. Place 1 cm3 of the alkane in a test tube and add 5 drops of
:
bromine water and observe. Repeat using the alkene.
4. Place 3 – 4 drops of alkane on a watch glass and add 5
drops of acidified potassium permanganate solution and
observe. Repeat using the alkene.
5. To app. 1 cm3 of the alkane, add 1 cm3 of concentrated
sulphuric acid and observe. Repeat using the alkene.
6. Record all results in a suitable table.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 TESTS OBSERVATIONS

CYCLOHEXANE CYCLOHEXENE

Observations
:
and Results

QUESTIONS:

1. What are the products of complete combustion of the alkane and alkene? Write balanced
equations for these reactions, using both the structural and molecular formulae.
2. What is meant by the term ‘substitution reaction’? Using structural formulae, write an equation
for such a reaction occurring in this experiment. What conditions favour this reaction and why?
3. Comment on your observation of test 1
4. Alkenes are described as being unsaturated. Explain what this term means using observations of
this experiment. Using structural formulae write at least two equations to support your
explanation.
5. Comment on the observation of test 5.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 LAB # 3

Title : Analytical Chemistry : Sensitivity of Measuring Instruments

Aim : To compare the sensitivity of a measuring cylinder and a burette.

Apparatus 14. 50 cm3 burette (Class A)

:
and Material 15. 10 cm3 measuring cylinder (Class A)
16. Distilled water

Procedure 7. Fill the burette to the zero mark with distilled water.
8. Transfer 25 drops of water (dropwise) into the measuring cylinder. Record
the new burette reading to the nearest 0.05 mL. Record the reading of the
measuring cylinder to the nearest 0.2 mL. (Leave the water in the
measuring cylinder).
9. Repeat this process in periods of 25 drops until 200 drops are delivered to
: the measuring cylinder.(You are repeating the process 7 times)
10. Tabulate your results.
11. Draw a graph of the volume of burette against volume in the measuring
cylinder
12. Draw a best fit line
13. Calculate the standard deviation between volumes in the burette and the
measuring cylinder.

Table: 1 Readings obtained from the burette and measuring cylinder

No. of Drops 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Final Burette Reading / cm3

Observations
: Initial Burette Reading / cm 3
and Results
Total Vol of drops Burette / cm3

Vol in measuring cylinder / cm3

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 1. On the same sheet of graph paper, using the same axes and the same scale,
plot the following graphs:

 Burette readings against the number of drops of water

 Measuring cylinder readings against the number of drops of water
Graph
 Draw the best straight line through each of the graph

2. Find the gradient of each graph and determine which of the measuring
instruments is more sensitive.

Data 1. From the graph determine the volume in the measuring cylinder when 4
: cm3 of water is delivered from the burette.
Analysis

2. Determine from the graph when 8.2 cm3 of water is delivered from the
burette the reading in the measuring cylinder?
3. Which instrument is considered to be accurate?

4. Which instrument is considered to be precise?

5. Explain your answer for questions 3 and 4.

LAB # 4

Planning and Designing

Mr. Johnson, a farmer, wants to increase his yield of vegetables, but of lately, he finds that his
plants are not thriving well. His neighbour suggests that his soil may be too acidic for the plants
to grow well. Devise a suitable hypothesis and plan and design an experiment to determine the
level of acidity present in his soil.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 LAB # 5

Title : Gravimetric Analysis-Volatilization

Aim : To determine the number of moles of water of crystallization in hydrated MgSO4.xH2O

Theory Hydrated salts contain water of crystallization which can be removed by heating. The
hydrated salt is heated and weighed repeatedly until a constant mass is obtained. This loss
:
in mass of the salt can then be used to calculate the number of moles of water of
crystallization.

1. Hydrated Magnesium sulphate 3. Balance

Apparatus
: MgSO4.xH2O 4. Bunsen burner
and Material 2. Hard glass test tube and holder

Procedure 1. Weigh an empty hard glass test tube and record the value.
2. Place 6 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate into the test tube and reweigh. Record
this value.
: 3. Heat the test tube gently initially and then more strongly to remove any water that
is present until the salt decomposes or you see an emittance of white fumes.
4. Cool the test tube and then reweigh the test tube. Record this value.
5. Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing process until a constant mass is obtained.

Table 1 Mass of hydrated magnesium sulphate

Observations
: Mass of test tube and hydrated magnesium sulphate / g
and Results
Mass of empty test tube /g

Mass of hydrated magnesium sulphate /g

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 Table 2 Mass of hydrated magnesium sulphate after heating

Mass of test tube and hydrated magnesium sulphate after

heating / g

Mass of empty test tube /g

Mass of hydrated magnesium sulphate after heating /g

Data Analysis : 1. Number of moles of anhydrous MgSO4 in the sample

and
Interpretation 2. Determine the mass of water driven out of the sample

3. Number of moles of water driven out from the sample

4. Number of moles of water of crystallization in one mole of hydrated MgSO4

5. Write a balanced equation for the formation of anhydrous Magnesium sulphate

from hydrated magnesium sulphate.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 6

Title : Analytical Chemistry : Quantitative Titration

Aim To determine

:  the concentration of iron(II) ions in an unknown solution and, by a graphical

method,
 the volume of an aqueous solution of substance X that will oxidize the
iron(II) ions in 25 cm3 of the unknown.

Apparatus 1. A is 0.02 moldm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

and : 2. B is the unknown containing iron(II) ions, Fe2+,
Material 3. C is an aqueous solution of a substance X.
4. Under acid conditions X oxidizes iron(II) to iron(III).

Procedure Experiment 1

1. Fill a burette with A, 0.02 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.

2. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of B into a conical flask and add, using the measuring cylinder
10 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 sulphuric acid.
3. Run A from the burette into the conical flask until the first permanent pale pink
:
colour remains. This is the end point of the titration.
4. Record your burette readings in Table 1.
5. Repeat the titrations as many times as you think necessary to obtain
accurate results.
6. Make certain that the recorded results show the precision of your practical
work.
Experiment 2

1. Fill the second burette with C, the aqueous solution of X.

2. Pipette 25.0 cm3 of B into a conical flask and add, using the measuring cylinder
10 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 sulphuric acid.
3. Add, from the second burette, 4.00 cm3 of X. This oxidizes some of the Fe2+
that has been pipetted into the flask.
4. Titrate the remaining Fe2+ in the conical flask with A, potassium manganate(VII)
until the first permanent pale pink colour remains.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 5. Record the volume of X added and your burette readings in table 2.
6. Repeat 2 more times
7. Empty and rinse the conical flask.
8. Repeat Experiment 2, using the volumes of X shown in Table 2.
9. Record your results in Table 2.

Table 1: Titration of A, 0.02 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

with B, the unknown.

Titre 1 2 3 4

Final burette reading/ cm3

Initial burette reading/ cm3

Volume of A used/ cm3

Observation
s and :
Results
Table 2 Titration of B/X mixture with A, KMnO 4

Volume of X added/ cm3 4.00 8.00 12.00

Final burette reading/ cm3

Initial burette reading/ cm3

Volume of A added/ cm3

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

Data Experiment 1
:
Analysis

(a) 25.0 cm3 of B reacted with …………….. cm3 of A.

Show which results you used to obtain this volume of A by placing a tick under the
readings in Table 1.

(b) Calculate how many moles of potassium manganate(VII) were run from
the burette into the conical flask during the titration of B with A.
(c) Use the half equations for the reactions, balance and write the overall
equation

+ 8 + 5 ⎯⎯⎯ + 4

⎯⎯⎯ +

(d) Use the equations from (c) and your answer to (b) to calculate the
concentration of Fe2+, in mol dm-3, in B.

Experiment 2

(a) Plot the volume of A against the volume of X.

a. Your scale on the X axis should extend to 30.00 cm3.
(b) Draw the best-fit straight line through the plotted points.
(c) From your graph find the volume of X that reacts with the Fe2+ present in
25.0 cm3 of B.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 7

Title : Reactions of Alcohols

Aim : To Compare the reactions of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols

1. Test tubes
2. Beakers
3. Protective gloves
4. Bunsen burner
5. potassium manganite(VII) solution
Apparatus 6. dil sulphuric acid
and : 7. potassium dichromate solution
Material 8. dil sodium hydroxide
9. Iodine solution
10. distilled water
11. 1-butanol
12. 2-butanol
13. 2-methylpropan-2-ol
14. unknown alcohol

Procedure : As detailed in the table on the next page.

Analysis:

1. Draw the displayed structural formulae for each of the alcohols.

2. What phenomenon do 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol
demonstrate?
3. Which of the alcohols is/are reducing agents? Explain and write any relevant
equations
4. Which of these alcohols will you expect to react with Fehling’s/Benedict’s
solution? Explain.
5. Explain your observation in test 3.
6. A has the same molecular formula as 1-butanol. Based on your observations
and other considerations, deduce a possible structural formula for this
compound. Name the structure you have drawn.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

TESTS OBSERVATIONS

1. Add a few drops of

acidified (dil. H2SO4)
potassium
permanganate to 1 mL
of the alcohol. Warm

2. Add a few drops of

acidified (dil H2SO4)
potassium dichromate
to 1 mL of the alcohol.
Warm.

3. Mix about 5 drops of

the alcohol with 1 mL
iodine solution. Drop
by drop, add aqueous
NaOH until the brown
colour almost
disappears. Warm the
test tube in a beaker of
hot water (iodoform
test)

Name:

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 LAB # 8

Title : Water pollutants

Aim To test the samples provided for the presence of the following ions; SCN-, PO43-, NO3-
:
, and Pb2+.

Theory Cyanide, nitrate, phosphate and lead (II) ions are some pollutants found in water. In
this experiment, tests are carried out for; SCN-, PO43-, NO3- , and Pb 2+ ions. The
thiocyanate ion gives a blood red colour on adding aqueous iron (III) nitrate. The
phosphate ion gives a bright yellow precipitate when warmed with ammonia molybdate.
: The brown ring test is used for detecting nitrates. Lead (II) ions give a white precipitate
on the addition of hydrochloric acid. The precipitate dissolves on heating and re-
appears on cooling.

1. Samples of polluted water, A, B, and 6. Concentrated H2SO4, HNO3,

C and HCl
Apparatus and
: 2. Iron(III)nitrate 7. Dilute H2SO4 and HCl
Material 3. Iron(II)sulphate 8. Test tube rack
4. Bunsen burner and tripod 9. droppers
5. Test tubes

Procedure 1. Add Iron (III) Nitrate drop by drop to 2cm3 of sample A. Record your
observations.
2. Acidify 2 cm3 of sample A with dilute Sulphuric Acid. Add about a half of a
spatula of solid Iron (II) Sulphate to the acidified sample and cool. Then
carefully add about 0.5 cm3 of concentrated Sulphuric Acid by allowing it to
: flow down the side of the test tube. Allow the mixture to sit undisturbed to form
two layers. Record your observations.
3. Acidify 2 cm3 of sample A with concentrated Nitric Acid. Add a little
ammonium molybdate and warm carefully. Record your observations.
4. Add a little dilute Hydrochloric Acid to 2 cm3 of sample A. Heat the mixture
then allow to cool. Record your observations.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with the samples B and C.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 SAMPLES OBSERVATIONS

Fe(NO3)3 (aq) Fe2+(aq)/conc.H2SO4 (NH4)6Mo7O24(aq) HCl(aq)

Observations and
: A
Results

Data/Observation 1. Deduce which of the samples of water are polluted with

Analysis and
Interpretation (i) Thiocyanate ions

(ii) Nitrate ions

(iii) Phosphate ions

(iv) Lead (II) ions

Justify your answer stating the tests which led to your conclusions.
:

2. Account for the colour changes observed in the reactions that were used to
identify the ions present in each sample and write equations for the reactions.

3. How can you be sure that Pb2+ is present if a white precipitate was detected in
any of the water samples due to the fact that ions of different metals do form white
precipitates when Hydrochloric acid is added to them?

LAB # 9 Planning and Designing

Alister is curious to find out which of the breads available on the local market has the highest
protein content. He wishes to have in his diet the bread with the highest protein content. Suggest
a suitable hypothesis and plan and design an experiment to help him make a choice.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 10

Title : Organic Compounds

Aim : To determine which organic compound is contained in the bottles labelled A, B, C and D.

Apparatus 1. Test Tubes 6. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

2. Boiling Tubes 7. Aqueous Silver Nitrate
and : 3. 250 ml Beaker(Labelled Organic Waste) 8. Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide
Material 4. Magnesium Powder or Turnings 9. Aqueous Ammonia
5. Sodium Carbonate 10. Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Aqueous solutions, A, B, C and D. Each solution contains one of the following:

I. an alcohol
II. an aldehyde
III. a carboxylic acid
IV. a ketone

Procedure 1. You are to perform the tests in the table below and from the results establish which
type of organic compound is contained in each of A, B, C and D.
:
2. After each test discard the contents of the tubes into the 250 cm3 beaker, labelled
organic waste. Rinse and re-use the tubes for the remaining tests.
3. Tests for gases are at the end of this lab sheet.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate test-tubes.
Test (a) To each tube add a small quantity of magnesium powder or turnings.
Identify any gas given off and record the test you used to make the identification.

Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate test-tubes.

Test (b) To each tube add a small quantity of powdered sodium carbonate.
Identify any gas given off and record the test you used to make the identification.

Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate test-tubes.

Test (c)
To each tube add 1 cm depth of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent.

:
Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate test-tubes.
Place 2 cm depth of aqueous silver nitrate in a boiling-tube and add to it 1 cm
depth of aqueous sodium hydroxide. This will produce a precipitate of silver oxide.

Test (d) Use a dropping pipette to add dilute aqueous ammonia to this mixture until the
precipitate of silver oxide just dissolves.
Do not add an excess of aqueous ammonia.
To each of the tubes containing A, B, C and D add 1 cm depth of the silver-containing
solution you have just prepared.

Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate boiling-tubes.

Test (e) To each tube add a few drops of acidified potassium dichromate (V1) to give a
yellow-orange solution. Warm the tube gently.

gas test and test result

ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue

gives a white ppt. with limewater
carbon dioxide, CO2
(ppt. dissolves with excess CO 2)
chlorine, Cl2 bleaches damp litmus paper

hydrogen, H2 'pops' with a lighted splint

oxygen, 0 2 relights a glowing splint

turns potassium dichromate(VI) (aq) from orange to
sulphur dioxide, S02
green

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 11

Title : Analytical Chemistry : Titrimetry

Aim To determine the Ascorbic Acid concentration in a commercially available Vitamin C

:
Tablet.

Theory VITAMIN C ANALYSIS

Step 1: Potassium iodate reacts with iodide to form the complex trihalide

Anion ∶ + 8 + 6 ⎯⎯⎯ 3 + 3

Step 2: The trihalide ion reacts with vitamin C :

:
"# $ # + ⎯⎯⎯ "# # # + 2 + 3

Step 3: Remaining trihalide is determined with thiosulfate

+ 2& ⎯⎯⎯ 3 + & #

Apparatus : 1. 2 White tiles 2. 1 Wash bottle with distilled water

and 3. 2 100 mL and 2 250 mL Beakers 4. 2 Spatulas
Material 5. 2 sample vials with stoppers 6. 3 25 mL Pipettes and 3 pipette fillers
7. 1 250 mL, Volumetric flask 8. 2 25 mL, & 2 — 10 mL Measuring
cylinders
9. 6 - 250 mL conical flasks 10. Analytical & top loading balances
11. 2 — 50 mL Burettes and 2 funnels 12. 1000 mg vitamin C tablet in vial
13. Cotton wool, tissue & lab cloth 14. KIO3 solution (2.1526 g L-1)
15. 3 Filter funnels 16. M H2SO 4
17. 1 Mortar and pestle 18. Sodium thiosulphate solution
19. 2 Pasteur pipettes 20. 10% KI solution
21. 2 Retort stands and clamps 22. Starch

23. 1 Glass rod 24. 1 Wash bottle with distilled water

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 Procedure PROCEDURE A: Standardization of Sodium Thiosulphate Solution Using Iodate
1. Pipette 25 mL of the standard potassium iodate solution provided into a 250
mL conical flask.
2. Add 15 mL of 1 M sulphuric acid to the flask followed by 10 mL of 10%
:
potassium iodide solution.
3. Titrate the liberated iodine against the sodium thiosulfate solution until the
solution changes to a pale yellow.
4. Then add 10 drops of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue
colouration just disappears.

PROCEDURE B: Determination of Ascorbic Acid content of Vitamin C Tablet

1. Accurately weigh and record the mass of one Vitamin C tablet. Using a mortar
and pestle pulverize the entire tablet.
2. Transfer 500 mg of the powder (accurately weighed) to a 100 mL beaker and add
75 mL of 1M H2SO4. Agitate the mixture with a glass rod and gravity filter into a
250 mL volumetric flask.
3. To filter the solution plug the stem of a funnel with a piece of cotton wool. Rinse
the cotton with a small volume of 1M H2SO4 ensuring that the flow rate is
moderate before beginning to filter the Vitamin C — H 2SO 4 mixture. Ensure that
no solid material goes into the volumetric flask. If this happens you will need to
re-filter.
4. Make the solution up to 250 mL with 1M H2SO4. Pipette 25 mL of the vitamin C
solution into a conical flask and add 25 mL of standard KIO3 solution by pipette.
5. Add 10 mL of 10% KI solution to the mixture and titrate against the standardized
thiosulfate solution until the solution becomes a very pale yellow.
6. Add 10 drops of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue
colouration just disappears.
7. Repeat the experiment until a satisfactory average is obtained for the end point.

Observations : Using a Suitable Tables Record Your Results.

and Results

Data
Use your average titre volume to calculate
Analysis
1. The number of moles of 10; initially added to the solution

: 2. The number of moles of I; produced initially

3. The number of moles of I; which reacted with thiosulphate
4. The number of moles of I; which reacted with L-ascorbic acid

OR

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 11 Alternative

Title : Analytical Chemistry Back Titration

Aim To determine the mass of 2-ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid in a commercial brand of an

:
aspirin tablet by back titration

Theory Aspirin is an analgesic compound which has to ability to reduce inflammation and hence
acts as both a pain killer and a fever reducer. The active ingredient in aspirin tablet is 2-
ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid (acetylsalicylic acid), the ester linkage in aspirin is
hydrolyzed/broken by alkalis to form ethanoate ions and 2-hydroxybenzoate (salicylate)
ions.

-
: CH3COOC6H4COOH + 2OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH3COO- + HOC6H4COO- + H2O

An aspirin tablet can be hydrolyzed with excess sodium hydroxide and then back titrated
with hydrochloric acid. The amount of alkali used for the hydrolysis can then be
calculated and from this information, the mass of 2-ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid in an
aspirin tablet can be determined.

1. Aspirin tablets 5. 25 cm3 pipette

Apparatus
: 2. Standard 0.2 mol dm-3 NaOH 6. 3 conical flasks
and Material 3. Standard 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl 7. Bunsen burner
4. 50 cm3 burette 8. Phenolphthalein indicator

Procedure 1. 25 cm3 of NaOH was pipetted into a conical flask and one aspirin tablet was
:
added to this flask. The solution was then warmed gently to allow the tablet to
dissolve.
2. The solution was then cooled, and three drops of Phenolphthalein indicator was
then added to it.
3. This solution was then titrated with hydrochloric acid.

4. Steps 1 to 3 were then repeated until accurate results were obtained.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

 Table 1: Volume of HCl used in the titration

Rough Accurate

Observations Final burette reading / cm3

:
and Results Initial burette reading / cm3

Volume of HCl used / cm3

25 cm3 of aspirin and NaOH required 8.6 cm3 of HCl in the titration.

Discussion : 1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide
2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in the 25 cm3 of alkali used.

3. F ind the number of moles of HCl used in the titration

4. How many moles of NaOH reacted with HCl in the titration

5. How many moles of NaOH reacted with the 2-ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid in

one aspirin tablet.
6. Calculate the number of moles of 2-ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid in one aspirin
tablet.
7. Determine the mass of 2-ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid in one aspirin tablet.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 12 Planning and Designing

You are given two solutions, K and L and were told that they contained a mixture of amino
acids. Further, you are told that one solution contained aspartic acid, valine and alanine while the
other contained alanine, lysine and some other unknown amino acid. In addition to this you are
provided with a data book that contains Rf values for different mobile-stationary phase matches.

Devise a hypothesis and plan and design an experiment to determine which solution contained
which mixture of amino acids.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 13

Title : Organic Chemistry

Aim : To investigate the relative acidities of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids

1. Samples of Ethanol, Phenol and Ethanoic 5. Apparatus to test gas,

acid. splint, litmus,
Apparatus
: 2. Magnesium Ribbon Ca(OH)2(aq)
and Material 3. Solid Na2CO3 6. pH meter / pH paper
4. Test tubes 7. spatula
8. Glass rod

Procedure 1. Add a piece of Magnesium Ribbon to the 4cm3 of ethanol in a test tube
: and make your observations.
2. Add solid Na2CO3 to 4cm3 of ethanol in a test tube and record your
observations
3. Using the pH metre, find the pH of the ethanol and record the value

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using phenol and ethanoic acid.

Table 1: Observation table

Ethanol Phenol Ethanoic Acid

Observations Magnesium
:
and Results Ribbon

Solid Na2CO3

pH

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

Data Analysis 1. Which samples reacted with Mg? Write a balanced equation for any
and reaction which occurred.
:
Interpretatio
n

2. Which samples reaction with Solid Na2CO3? Write a balanced equation

for any reaction that occurred.

3. Use the results of the experiment to deduce the order of increasing

acidities of the samples.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 14

Title : Analytical Chemistry : Spectroscopy : UV/Vis

Aim To determine the nitrate concentration in an unknown water sample using

:
UV/vis spectroscopy and the use of Beer Lamberts Law.

1. Evolution 600 UV-Vis 5. 50 cm3 burette

Apparatus Spectrophotometer) 6. Cadmium reduction mixture
and : 2. 10 ppm KNO3solution (100 mg dm3 7. Test tubes
Material anhydrous KNO3) 8. Stopwatch
3. 5 – 50 cm3 volumetric flask
4. Unknown water sample

Procedure 1. Using a burette serial dilutions were made of the KNO3 Standard by
: transferring 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm3 of KNO3 into their respective
volumetric flask.
2. Each flask was then made up to the mark using distilled water and
labelled 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm respectively.
3. 5 cm3 of each standard was placed into a test tube and labelled, together
with the blank which was distilled water and labelled (0 ppm) and the
unknown sample.
4. A spatula of cadmium reduction mixture was added to each test tube and
timed for 12 minutes for each reduction.
5. After the reduction the samples were then measured for Absorbance on
the UV/Vis spectrophotometer at λ= 530 nm.
6. The results were tabulated and a standard curve was drawn.

Table: 1 Absorbance values of nitrate ions standards and unknown

Observation
' / ppm 0 2 4 6 8 10 Unknow
s and :
n
Results
Absorbance

Graph 1. Plot a graph of Absorbance versus concentration of ' in mol dm-3

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

Data 2. From the graph infer the unknown concentration of the unknown sample
: 3. What is Beer-Lambert Law?
Analysis

4. Using Beer-Lamberts Law A=εcl determine the concentration of the

unknown sample
5. When the c = 12 ppm A= ? l = 0.5 cm determine the Absorbance
6. Determine the molar absorptivity of the unknown using the graph
7. What causes a compound to absorb UV light?
8. (a)What is a blank? (b) when is it recorded? (c) Why is it recorded?

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

LAB # 15

Title : Organic Compounds

Aim To determine the structural formula of an unknown substance Z using chemical and
:
spectroscopic analysis.

10. Unknown Z 18. Concentrated sulphuric

11. Ethanol acid
12. Sodium carbonate 19. Aqueous bromine
13. Bunsen burner and tripod 20. Phosphorous
Apparatus 14. Boiling tube pentachloride
:
and Material 15. Calcium Hydroxide 21. Measuring cylinders
16. Distilled water 22. Beaker
17. Litmus paper 23. Water bath
24. Test tubes

What to do 1. Conduct the tests as described in the table below.

: 2. Complete the lab report and submit within the lab period.

TESTS OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES

1. Add a few cm3 of Z to
solid Sodium Carbonate.
Use a suitable test to
identify any gas
produced.

2. Add a few cm3 of Z to a

few cm3 of aqueous
bromine.
Observations
:
and Results 3. Add 1 cm3 of Z to 1 cm3
of ethanol, then add 2
drops of conc. Sulphuric
acid and heat carefully
for a few minutes.

4. Add 1 cm3 of phosphorus Vigorous reaction, gas

pentachloride to 1 cm3 of evolved formed dense
Z. Identify any gas white fumes with
produced using a suitable ammonia gas.
method.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS

Data Analysis
and 1). The mass spectrum of Z can be found on the following page. Study carefully then
Interpretation complete the analysis

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
i:
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

m/z
Use this information and the observations from the experiments above to draw the
structural formula of Z and write the chemical name of this substance.

QUEEN’S COLLEGE CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 PRACTICALS