ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION - 3676

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION

ADEEL HAIDER RAZI – CA565459

MSC SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD - PAKISTAN
Table of Contents
a. Introduction and Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 2

b. Field Research Strategy/Methodology .................................................................................................. 3

Study area ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Wastewater sampling of combined drains of HIE ............................................................................... 3

Wastewater Quality Analytical Procedures ......................................................................................... 3

c. Review of Relevant Literature ............................................................................................................... 4

d. Graphical Representation ...................................................................................................................... 5

e. Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 7

HIE COD level of various drains ........................................................................................................... 8

BOD levels of various HIE drains ......................................................................................................... 9

Nitrate level (NO3) of various HIE drains ............................................................................................ 9

Nitrogen level of ammonium (NH4–N) in various HIE drains ......................................................... 10

HIE phosphate level of various drains ................................................................................................ 11

Metals Heavy (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe and Hg) ........................................................................... 12

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 15

Suggestions ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Bibliography/Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 17

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a. Introduction and Objectives of the Study
Water is an essential compound that is colorless, odorless and tasteless. With it we purify and
wash. The farming sector could not function in different manufacturing processes without water
and industry. It is more than 70% of our body that we live need water. Briefly, without water life
cannot exist. Sadly, due to various factors such as rapid industrialization, water is being polluted
at an alarming rate. Waste water from various industries in Pakistan is generally released into the
surrounding areas that are harmful to human and animal life (Rehman et al. 2008). Hattar Industrial
Estate is one such state (HIE). It comprises approximately 117 operational units, mainly
comprising food and drink, textiles, vaults, paper, cement, publications, products made from
chemical, rubber and leathers. In the nearby natural drain this industrial estate releases a range of
pollutants. These pollutants are very long-lasting and pose a grave health threat to the sustainability
of local ecosystems. Many recalcitrant organic compounds like PCBs, PAH, VOC's, and so on are
contained in industrial waste water. Inorganic compounds such as heavy metals that could harm
sensitive aquatic ecosystems. Some of these metals are potentially toxic or carcinogenic enough
and can pose severe health risks when they enter the food chain. Investigations into the extent of
heavy metal pollution by mining and associated industrial activities of surface water, soil, soil and
vegetation, particularly heat power stations and open mining coalmines have been carried out
(Benvenuti et al. 1997; Coulthard and Macklin 2003; Fang et al. 2003; Gluec et al. 2001; Khan et
al. 2005). Any agency in Pakistan has, however, made no serious effort to characterize the exact
nature and levels of contaminants found in HIE-borne waste water.

Wastewater treatment is needed to be used for mixing, irrigating, drinking and other purposes,
with other bodies of water. However, without knowing the nature of wastewater to be treated, it is
not possible to draw up a suitable water treatment plan. The nature and the concentration of
contaminants in this study were determined by the wastewater from HIE. The standard methods
were used in all samples for ph., temperature, TS, TDS, TSS, EC, DO, BOD, COD, turbidity,
Nitrates (NO3–N), phosphates (PO4), and ammonia (NH4–N). The findings contributed to the
preparation of useful recommendations for the processing of HIE waste water.

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b. Field Research Strategy/Methodology
Study area
HIE is located in Hazara district, near Kot Najibullah, a little city 15 kilometers from Haripur.
Founded in 1985-86, HIE covers an area of 1443 acres. It consists of more than 100 industrial
units, most of which are oriented towards exports. Its industrial units include food and drinks
supplied by Qarshi Industries, Coronet Foods, Shezan International Limited, Kims Biscuits and
Sweets and many more. Food conservers, PET bottle fabricators and various other packing devices
are also available. There are also here vegetable and ghee industries. A cement manufacturing
plant, acrylic fiber facilities, and textile units were also established for the Dewan Group of
Pakistan's top industrialists. There have also been established chemicals, plastic, rubber, leather
products, vaults, tapestries, paper printing and various other industries. Hattar is also the location
of the heavy electric complex, which manufactures energy tools, power generators and electrical
transformers.

Wastewater sampling of combined drains of HIE

Five combined drains from various industries have been selected. During three different sample
periods, i.e. March, June and November, the waste water samples were collected from all the
drains. Three samples from each drain in clean plastic bottles were collected during each sample
period. On-site measurements were carried out on temperature, electrical conductance, pH,
turbidity, and total solids dissolved. For further analysis, the waste water bottles were transported
to laboratories and stored at 4 °C.

Wastewater Quality Analytical Procedures

Total solids (TSS), total suspended substances (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD); nitrates-nitrogen (NO3–N); ammonium-nitrosate (NH4–N),
phosphates; dissolved oxygen (DO) and various Heavy Metals have been tested for different
physicochemical parameters like pH and electromagnetic conductivity (CE), total dissolved solids
(Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe and Hg). The pH meters (Hanna, HI 991003 sensor control pH) were
used to determine EC, pH and TDS, while the turbidity meters were determined by the conductivity
meter (Hanna, HI 9835 Microprocessor). DO meter was determined. The BOD test (5210 B
standard method) and the COD (SM 5220 D method) were estimated for 5 days. The TS and TSS
wastewater samples of different combined drains were estimated using standard 1540 C and 2540

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D methods. The standard 4500-P method for the determination of phosphates and 4500-NO3–N
for the determination of nitrate were used (APHA 2005).

The analytical quality of all the reactors used in the analysis of the quality parameter was analytical
and the analytical tools used were accurate. A nuclear absorption spectroscopy (AAS) as described
by APHA 2005 detected the different heavy meals from the 5 combined drains in the wastes. For
each parameter at least three readings were taken, and the average value was calculated.

c. Review of Relevant Literature

Impervious surfaces have been recognized for many years as an indicator of the urban
environment's intensity (Espy et al. 1966; Stankowski 1972). Due to their impact on the health of
the habitat, imperious surfaces became a major challenge in the management of growth and water
shelf planning (Arnold and Gibbons 1996). An increasing urbanization has caused a decrease in
the amount of forested lands, wetlands and other forms of open space absorbing and cleansing
storm water throughout the natural system, as well as in roads, parking lots, towns, roofs and more
(Leopold 1968; Carter 1961). This change of the pervasive surface balance resulted in significant
changes both in storm water runoff quality and quantity, leading to degraded watershed and stream
water systems: an increase in storm water volumes, sediment, as well as increased pollutant load
from storm water systems (Morisawa and LaFlure 1979; Arnold et al. 1982; Bannerman et al.
1993).

While there have been considerable study of understanding of nutrient sources and streams in the
various shores (Schueler 1994) and of the ratio of overall imperfection in tempest water runoff
models (Graham et al. 1974), there have been comparatively little work to determine how shifts in
the cover of land have changed over time and what effects these shifts have had h over time
(Richards and Host 1994; Osborne and Wiley 1988). Actually, wetland planning from the 1950s
to the 1970s focused primarily on the shortest time to remove the highest volume of water from
the earth (Carter 1961).

Impermanent coverage is a relatively simple calculation and project attribute for land planners.
Land use planning and zoning is commonly performed based on the categories of use and density
that provide specific indicators of a totally impervious surface to be built — via permissible lot
coverage, road standards, and parking requirements. However, these potential projections nor the

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existing land utilization analyzes normally do local planning departments not plan to protect the
water quality in a watershed.

The value of impervious land surface planning in watershed terms has been demonstrated by three
previously published summaries of the relationship between impermeability and water quality. A
review of river volumes (Harbor 1994) focused on "simple analysis that can be employed to deal
with the impact of changes to land utilization on long-term river volumes" (p. 96). A second
summary (Schueler 1994) reviewed eleven studies (Booth 1991; Galli 1990; Jones and Clark 1987;
Limburg and Schmidt 1990; Shaver et al. 1995; Schueler and Galli 1992; Klein 1979; Luchetti and
Fuersteburg 1993; Steedman 1988; Steward 1983; Taylor 1993) published before 1995, citing the
studies as evidence that stream quality declines at 10 to 15 percent imperviousness. An initial
framework for the use of this threshold was also provided in the article. A third studied the
integration of the impermanence variable into the model geographical information system called
NEMO to direct decisions on planning land use (Arnold and Gibbons 1996).

d. Graphical Representation

Figure 1: COD level of different drains of HIE, Red line shows the NEQS value

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Figure 2: BOD level of different drains of HIE. Red line shows the NEQS value

Figure 3: Nitrate level of different drains of HIE

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e. Analysis

In different time periods, pH of five different HIE combined drains (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 drains) were
measured. The pH of the effluents from the five drains ranging from acidic through alkaline was
found to be between 4.6 and 10.9. Only a small number of drains had a neutral ph. slightly alkaline
to heavy alkaline pH (8.8–1.9) was found in drain 1 (D1). Drain 2 pH (D2) was alkaline-neutral
(7.5–10.04).

The sample temperature in June 2012, November 2012, and March 2013 ranged from 10.7 to
47.13°C. The temperature in D5 was the highest in June 2012, and the lowest in November 2012
was that of D3. The highest value (29.2–45.4°C) was shown in March 2013 in all drains. Although
samples of different HIE drains have a high temperature, the NEQS (40°C) has been the most
common samples. Only five samples were above the threshold.

EC for HIE wastewater samples (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5) was observed. During the various
sampling times, EC values were found to be different. In comparison to the other samples, D2
showed the highest EC. During June it was determined that its EC value was (2765 μS/cm). For
samples from D5 in March, the lowest EC value (702) was observed. During the study the
minimum EC (702 μS/cm) achieved exceeded the allowed limits (300 μS/cm).

During June, November and March, turbidity was also measured. Sample turbidity between 11.8
NTU and 32.3 NTU was observed. Data shows the mean turbidity values and the standard
deviations of the selected drains. The results of the effluent analysis showed that turbidity was
higher between March and June than in November.

TS and TDS from the selected drilling lines D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 was also observed. For effluent
samples obtained from D3, the maximum TSS levels were observed (2401 mg/L) in June. There
was evidence that during March, June and November, the minimum turbidity values were 811.6
mg/L (D1), 872 mg/L (D5). TDS have likewise been analyzed and recorded for the five different
drains of HIE. Compared to the NEQS (3500 mg/L), the values observed indicate that all values
are within the range of national standards. The TDs values of 392.3 mg/l (March) and 1021 mg/l
(June) for D1 are observed at their minimum and maximum. All values of the TDS were within
the limits allowed.

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Data showed the average TSS values for 5 HIE drains. There were results indicating that the mean
value for D3 samples of TDS was 1902 mg/L, with maximum value for June and November,
whereas the minimum average value for D5 effluent was 247 mg/L and 410 mg/L for June and
March. Effluent samples for D3 samples had a mean of TDS. TDS level was greater than maximum
permissible NEQS (150 mg/L) for every effluent sample obtained from five drains.

Data showed recorded DO levels of the various HIE drainage effluents. The DO concentration
during the different sampling times was low for all sampling drains (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5).
During the three times, i.e. June, November and March, the DO concentration (1.8 mg/L) of the
sampling drain of D1 was similar. During June, D4 was detected at least with DO (0.02 mg/L).
The DO samples from all drains were lower than permissible NEQS (> 5 mg/L) levels. The DO
levels were not limited.

HIE COD level of various drains

The COD concentration of effluent samples gathered in June, November and March from five
different drains of HIE is shown in Fig. Approximately 464 mg/L, 385.3 mg/L, 555.3 mg/L, 497
mg/L and 377 mg/L were the mean levels of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 for March 2013. D1 (267
mg/L) was detected at a minimum concentrate of COD, while D3 at a peak of 371 mg/L was
detected during November 2012. The concentrated COD of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 in June 2012
at medium pollution levels were 393 mg/L, 362 mg/L, 372.6 mg/L, 386.3 mg/L and 364 mg/L,
respectively. All the COD values obtained for the drains exceeded the allowed NEQS limit (Fig).

Figure 4: HIE COD level, Red line shows the value of the NEQS

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BOD levels of various HIE drains
The BOD of samples from five different drains from HIE was calculated (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5)
(Fig). D4 samples were reported to be BOD above NEQS 80 mg/L, i.e. 232 mg/L (June), 165.3
mg/L (November), and 238.3 mg/L (November) (March). The BOD levels of D2 were 67 mg/L
and 79.3 mg/L respectively during November and March. The obtained values were below the
allowed limits.

Figure 5: BOD levels of various HIE drains. NEQS value is displayed in red line

Nitrate level (NO3) of various HIE drains

During the analysis of the nitrate concentrations, Fig shows. During the sampling times a variation
was observed in the nitrate concentration of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5. D2 was the lowest
concentration, i.e. 6.2 mg/L in July and the NO3 concentration in D5 was 35 mg/L in November.
D5 was the lowest concentration. The nitrate concentration was gradually increased as time passed.
During November and March the samples from all five drains were higher than in June.

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 Figure 6: Nitrate level of various HIE drains

Nitrogen level of ammonium (NH4–N) in various HIE drains

Three different times, June, November and March have characterized nitrogen level of ammonium
(Fig). The ammonium nitrogen concentrations were higher than permissible NEQS limits (40
mg/L) in all effluent samples of the five drains. The concentrations in D1 were the highest (151.6
mg/L) in March 2013 and the lowest concentration of D2 was the lowest at 45 mg/L in November
2013.

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 Figure 7: NH4-N of various HIE drains
HIE phosphate level of various drains
HIE phosphorus concentrations were analyzed in June 2012 in the form of D1, D2, D3, D4 and
D5, respectively 16.7 mg/L, 4.65 mg/L 7.95 mg/L, 51.4 mg/L and 22 mg/L (Fig). Effluent samples
of 51.4 mg/L and 52.5 mg/L respectively were phosphate-based during June and March. The levels
of D4 phosphates were higher than all other waste samples.

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 Figure 8: HIE phosphate level of various drains
Metals Heavy (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe and Hg)

Five different HIE drains have been measured in June by heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn,
Cr, Mn, Fe and Hg (Table 6). D3 contained the lowest Cd level, while D2 had the highest Cd level.
The five drains were within the allowed NEQS 100 μg/L concentrations of cadmium. Pb sample
concentrations were above the NEQS of 500 μg/L allowed for D2 (612 μg/L) and D3 (1.5 mg/L).
Heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr and Ni had reached the acceptable limit, but their
concentrations should be lowered by therapy. In all the effluent samples five drains during June,
Hg had been found above the NEQS (10 μg/L).

The results of the characterization indicate that waste water from various industries such as the
steel industry, mining and quarrying, the food industry, the complex organic chemicals industries
are the combined industrial effluent. In different figures and tables, results related to different
physical and chemical characteristics of combined effluent are shown. The pH range between 4.6
and 10.9 of different effluent samples. Most of the samples were observed with pH values within
the allowable limit, but the pH of the 5 effluent samples went beyond the NEQS.

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The pH impact of wastewater treatment on chemical and biological processes (Alturkmani 2008).
The pH-shaping of the recipient water systems, thus destabilizing alkalinity, metal solubility and
hardness, i.e. fundamental properties of water, is modified by the acidic industrial effluents (Jüttner
et al. 2000; aboulhassan et al. 2006; Sianbola et al. 2011). The fact that the metabolic activities of
aquatic organisms also depend on pH values was also documented by Wang et al. (2002). The
characteristics of wastewater can affect and influence microbial communities (Shu et al. 2015;
Ouyang et al. 2019). Temperature-dependent reactions of aquatic organisms (Mandal 2014;
Hariharan et al. 2010). An increase in the water body's temperature will encourage chemical water
reactions and affect gas solubility. At higher temperatures, gasses are less soluble. This affects
water life and also gives the water a bad sense of taste and smell. If levels of DO fall below 4–5
ppm the survival of the aquatic species will be seriously damaging
(WastewaterSystems.net/December 5, 2011). Turbidity can also affect the esthetic value of water
by providing it with a sloppy or cloudy look. Turbidity can also hinder the penetration of light and
disrupt water life (Mandal et al. 2014).

Total dissolved solids can reduce the amount of light entering water and affect photosynthesis
when present in high quantities. As a result, the DO level of the water system may be reduced
which leads to less water purification by microorganisms (Nosheen et al. 2000). If you settle on
the bottom of the river bed, large amounts of suspended solids can build loam. If the sludge layer
decomposes, it results in oxygen deprivation and the production of foul odours.

Effluent standards are usually imposed on their locations based on the needs of the receiving
streams, and in particular whether streams are being extended and used for other purposes. Streams
that serve as a drinking water source usually have stricter discharge standards than streams which
flow directly to the sea.

Some quality limits are regularly monitored in accordance with waste water discharge standards,
with the main focus being COD, BOD, oxygen dissolve, suspended solids, nutrient levels, pH and
bacteria. COD and BOD are important parameters for water quality analysis. The amounts of
organic and inorganic compounds in the water sample are indirectly linked with the COD and
BOD. Effluents with high COD and BOD levels can deplete the receiving water systems' oxygen
level, creating anaerobic conditions that are hostile to aquatic organisms (Sial et al. 2006;

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Prashanth et al. 2006; Lima Neto et al. 2007). There is no compliance with environmental standards
in Pakistan. The heavy-metal products in ground water are dumped in solid and liquid wastes from
the industries into nearby open sites, drains, streams and creeks (Gulfraz 2000). Given the
discriminatory effects on drinking water, soil and plants of industrial wastewater, the Government
of Pakistan has established some standards (Table 9).

Heavy metals such as iron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, copper, magnesium, copper, selenium
and nickel play a significant role in plant growth and development, but are toxic at levels beyond
certain levels (Metcalf, Eddy, Inc. 2003). Heavy metal pollution has increased dramatically in
recent decades as a result of rapid industrialization. The major contributors of heavy metals are
industrial chemicals (Løbersli and Steinnes 1988). Heavy metals are human, animal and plant
toxic. It is challenging to remove heavy metals from soil and groundwater because of technical
and economic constraints (Rauser 1990: Chaudhry et al. 1998). The solubility of the product is one
of the main environmental problems.

Wastewater is characterized by the various industries, such as food, vegetable ghee and chemical
manufacturing (Aslam et al. 2004; Sial et al. 2006; Manzoor et al. 2004, 2006; Baloach et al. 2010;
Amin et al. 2010) The study focused solely on the characterization of combined industrial effluents
with the broad aim of developing baseline data on current distribution standards for toxic metals,
as well as on physical and chemical wastewater parameters which could contribute to the
development of a proper treatment plant for treatment of wastewater.

Environmental costs result from industrialization if effluents are released without treatment. The
current study characterized the quality of HIE, Haripur, industrial wastewater treatment. Samples
of effluent discharge from five different drains have been derived, each of which receives a
combined waste of many industries. TS, TSS, TSS, EC, and DO, BOD, COD, turbidity, nitrates,
phosphate material, ammonia and various heavy metals were identified in all samples. NEQS
surpassed most samples. It is thus necessary for the industrial effluents to be continuously
monitored and handled properly before released into the area. This helps to protect human and
aquatic lives.

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It is therefore concluded that high levels of contaminants in the environment are caused through
the discharge of HIE industrial effluents. These contaminants are toxic to various organisms.
Effluents can also have significant adverse effects on the water quality of the water systems that
receive them and are unfit for human use. The careless disposal of industrial waste without
pretreatment is therefore recommended to be discouraged. Integrated physicochemical and
biological therapies can be appropriate options for treating such industrial effluents prior to
environmental release (Firdous et al. 2018; Gulzar et al. 2018; Li et al. 2018). The imposition by
the regulating agency of rigorous monitoring and monitoring of industrial effluents is essential to
protect water resources from further degradation.

Conclusion
The industry is the backbone of a country's development, but its untreated effluent damages a
variety of environmental phenomena. Every day huge amounts of waste are released into the
environment from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources, causing serious ecological
problems. In Pakistan, profound demographic, economic changes and the energy crisis are present,
which place severe restrictions on water treatment spending capital. Any agency in Pakistan has,
however, made no serious effort to characterize the exact nature and levels of contaminants found
in waste water from various industrial zones. The current study has characterized Hattar Industrial
Estate, Hattar, Pakistan's industrial effluent quality. Five different drains have been taken for
effluent samples, each of them having the combined effluent of many industries. The samples were
all classified according to standard methods for pH, temperatures, test, TDS, tsss, EC, DO, bodium,
cadence, turbidity, phosphates (PO4), ammonia (NH4–N) and various heavy metals. The majority
of parameters of water quality exceeded national standards of environmental quality. These
pollutants can seriously affect the soil profile, the quality of groundwater and the freshwater
ecosystems, and thus require policy makers to install a centralized wastewater treatment plant.

Suggestions
In order to reduce potential damage in aquatic and human life, industrial effluents should be
continuously monitored and properly managed prior to discharge. The discharge of HIE waste
always leads to high levels of pollutants in surrounding soils and water bodies. To date, no public
or private sector treatment facilities have been installed. Farmers do not know how serious the
health effects of pollutants have been and use waste water to irrigate crops cultivated in the area.

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They use waste water. The effluents were used as irrigation plants for such products, such as wheat,
maize, peas, oignons, garlic, brassinoids, colocasia, potatoes, spinach, fodder and many fruit trees.
This can lead to the bioaccumulation and thus pose health risks for human lives of hazardous
pollutants in these food crops. As trade producers of various food crops are the areas surrounding
HIE, it is highly recommended to carry out a health risk evaluation on those contaminated food
crops, in order to save the lives consumed by human beings.

Biological treatment technologies, in particular anaerobial wastewater treatment during post-

treatment wetland processes are the most appropriate treatment methods for such wastewater.
Efficient wastewater management requires an adequate knowledge of the properties of any
wastewater stream. This applies in particular to wastewater flows from rural houses, shopping
centers and other facilities where individual water use activities create intermittent wastewater
flows that vary considerably in both volume and level of pollution. Detailed characterization data
for these combined flows are required not only to facilitate efficient design of treatment and
disposal systems but also to enable water conservation and waste reduction strategies to be
developed and implemented.

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