Additional Notes:

LEVOCARDIA- heart is situated on the left ESOPHAGUS

DEXTROCARDIA- heart abnormally situated on the
right
Congenital Diseases:
 Esophageal Atresia
RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE:
o Absent or poorly developed
Esophagograpy/Barium Swallow / Cardiac Series
- radiographic contrast study of the esophagus Discussion:
The segment of the esophagus is represented
UGIS- (Upper Gastrointestinal Series) by a thin, non-canalized cord with upper blind
radiographic contrast study of the mouth to the pouch connecting with the pharynx and lower
duodenum pouch leading to the stomach

SIS- (Small Intestinal Series); radiographic contrast

study of duodenum, jejunum, ileum. *Insert the
 TEF (Tracheoesophageal fistula)
catheter to the mouth reach it up to the distal part of
o Failure of the esophagus to
the stomach where you inject the dye; directly to the
develop completely separate from
duodenum.
the trachea
Barium Enema- radiographic contrast study large Discussion:
intestine or colon; catch most especially colonic Fistula- Any abnormal connection between
polyps. two organs or cavities.
Radiographic App. Of Polyps and other o Types:
lesions/tumor- filling defects  Congenital
 Acquired- cause by chronic
SIGN AND SYMTOMS OF THE PATIENT inflammation
Hematuria- blood in the urine CAUSE BY 3 ETIOLOGIES:
1. CANCER
Hematochezia- fresh blood in the feces
2. INFECTION
Melena- old blood in the stool 3. TRAUMA

Discussion:
Cause of dental carries  4 Types of TEF:
- Acid of the mouth that reacts to the food o Type 1 -Esophagus are not
we eat. connected to the trachea; second
Panoramic view- x-ray view; all teeth are seen. most common
o Type 2 - The upper portion is
connected to the trachea
 Gingivitis o Type 3 - The lower portion is
o Inflammation of the gums connected to the trachea; most
o Gingiva refers to gums common
o Type 4 - Both the upper and lower
 Cold sores (Singaw) type is connected to trachea
o Fever blisters o H type - Trachea and esophagus
o Painful, because the virus attacks are intact with a single fistula
the nervous system connecting them at any level from
o Cause by herpes cricoid cartilage to the tracheal
bifurcation.
Glossitis
– Inflammation of a tongue
Esophagitis
o Inflammation of the esophagus
 Gastroesophageal reflux
o Return/ reverberation of gastric
contents into the esophagus
 Esophageal Diverticula
o Wall out pouching
 Esophageal varices
o Dilated veins in the wall of the
esophagus due to increased
pressure in the PVS (portal venous
system)
 Hiatal Hernia
Discussion:
Hernia- is abnormal protrusion of organs due
to opening or wall weakness.
Type of Hiatal Hernia;
o Sliding- the upper portion of the
stomach is protruding on the thoracic
cavity
o Phalaesophageal Fistula- proximal
portion of the stomach goes side by
side to the esophagus.
Hiatus
Opening in the diaphragm where your organs
could pass through (like for example the
Esophagus)
 Achalasia
o abnormality dilation of esophagus
o Functional obstruction of distal
esophagus with dilated proximal
portion
 Foreign Bodies
o swallowed
o Take a radiograph to detect
whatever was accidentally
swallowed
o ex. Fish bone, food that wasn't
chewed very well, etc.
STOMACH
 Gastroenteritis
o Inflammation of the stomach and
intestines
o Layer affected is the mucosa
 Gastritis
o Inflammation of the stomach
o Diagnosis: Upper GI series with
barium sulfate, it will coat the
mucosa. The findings will be
thickened rugal folds.
 Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
o Group of inflammatory process
involving the stomach and
duodenum.
Discussion:
Common Study- UGIS
Gastroscopy- Advance Study
 Complications of PUD:
o Hemorrhage - if the ulceration has
reached your blood vessels
 Symptoms:
 Hematemesis - vomiting of
blood
 Gastric outlet obstruction
 Perforation
o Duodenal ulcer- Most common
manifestation of PUD
o Common on the first part of
duodenum; also called duodenal
bulb
o Gastric ulcer
 Most common in the lesser
curvature of the stomach
 Can be benign or malignant
 Benign gastric ulcer -
radation of the fugal folds
extend into the edge of the
crater
 Malignant gastric ulcer -
irregular folds merge into
polypoid tissue around the
crater
  Crohns' disease/ Regional Enteritis  Intussusception
o Chronic inflammatory disorder of o Telescoping of one part of
a known cause usually involving intestinal tract into another. Major
the terminal ileum and the x-ray cause of bowel obstruction in
appearance with contrast children;
o Thickened and distorted mucosal
folds Discussion:
 Happen in the Sigmoid colon
Discussion:  Barium Enema; also therapeutic
Often differentiated to Ulcerative Colitis
 Volvulus
 Small bowel obstruction: o Bowel posting; twisting of the
o -UP TO 3CM bowel
o large bowel obstruction – up to 6 Discussion:
cm  Happen in the Sigmoid colon
Discussion:  Coffee-bean sign
4 UNDER SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
1. Adhesions-Caused by previous  Appendicitis
surgery o Inflammation of the appendix
2. Peritonitis -Inflammation of the o most common disease in the acute
peritoneal lining abdomen
3. Hernias - Organ protrusion in a Discussion:
weakened or defective wall  appendicolith- stones in the appendix;
(4) forms of hernias: cause of appendicitis
a) Inguinal  Ultrasound; best is CT scan
b) Femoral
c) Umbilical  Tumors/Neoplasm
d) Incisional o Colon cancer -Common area of the
Luminal occlusion -Examples of luminal cancer is the rectum and sigmoid.
occlusion: a. Benign
b. Malignant
 Intestinal Illeus
o Air-filled Bowels that are more  Hemorrhoid's
than their diameter; Dilatation of o Dilated veins in the anal portion
the bowel o g.e almuranas
Discussion: o Causes of hemorrhoid's:
 Chronic constipation
 Also called a dynamic ileus or paralytic
 Pelvic tumor
ileus
 Pregnant uterus

Discussion:
In gastric Obstruction- we can see multiple ACCESSORY ORGANS
air-fluid level. Cannot label or diagnose just LIVER
by x-rays whether it’s an intestinal
obstruction. Need follow-up  HEPATITIS
o inflammation of liver
o most prevalent inflammatory disease
of liver
 Tumors; HEPATOMA
  benign
 Malignant

 CIRRHOSIS
o Chronic destruction of liver cells and
structure.
o The normal liver tissue is replaced by
fibrous connective tissue.
o Detected by ultrasound not by x-rays

GALLBLADDER
 GALLSTONE (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) Discussion:
 having stones in the
SPECIAL PROCEDURE:
gallbladder
o IVP- (Intravenous Pyelography)-
2 major types of gallstones:
radiographic contrast study of the
a) Cholesterol stones
urinary system; introduction of the
b) Pigment stones
contrast material via the vein
o RP- (Retrograde Pyelography)-
insert catheter from urethra to the
PANCREAS
ureter.
 can be seen in ultrasound and in CT scan o Cystography- radiographic contrast
 CHRONIC & ACUTE PANCREATITIS study of the urinary bladder;
 PANCREAS TUMOR introduction of the contrast material
via urethral catheter.
 PNEUMOPERITONEUM
o Presence of free air in the peritoneal PARTS:
cavity presenting with abdominal pain  2 kidney
and tenderness.  2 ureter
 1 urinary bladder
 Urethra- the opening of the UB
 Trigone- floor of the urinary bladder
RAD-PATH
 UVJ- Uterovesical Junction; insertion of
MIDTERM NOTES
the distal catheter into the urinary
Urinary System bladder.

CONGENITAL DISEASES:

 Renal Agenesis - Absence of one

Kidney

 Renal Hypoplasia - Underdeveloped

Kidney

 Supernumerary Kidney - More than

Two Kidneys

 Ectopic Kidney

o The Kidney's in an abnormal
location
o Most common in the Pelvis or
Pelvic area
 Horseshoe Kidney
o Abnormal fusion of either the
Upper or Lower poles
o Most common type of Fusion
Anomaly
Duplication:
 Bifid Pelvis - two pelvis in one Kidney
 Double Ureter - On one side of the
Kidney
 Ureterocele – distal portion of the
ureter goes inside the urinary bladder.
Herniation of the Distal Ureter into the
Urinary Bladder.
 Nephritis - Inflammation of the
Kidneys
o Glomerulonephritis-
inflammation of the glomeruli
o Pyelonephritis- inflammation of
the pelvis
 Cystitis - Inflammation of the Urinary
Bladder
In Ultrasound: Thickened Wall
 Stones:
o Urolithiasis- Presence stones in
any part of the Urinary System –
o Nephrolithiasis -Kidney stones
o Ureterolithiasis -Stones in the
Ureter
o Cystolithiasis - Stones in the
Urinary Bladder
Urinary Tract Obstruction
4 Common Causes of Obstruction
1. Stones
2. Stenosis
3. Stricture
4. Tumor
Discussion
In Males, there's an additional cause of
obstruction in the Urinary Tract:
Enlargement of the Prostate Gland
"Remember, the Urethra passes through the
Prostate Gland. When the Prostate Gland is
enlarged,this will impinge or constrict the
Prostatic Urethra, causing obstruction."
 Renal Cysts –
o Simple or Complex
o Polycystic Kidney Disease
Multiple cysts in the Kidney
Tumors:
o Renal Cell Carcinoma or
Hypernephroma -The most common
tumor in adults
o Wilm's Tumor or Nephroblastoma -
The most common highly malignant
abdominal tumor in infants and
children
o Neuroblastoma - The second most
common malignancy in children
o Bladder Cancer - Tumor in the Urinary
bladder
o Symptom: Painless
Hematuria
 Renal Failure – Failure of the Kidney.
Rapid deterioration of Kidney function
resulting to retention of waste products.
 Bladder Diverticulum - Wall
outpouching
 Exstrophy – abnormal urinary bladder
outside the abdomen.
 Uremia - Presence of excessive
amounts of urine waste products (Urea
and Nitrogen)
 Azotemia - Condition where you have
elevated BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
and Creatinine