STUDY ON MALARIA

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JAI VIGNESHWAR A
T12B307
12 – B3

in partial fulfilment for the biology practicals

of

AISSCE PRACTICALS 2021’22

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM SURAPET
CHENNAI - 600 066
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VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM SURAPET

CHENNAI - 600 066

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this investigatory project report titled A STUDY ON

MALARIA is the bonafide work of JAI VIGNESHWAR A of Grade 12 in

the academic year 2021’22, who carried out the project under the guidance of

MR.S. NESAMALAR SAM.

Place : Chennai
Date :

TEACHER INCHARGE

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to my mentor MR.S. NESAMALAR SAM
Department of Biology, Velammal Vidhyashram Surapet, Chennai, for
“his/her” valuable guidance and kind help during the course of my project.

I wish to express my gratitude to MR. GOPALA KRISHAN

Principal, TILAK WING Velammal Vidhyashram Surapet, Chennai for her
continuous support for the successful completion of this project work.

I express my deep gratitude to my parents, friends and my family

members for their great support and patience.

JAI VIGNESHWAR A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
CHAPTER NO. TITLE
NO.
1 Abstract 1
2 Introduction 1
3 Symptoms   1
4 Life cycle 2
5  Complications 4
6  Preventions 5
7 Structure 6
8 Reference 7
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MALARIA
1. ABSTRACT

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is a major

cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. These parasites have a complex life
cycle in their mosquito vector and vertebrate hosts. The primary factors contributing
to the resurgence of malaria are the appearance of drug-resistant strains of the
parasite, the spread of insecticide-resistant strains of the mosquito and the lack of
licensed malaria vaccines of proven efficacy. This minireview includes a summary
of the disease, the life cycle of the parasite, information relating to the genome and
proteome of the species lethal to humans, Plasmodium falciparum, together with
other recent developments in the field.

2. INTRODUCTION

Malaria is a parasitic infection transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito that leads to acute

life-threatening disease and poses a significant global health threat.
The Plasmodium parasite has a multistage lifecycle, which leads to characteristic cyclical
fevers. With timely treatment, most people experience rapid resolution of symptoms;
however, significant complications may occur, including cerebral malaria, severe malarial
anemia, coma, or death. Preferred antimalarial therapeutic and chemoprophylactic regimens
get dictated by species, geography, susceptibility, and patient demographics. Latent or
reactivating infections may be reported years following exposure. 

3. SYMPTOMS

3.1. Fever

3.2. Chills

3.3. General feeling of discomfort

3.4. Headache

3.5. Nausea and vomiting

3.6. Diarrhea

3.7. Abdominal pain

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3.8. Muscle or joint pain

3.9. Fatigue

3.10. Rapid breathing

3.11. Rapid heart rate

3.12. Cough

4. LIFE CYCLE

The malaria parasite develops both humans and in the

female Anopheles mosquitoes. The size and genetic complexity of the parasite mean
that each infection presents thousands of antigens (proteins) to the human immune
system.

4.1. Malaria infection begins when an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites

a person, injecting Plasmodium parasites, in the form of sporozoites, into the
bloodstream.
 

4.2. The sporozoites pass quickly into the human liver.

 

4.3. The sporozoites multiply asexually in the liver cells over the next 7 to 10 days,
causing no symptoms.
 

4.4. In an animal model, the parasites, in the form of merozoites, are released from
the liver cells in vesicles, journey through the heart, and arrive in the lungs, where
they settle within lung capillaries. The vesicles eventually disintegrate, freeing the
merozoites to enter the blood phase of their development

4.5. In the bloodstream, the merozoites invade red blood cells (erythrocytes) and
multiply again until the cells burst. Then they invade more erythrocytes. This cycle
is repeated, causing fever each time parasites break free and invade blood cells.
 

4.6. Some of the infected blood cells leave the cycle of asexual multiplication.
Instead of replicating, the merozoites in these cells develop into sexual forms of the
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parasite, called gametocytes, that circulate in the blood stream.

 

4.7. When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes, which
develop further into mature sex cells called gametes.
 

4.8. The fertilized female gametes develop into actively moving ookinetes that
burrow through the mosquito's midgut wall and form oocysts on the exterior surface.
 

4.9. Inside the oocyst, thousands of active sporozoites develop. The oocyst
eventually bursts, releasing sporozoites into the body cavity that travel to the
mosquito's salivary glands.
 

4.10. The cycle of human infection begins again when the mosquito bites another
person

5. COMPLICATIONS
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5.1. Liver failure and jaundice-yellowing of skin and whites of eye

5.2. Shock-a sudden drop in blood pressure

5.3. pulmonary oedema-a fluid in lungs

5.4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

5.5. Abnormally low blood sugar-HYPOGLYCAEMIA

5.6. Kidney failure

5.7. Swelling and rupturing of the spleen

AWARNESS ON MALARIA

6.PREVENTIONS

Malaria can be prevented by ABCD approach

A-Awareness of risk
B-Bite prevention
C-Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets
D-Diagnosis

7.STRUCTURE OF MALARIA
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5.PREVENTIONS

Malaria can be prevented by ABCD approach

A-Awareness of risk
B-Bite prevention
C-Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets
D-Diagnosis

STRUCTURE OF MALARIA

STRUCTURE OF MALARIA
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8. REFERENCE

1.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17824953/#:~:text=Malaria%20is
%20caused%20by%20protozoan,mosquito%20vector%20and
%20vertebrate%20hosts.

2. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria

3. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-
causes/syc-20351184

4. https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/24662

5. https://www.britannica.com/science/malaria