Essentials Of Medica», a eae mT malignant tumor of th Tymphoma \e Wm; “oma tumor, growth ss nodes (iymph/o) or other, as? tissue : mono nucleosis | infectious condition chars sls condition by abnormalities in the fu mononuclear cells (mononud ; ly pathy disease myopathy general term referring to, ae disease of muscle (my/o) an alidency Teukopenia deficiency of | it (leuk/o}biay ie ce sey 1G plasia formation;growth, dysplasia ‘general term for abnormal, (ij wt condition formation of any anatomic N structure ~thagia | Profuse discharge of | __ menorshagia excessive discharge of bloog ot blood during menstruation mee) | -orrhea discharge otopyorrhea discharge of pus (py/o) from the oxo ear (ot/o}, usually as a result of bacterial infection sclerosis hardening arterion Tardening ofthe arteries (arterjay oa sclerosis, wo vais condition necrosis condition in which an area of x tissue dies (necr/o) as a result of or oxygen and nutrient deprivation ~spasm vasospasm sudden contraction of the a muscular wall of a blood vessel 7 (vas/o) =stenosis narrowing ureterostenosis narrowing of a ureter (ureter/o) 9| toxic poisonous hepatotoxic damaging to the liver (hepat/o) "], trophy _ | nourishment; growth ‘dystrophy, tissue degeneration occurring asa al " result of poor (dys-) nourishment. S or prolonged disuse Diagnostic Procedures Related Word Elements Diagnostic procedures include all of the various laboratory tests a physician may riin to determine ty cause and nature of a patient's illness. Because they are used to distinguish among various types] disease, some diagnostic tests are used by physicians in many different areas of medicine. Thus, mostd the word elements in this section are used to build words that are related to a particular diagnostit approach rather than to a specific tissue or organ system,“SS Ensentials of Medical Terminology Combining Forms to Describe Diagnostic Procedures ‘The following combining forms (CF) are used to build terms that refer to tests that a physician may order to Identify the cause of 2 patient's complaint. In most cases, the root words in the table below refer to the medium used to generate information about the patient'sillness.. oF ‘Meaning Example Definition electr/o Glectrictty electro-myography | recording (graphy) of activity Pi within a muscle (my/o) following e the application of an electrical 7 E stimulus Talo radioactivity radiography ‘se of photographic plates to produce an image recording. (-eraphy) the absorption of xrays e bby structure in the body son/o sound waves sonogram record (-gram) produced when = hightrequency sound waves are nd used to generate an image using : the process of ultrasonography _| ‘tom/o section; layer ‘tomography term used to describe any several (literally, “cut” or non-invasive diagnostic ainaie een) techniques in which specialized machines are used to produce a ‘series of cross-sectional images t recording (-graphy) the absorption of x-rays or the distribution of a at Tadioactive substance in the body uutrason/o | ultrasouncivery high | “ultrasono-graphy | general term for any of several out pena sound, non-invasive diagnostic eves techniques in which reflected ultrasound waves are recorded (- raphy) to generate an image of structure within the body prefixes to Describe Diagnostic Procedures ie folowing Preis commonly used in terms related to dogo prefix 2 Example Definition ecpo- |] _Tetumedsound | Echo cardio graphy_| nandvasive dagrosictecnique in which reflected sound waves are recorded (-graphy) to generate an image of structures within the heart (cardifo)Suffixes to Describe Diagnostic Procedures The following suffixes are commonly used to build words related to diagnostic tests. Note cases, these suffixes describe the action that a physician takes to obtain information 1a confirming a diagnosis. Essentials of Media , ~ Suffix ‘Meaning Example: Definition alysis separation into urinalysis physical, microscopic, oF oo components;analysis analysis of the urine (uri test; measure Radioimmuno-assay | _ test in which radioactive ( See! - antibodies are used to, mean blood levels of antigens rece I by the immune (immune/o) ering ncture ‘amniocentesis needle puncture of the amie ~centesis eu (amni/o) surrounding a fetuses) extract fluid that can be examin to determine whether various | genetic disorders are preseng i lectrical (el jectrocardiagram | record of the electrical (elec “gram record | ele activity in the heart (cardijo) ’ i d to record el electrocardiograph | instrument use lect “graph __| recordinginstrument (electr/o) activity within the hear | I (cardio) “ 7 f several techniques us - ‘encephalography | any of J iques used to “graphy recording | : record activity withinthe brain | (encephal/o) ‘audiometry ]_ measurement of an individual's cmetry |) messuremert | abity to hear (audi/o) Sounds of | _ { [ various frequencies 2 sion} endoscopy visual examination of one or more ination ~scopy | Visual exami | internal (endo-) organs using an | instrument known as an endoscope Therapeutic and Surgical Procedures Related Word Elements ‘Therapeutic and surgical procedures include all of the steps a physician may take to relieve the patients ‘distress and to cure the patient’ iliness. Like terms related to pathology and diagnosis, medical tert wort | related to therapeutic and surgical procedures are built using a relatively small number of elements.°S7 mentite of Medical Terminology Suffixes to Describe Therapeutic and Surgical Procedures Suffixes are the main word elements used to build terms related to therapeutic and surgical procedures. In most cases, the suffixes describe an action that the physician takes; suffixes are generally attached to @ root word that indicates the part of the body upon which the therapeutic action or surgical procedure is performed. Suffixes commonly used to form words describing therapeutic and surgical procedures are listed in the following table. Suffix ‘Meaning Example Definition sectomy Surgical removal | Appendectory | surgical removal of the appendix : (append/o} “ysis , | dissolution;destruction | thrombolysis __| dissolution of a blood clot [thromb/o), dyer? usually by means of drug therapy “plasty, | __surgicalrepair valvuloplasty | _ surgical repair or replacement of a oh heart valve (vatvu/o) ~thapy ‘suture; stitch Trerniorrhaphy _ | stitching together of a tissue fo correct Ao of prevent a hernia protrusion (hemnifo)_ “stomy Surgical opening ileostomy ‘surgical creation of an opening y between the ileum (jle/o) and the ue surface of the abdomen to allow the discharge of feces into a bag attached : " tothe skin tomy ‘surgical incision tracheotomy | surgical incision through the neck into + ‘the trachea (trache/o) to gain access. to.an airway below a blockage crushing Tithotripsy __| crushing of a stone (lith/o) within the urinary bladder or urethra Pathological Conditions ‘Any medical term can be used in everyday settings like the doctor’s office or hospital. Some, such as those in above table, specifically detail the different kinds of pathological conditions associated with root words. Pathology Terms Root Word | What it Means Example(s) ‘Aden/o Gland ‘Adenomegaly: Enlargement of a land qlaed Adenitis: Inflammation of a gland ‘Atrio ‘Atrium Atriomegaly: Abnormal enlargement of an ' att atrium of the heart Carcinfo Cancer Carcinogen: A cancer-producing substance 87 SeEssentials of Medical Te Qe vs r% \ YS Cheit/o, chirfo Hand ‘Cheiromegaly: Abnormal enlargement (megaly) ~ of the hand |}-—_Sholecyst/o Gallbladder ‘Cholelithiasis: Stones in the gallbladder Choledoch/o [Common bile Choledocholithiasis: Stones in the common <= duct bile duct of the gallbladder Cyan/o Blue Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin . “3 Cyanotic: Pertaining to or characterized by cyanosis SS Cysti, cyst/o & Bladder Cystocele: Hernial protrusion of urinary bladder — st eyst ‘through vaginal wall_ \ <2 Dipl/o Double, twice Diplopia: The condition of double vision . Encephal/o Brain Thoephalopathy. A disorder or disease of the = 4 brain ~ Hemat/o Blood Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood. \ Hepat/o, liver Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver : hepatic/o Hydr/o Water, wet Tiydropenia: Deficiency of water in the body (dehydration) Melan/o Black ‘Melanoma: Black-colored tumor or growth Nec/o Death Necrosis: Condition of death of acell ‘Nephr/o Kidney ‘Nephrolithiasis: Condition of kidney stones Path/o Disease Pathology: Branch of medicine that deals withthe study of disease and ts effects Forensic pathology: Pathology dealing with personal injury, ‘murder, and legal issues Pathologist: Physician who diagnose diseases by examining tissues and cells under a microscope. Also performs autopsies. Preum/ato, lungs Pneumaconiosis: Condition of abnormal deposits of pneum/ono dusts or other matter in the lungs Salping/o Fallopian tube | Hydrosalpinx: Accumulation of fluid in a fallopian tube ‘Sept/o Infection ‘Septicemia: Toxins or pathogenic organisms in the blood (blood poisoning) Ureter/o Ureter_ Ureterolith: Calculus or stone lodged inthe ureter.) Urethr/o Urethra Urethrorrhea: Abnormal discharge from the urethra viscer/o | Viscera(organs) | __Visceromegaly: Enfargement of intemal organs, alsO,, called organomegaly