Lesson 10

THE PHILIPPINE UNDER AMERICAN TUTELAGE

I. UNDER MILITARY GOVERNMENT

II. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

III. THE SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

IV. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AMERICAN CIVIL GOVERNMENT

V. THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902

VI. PERIOD OF SUPPRESSED NATIONALISM

I. EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

II. THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

III. RESIDENT COMMISSIONERS

IV. FILIPINIZATION OF GOVERNMENT

V. THE JONES LAW OF 1916

VI. THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE

I. THE WOOD-FORBES MISSION

II. THE ADMINISTRATION OF LEONARD WOOD

III. RESTORATION OF FILIPINO COOPERATION

IV. EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

V. RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS
(THE INTRODUCTION OF PROTESTANTISM ),
(THE RISE OF THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH)
I. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

II. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

III. PROMOTION OF SOCIAL WELFARE

IV. AMERICAN INFLUENCES ON THE FILIPINO CULTURE

V. NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF AMERICAN OCCUPATION

 US commenced her work of exporting
her own government system in this
newly colonized territory .

 The Filipinos became immersed in

the basic of good government .

 The tenets of democratic

governance .

 The way of life was soon changed .

 This chapter centers on these

changes in the Philippines under
American tutelage .
UNDER MILITARY GOVERNMENT
UNDER MILITARY GOVERNMENT

 August , 1898 , Americans established

military government in the country from
1898 to 1901 .

 Philippines was governed directly by

the President of the US in his capacity as
Commander in – Chief of the US armed
forces .

 US president power exercised in the

country by American military governor .
 GENERAL WESLY MERITT

 Appointed as the first military governor of

the country .

 Commanded the Cavalry Department of

the Army of the Potomac.

 Served in the defenses of Washington D.C.,

for the rest of 1862.

 Commanded the Reserve Brigade, 1st

Division, Cavalry Corps of the Army of the
Potomac.
 GENERAL ELWELL OTIS

 Served as military governor until 1900 .

 Otis was appointed captain in the 140th

New York Regiment.

 December 23, 1863 he was promoted to

lieutenant colonel of his regiment.

Severely wounded effectively ended his

field career during the Civil War. 

 Recovered and was appointed lieutenant

colonel of the 22nd U.S. Infantry in 1867.
 GENERAL MacArthur

 Last military governor .

 Military Governor-General of the American-

occupied Philippines in 1900.

 His term ended a year later due to clashes

with the civilian governor.

 MacArthur was the father of General

Douglas MacArthur.

 Promoted to major on January 25, 1864, and

to lieutenant colonel on May 18, 1865 – shortly
before he was mustered out of service on June
10, 1865.
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE US MILITARY GOVERNMENT FROM 1898 - 1901

 Establishment of a Supreme Court composed of six Filipinos and

three Americans , with Cayetano Arellano as First Chief Justice ;

 Organizations of towns and provincial governments in pacified areas

 Holding for elections for local officials in areas under American

control ;

 Introduction of the American public school system ;

 Teaching of English language .

FIRST PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

 Schurman Commission also known as

First Philippine Commission  
the 

 Established by United States

President William McKinley on January
20, 1899,

Tasked to study the situation in the

Philippines.

 Make recommendations on how the U.

S should proceed.

 Sovereignty of the Philippines was

ceded to the U.S. by Spain on December
10
 PRESIDENT McKinley

 Appointed the First Philippine

Commission ( the Schurman Commission)
To investigate conditions in the islands
and make recommendations .

 Led the nation to victory in

the Spanish–American War,

 Raised protective tariffs to promote

American industry,

 Maintained the nation on the gold

standard in a rejection of inflationary
proposals.
 DR. JACOB SCHURMAN

 Canadian-born educator and

diplomat,

 Served as President of Cornell

University and United States
Ambassador to Germany.

 Studied in Paris, Edinburgh,
 Heidelberg , Berlin , Göttingen and
Italy .

 Professor of English literature,

political economy
and psychology at Acadia College in
1880-1882

 Head of the following members.

 GEORGE DEWEY

 Admiral of the Navy, only person in United

States history to have attained the rank.

 Best known for his victory at the Battle of

Manila Bay during the Spanish–American
War.

 Graduated from the academy in 1858.

 Participated in the Capture of New

Orleans and the Siege of Port Hudson,

 Helping the Union take control of

the Mississippi River.
 GENERAL ELWELL OTIS

Served as military governor until 1900 .

 Otis was appointed captain in the

140th New York Regiment.

 December 23, 1863 he was promoted to

lieutenant colonel of his regiment.

Severely wounded effectively ended

his field career during the Civil War. 

 Recovered and was appointed

lieutenant colonel of the 22nd U.S
Infantry in 1867.
 CHARLES DENBY

 American diplomat in China and later
in Vienna, Austria,

 Known as one of the top scholars

of Chinese language and culture of his
time.
Served as United States Ambassador to
China for many years, and Martha Fitch. 

 Educated by private tutors before

receiving his B.A. from Princeton
University in 1882.

 He married Martha Dalzell Orr in 1895. 

 DEAN C. WORCESTER
 American zoologist, public official, and
authority on the Philippines,

 Born at Thetford, Vermont, and

educated at the University of Michigan (A.
B., 1889)

 First went to the Philippines in 1887 as

a junior member of a scientific expedition,

 Built a controversial career in the

early American colonial government
beginning in 1899 based upon his
experience in the country .

Served as the influential Secretary of

the Interior of the Philippine Islands .
 RECOMMENDATIONS

 US remain in the Philippines since the country was not ready for
independence .

 Military government should be abolished and replaced by a civil

government in areas firmly under American control .

 Territorial government had to be established in the country , with a

bicameral legislature .

 Autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels had

to be organized .

 There was a need to protect the civil rights of the people and promote
their welfare .

 American public elementary school system had to be introduced in the

country .
SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION
 SECOND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

 Taft Commission, also known

as Second Philippine Commission

 First the sole legislative body of

the Philippines,

 Known as the Philippine
Islands under the sovereign control of
the United States, while still under
the Philippine–American War. 

 Functioned as a House of bicameral

legislature

 Supplanted in 1916 by an elected

legislature established in 1916 by
the Philippine Autonomy Act.
 PRESIDENT McKinley

 Created the Second Philippine

Commission ,

 Popularly known as the Taft

Commission on March 16,1990 .

 Facilitate the implementation of the

recommendations of the Schurman
Commission .
 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT

 First head of the Philippine

Commission, a post he filled between
March 16, 1900 and July 4, 1901.

 Commission head also became

the Civil Governor of the Philippines .

 He held the post until January 31, 1904

after he was appointed as the Secretary
of War by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt .

 The Philippine Commission was

subsequently headed by a number of
persons,
But is often mentioned informally and
collectively as the "Taft Commission".
 DEAN C. WORCESTER

 American zoologist, public official,

and authority on the Philippines,

 Born at Thetford, Vermont, and

educated at the University of
Michigan (A.B., 1889)

 First went to the Philippines in 1887 as

a junior member of a scientific
expedition,

 Built a controversial career in the

early American colonial government
beginning in 1899 based upon his
experience in the country .
Served as the influential Secretary of
the Interior of the Philippine Islands .
 LUKE E. WRIGHT
 Served as Governor-General of the
Philippines between 1904 and 1906

 Secretary of War from 1908 to 1909.

  Born in Giles County, Tennessee, and

moved with his family to Memphis in
1850.

 Cited for bravery under fire in

the Battle of Murfreesboro and was
promoted to second lieutenant.

 After the Civil War, Wright attended

the University of Mississippi from 1867
to 1868, but he did not graduate.

 He married Katherine Semmes

in1868.
 HENRY C. IDE

 U.S. judge, colonial commissioner,

 ambassador, and Governor-General of
the Philippines.

 Graduated from Dartmouth in 1866,

where he was named valedictorian,

 Admitted to the bar in 1871 .

 Practiced law in St. Johnsbury,

Vermont from then until 1891 .

 1876 to 1878, Ide was State Attorney

for Vermont.

From 1882 to 1885 he was a member of

the Vermont State Senate
 BERNAND MOSES
 Attended the University of Michigan and
the University of Heidelberg .

 Member of the U. S. Philippine

Commission from 1900-1902,

 Participated in the Panamerican

Scientific Congress in Santiago, Chile, and
in the International Conference of
American States in Buenos Aires.

 He was also minister plenipotentiary on

a special mission to Chile.

 It was tasked to establish a civil

government in the country and to train
Filipinos in self government .
 ELIHU ROOT
  Moved frequently between high-
level appointed government
positions in Washington, D.C.
 and private-sector legal practice
in New York City .

Commission was guided by the

Instruction prepared by Elihu Root ,
the Secretary of War .

 These guidelines made clear that

the government to be designed
should for the happiness , peace ,
and prosperity of the people of the
Philippines Islands .
 The commission commenced its work June 3,1990 .

 First law it enacted allocated one million dollars for the

construction and repair of road and bridges .

 August 1902 , It had legislated more than 400 laws dealing

with the organization of government bureaus ,

 Establishment of local government , creation of the civil

service and the organization of the public school system in
the archipelago .
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AMERICAN CIVIL
GOVERNMENT
 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
AMERICAN CIVIL
GOVERNMENT

 March 2,1901 the military

government in the Philippines ceased
to exist when the United Congress
enacted the Army Appropriations Act.

 Implemented The Spooner

Amendment written by Senator Jon
Spooner of Wisconsin .

 All military , civil , and judicial

powers needed to govern the
Philippines .

 Congress shall be vested in such

person or persons as the President of
the US would direct .
 SENATOR JOHN SPOONER

 Politician and lawyer from Wisconsin.

 Served in the United States

Senate from 1885 to 1891 and from 1897
to 1907.

 One of the "Big Four" key Republicans

who largely controlled the major
decisions of the Senates

 Spooner moved with his parents

to Madison, Wisconsin in 1859 Senate,

 Attended the common schools and

graduated from the University of
Wisconsin in 1864.
 JUDGE WILLIAM H. TAFT

 First civil governor , Elected

president in 1908,

 The chosen successor of Theodore

Roosevelt,

 Defeated for re-election

by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 .

 The title was changed to Governor –

General in 1905 .

Taft was also the head of the

Philippine Commission (Law making
body )
  Described by some historians as a
well-loved governor

 Promote the welfare of the Filipinos

on his adoption of the policyTHE
PHILIPPINES FOR THE FILIPINOS .

D uring his tenure that many of the “

foundations of a stable and
democratic development “

Greatest achievements was the

purchase of 410,000 acres of friar
lands

Were resold to landless Filipino

tenants on easy installment terms .
 Taft’s policy which made him
popular to the people .

 Constantino asserts that it was

not an endorsement of Philippine
independence but good business .

 Improvements in standard living

and education could rebound .

 To a taste for the American

products resulting in a potential
market for American products .

 Succeeded by equally able men .

 SUCCESSORS

WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES

LUKE E. WRIGHT
(1904 – 1906 ) (1909- 1913)
 SUCCESSORS

HENRY IDE JAMES SMITH

(1906) (1906-1909)
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
 SALIENT PROVISION

1. Bill of rights for the Filipino people ;

2. Appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent

the country in the US Congress without voting rights ;

3. Establish of the Philippine assembly

4. Exercise of executive power by the civil governor who would have

several executive departments .

5. Conservation of natural resources for the Filipinos .

PERIOD OF SUPPRESSED NATIONALISM
PERIOD OF SUPPRESSED NATIONALISM
 SERGIO OSMENA

 In Cebu , American censors

suspended the new paperEL NUEVO
DIA

 Threatened with deportation for

publishing patriotic articles .

 Reportedly only 14 years of age at the

time.
 NUMEROUS NEWSPAPER

EL RENACIMENTO

 Most influential newspaper during

the Spanish colonial period

 Newspaperman and Freemason

L  a Independencia , El Nuevo Dia ,

La Renacimiento
and 

 Working for La Independencia  after

the death of Antonio Luna

 Elected as an assemblyman 1916.

RAFAEL PALMA
 EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO

 Was a pro-labor and radical nationalist

newspaper .

 Advocates independence under the

protection of the United States.

 Founded  in 1899

 Tagalog edition called Ang Kapatid ng

Bayan .

PASCUAL H. POBLETE
 WALANG SUGAT
 (literally, "no wound" or "unwounded")

 published in 1898

 Written when the zarzuela became a "

potent means" 

  Expressing Filipino nationalism
during the Spanish Occupation

 popular zarzuelas in the Philippines

Walang Sugat  is also a love story

SEVERINO REYES
 MALAYA

 Drama simboliko or "

seditious“play

 Written in Spain by Tomas

Remegio in 1898

 Simboliko  plays written in prose

and verse

 Shows to be anti-Spanish and

other records report it to be anti-
American.
Political allegory hidden in the
love story of the heroine,

TOMAS REMIGIO
 TANIKALANG GINTO
 Zarzuela Ang Tanikalang
Guinto  (The Golden Chain)

 Caused his arrest and trial.

 Introduction of symbolism to
Tagalog drama,

 One of the first Tagalog dramatists

to use symbolism in their plays

 Finished writing Tanikalang Guinto

when the Katipunan uprising broke out .
 Pugad Lawin August 23, 1896

JUAN ABAD
 KAHAPON , NGAYON , AT BUKAS

 Present Teatro Libertad in Manila , May

14,1903

 Anti - imperialist play attacking the new

colonizer

 Originally written in Tagalog

 Translate in Kapangpangan

 called Napon , Ngeni at Bukas

AURELIO TOLENTINO
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

 Federal Party - first political

party .
 founded group of pro –
American Filipinos

 headed by Trinidad H. Pardo de

Tavera December 1990 .

 platform making Philippines a

state of a US .

 given high postion in the US

colonial government .

 party was unacceptable to many

Filipinos .
change its name to Progresive
Party or Partido Progresista .
 Partido Nacionalista –
Henry Ide lifted the ban on
political parties advocating
separation from US 1906.

Partido Independista
Immediata and Union
Nacionalista formed out of
the union .

 The reason is to have a

better chance of fighting .
  Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de
Tavera y Gorricho

 April 13, 1857

 Filipino physician, historian and
politician of Spanish and Portuguese
descent.

 Writings about different aspects of

Philippine culture .

 Trinidad was known in his early

Trini . 
years as 

TRINIDAD H. PARDO de TAVERA

THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY
 Election were set on July 30,
1907

 The conditions set forth by

Philippine Bill 1902 were
satisfied.
NAMELY :
• Complete restoration of peace
in the country

• Publication of a census
population .

 President Roosevelt
proclaimed the ending of war on
July 4,1902 .

 Census undertaken March 2,

1903 ,published 1905 .
  32nd President of the United States

 American statesman and political leader

1933 until his death in 1945

 Won a record four presidential elections

 Emerged as a central figure in world

events during the mid-20th century.

built the New Deal Coalition

realigning  Fifth Party System 
defining   American liberalism

PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT
 Political exercise gave the opportunity to express their sentiments.

 Major political parties :

Partido Nacionalista –advocate immediate independence from the US
Partido Progresista – pro- American in its platform .

 80 seats – First Philippine Assembly

 59 seats – Partido Nacionalista
 16 seats – Partido Progresista
 5 seats – Independent candidates .
 Landslide victory of thePartido Nacionalista could be attributed
to their advocacy of immediate , absolute ,and complete
independence .

 Formal inauguration of the First Philippine Assembly held

October 16,1907 at Grand Opera House .

 Elected speaker wasSergio Osmena of Cebu

 Manuel L.Quezon selected as Majority Floor Leader .

 Gabaldon Act – first legistation enacted ,which allocated one

million pesos for the establishment of barrio schools .
 The Philippine Assembly served the lower house of the Philippine
Legislature , while the Philippine Commission was its upper house .

 Filipinos were able to participate in the framing laws to be

implemented in the country .

 The relation between this two chambers of the Philippine Legislature

was not always harmonious .

 Understandable considering that thePhilippine Assembly was pro-

Filipino while Philippine Commission was pro- American .

 The conflict between these chambers was finally ended when the
Philippine Commission was abolished by the Jones Law of 1916 .
RESIDENT COMMISSIONERS
 Filipinos were represented in the US Congress by the two resident
commissioners .

 Philippine Assembly elected Pablo Ocampo and Benito Legarda as

first resident commissioners to the US Congress .

 These commissioners could relayed to the US Congress the concerns

of the Filipino people .

 They could speak for or against any bill being debated which affected
the Filipino people but no voting rights .
  A lawyer, a Filipino nationalist, a
member of the Malolos Congress,

 One of the first Resident

Commissioner from the Philippine
Islands to the United States
Congress and a member of the 2nd
Philippine Legislature.

 He gave his service to his country and

helped to bring about the peaceful
transition of the Philippines

 From being a colony of Spain for more

than 300 years (1521 to 1898) to what will
later become the
American Commonwealth of the
Philippines

PABLO OCAMPO
 Filipino legislator who was
a member of
the Philippine
Commission of the
American colonial Insular
Government, the
government's legislature,
and later a Resident
Commissioner from the
Philippine Islands to
the United States
Congress.
BENITO LEGARDA
FILIPINIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
  As part of the thrust totrain the
Filipinos in self- government , it
pursued a policy of appointing
qualified Filipinos to government
positions.

 pro- American Filipinos were

designated to high positions during
the early years of American
occupation.

 1908, four Filipinos were able to

have seats at the Philippine
Commission.
  Secretary of Finance and Justice

 First Filipino to head an executive

department under the American colonial
government.

 Filipino lawyer, businessman ,
nationalist and patriot, during
the Spanish and American colonial periods

GREGORIO ARANETA
Filipinization – evident at the local government levels as key
government positions were occupied by Filipinos.

Town residents – elected directly the town president , vice

president , and , councilor .

1907 provincial government and the three- man provincial

board were elected directly by the people .

Gained much headway when the Democrats emerged

victorious 1912 elections in the US.

 Direct effect on the Philippines was President Woodrow

Wilson’s appointed of Francis Burton Harrison as governor
general of the Philippines.
  American politician and academic
who served as the 28th President
of the United States from 1913 to
1921.

 Member of the Democratic Party.

 Served as the President of

Princeton University from 1902 to
1910.

 Elected as a progressive
Democrat to the office of
Governor of New Jersey.

 1912 presidential election made

him the first Southerner elected
to the presidency since Zachary
Taylor in 1848.
WOODROW WILSON
  American-born Filipino
statesman.

 Served in the United States

House of Representatives.

 Appointed Governor-General of
the Philippines by President of
the United States Woodrow
Wilson.

 Prominent adviser to the

president of the Philippine
Commonwealth,

 1913-1921 Governor-General of
the Philippines to be awarded
Philippine citizenship.

FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON

  The first or paternal family
name is Palma.

 Second or maternal family

name is Velásquez.

 Filipino politician, Rizalian,

writer, educator and a famous
Freemason.

 Fourth President of the

University of the Philippines.

 Books
 The Pride of the Malay Race,
 The Woman and the Right to
Vote
 The New Mentality, 1929.

RAFAEL PALMA
  Resident Commissioner to the U.S.
House of Representatives from
the Philippine Islands.

 Born on November 4, 1873, in

Tanauan, Province of Leyte,
Philippine Islands.

 Colegio de San Juan de Letran in

Manila in 1893

 Studied law, philosophy, and

letters in the University of Santo
Tomas at Manila 1895–1897.

 Member of the Philippine

National Assembly from Leyte's
Fourth District

JAIME C DE VEYRA
  Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of the Philippines

 Second Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court under the
American colonial Insular
Government.

 Associate Justice of the newly

created Supreme Court of the
Philippines in 1901,

 Together with Cayetano Arellano

and Florentino Torres.

 He left the Supreme Court to be

Secretary of Finance and Justice
in 1913

 Served on the Philippine

VICTORINO MAPA Commission, the upper house of
the Philippine Legislature.
VICENTE SINGSON ENCARNACION
 Worked for the replacement of
American employees by deserving
and qualified Filipinos.

 To achieved this program ,he went

to the point of persuading
Americans either to retire or resign.

 His move by implementation of the

policy of broadening Filipinization.

 641 Americans in the civil service

against 2,623 when he assumed his
post in the colonial government.
 There were limitations to its enjoyment in the Filipino society .

 One of these wasrestraint of elitism

 Agoncillo , Filipinization involved only those who belonged to the

national and local elite .

 Confining participation to the elite ensured the success of

American colonial administration.
THE JONES LAW OF 1916
  A very significant step toward
self- government and ultimately
independence of the country
from the US.
 Sponsored by William Atkinson
Jones of Virginia.
 Signed by President Wilson
August 29,1916.
 American legistation was
significant to the Filipinos at
that time.
 Documented the American
promise to grant the country its
independence.
 Filipinos were given greater
participation in government ,that
they never enjoyed during
Spanish Era.

JONES LAW
 This law can be considered a
fundamental charter for the
Filipino people.

 To defined the structured of

the government , power and
duties of government officials
and provided for a bill of rights
of the people.

 Executive power vested in the

governor –general appointed by
the US President .
 Secretary of Instruction in the
cabinet had to be an American .

 Under Autonomy Act ,

legislative power was fully given
by the Filipinos.
 Philippine Legislature composed of the Philippine Senate as upper
chamber

 House of Representative as lower chamber .

 Members of both chambers were elected directly by the Filipino people.

 Judicial Power vested in the Supreme Court composed of a Filipino chief

Justice and Filipino as well as American associate justice .

 Members of Philippine Supreme Court be appointed by the US President

with the stamp of approval .
THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE
 October 3,1916 elections were held
for the new law-making body.

 Nacionalista Party fielded its

candidates against the Progresista
Party.

 Majority who won in these electon

from Nacionalista Party
 Nacionalista dominated both
chambers of the Philippine
legislature.

 13 days after elections, new law

making body was formally
inaugurated.

 Manuel L. Quezon – Senate President,

Sergio Osmena – Speaker of the
House Representatives.
  Ensure a good working
relationship between the executive
and legislative branches.

 Established the Council of Senate

on October 16,1918

 Council of State created for the

purpose of advising the Governor-
General .

 Consisted of all presiding officers

of the Philippine Senate and House
of Representative and cabinet
secretaries.

 Greater participation was further

enhanced by the creation of this
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON council.
THE WOOD – FORBES MISSION
  The 29th President of the United
States.

 Appointed a number of well-

regarded figures to his cabinet

 As the result of the victory of the

Republican Party in US elections
President Wilson was succeeded
by Harding.

 His desire to know the true state

of the Philippines.

 Special commission was

constituted by Major General
Leonardo Wood and W. Cameron
Forbes.

WARREN G. HARDING
 May 4,1941 special commission started its work of obtaining vital
information needed by President Harding.

 Four months of gathering data , came out the recommendation of

deferring the granting of Philippine Independence.

 Due to the poor financial state of the country , bankruptcy of the

Philippine National Bank and stability of the government.

 Wood- Forbes Mission was published ,

 Filipino leaders were so displeased by the recommendations made by

the mission to President Harding.
THE ADMINISTRATION OF LEONARD
WOOD
  Returned in Manila October 5,1921 to
replaced Francis Burton Harrison as
the country’s Governor- General.

 Antagonized the Philippine Legislature

owing to his disapproval of 16 bills it
passed.

 They felt gradually being stripped off

autonomy they enjoyed during the time
of General Harrison.

 To show their dissatisfaction with Wood

Administration ,members of the Council
of State resigned in masse.
 Cabinet Crisis of 1923 .

 He proceeded governing the country

without the cooperation of the
LEONARD WOOD Philippine Legislature.
 He abolished the Board of Control 1926 ,a body of responsible for
voting stocks in government corporations

 Whose members were the governor – general , President of the

Philippine Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives.

 Wood and Filipino leaders stirred the nacionalistic sentiments of the

people.

 Political parties stood for a common caused against Leonard Wood and
pledged to work for the independence of the Philippines .

 1926 known as the National Supreme Council.

 Wood died August 7,1927

RESTORATION OF FILIPINO
COORPORATION
  American statesman, lawyer
and Republican Party
politician.

 He emerged as a leading
figure in the foreign policy of
the United States,

 Serving in Republican and

Democratic administrations.

 Served as Secretary of War

(1911–1913) under William
Howard Taft, Secretary of
State (1929–1933)

HENRY I. STIMSON
(1828-29)
  American tennis player and politician

 He is best remembered as the founder

of the Davis Cup international tennis
competition.

 Assistant Secretary of War from 1923

to 1925 and Secretary of War from 1925
to 1929.

DWIGHT F. DAVIS
(1929-32)
  American government, business, and
military leader.

 Eldest son of President Theodore

Roosevelt and First Lady Edith
Roosevelt.

 Known for his World War II service ,

including the directing of troops at
Utah Beach during the Normandy
landings, for which he received the
Medal of Honor.

 Educated at private academies and

Harvard University

 He served as Assistant Secretary of

the Navy (1921–1924), Governor of
Puerto Rico (1929–1932), and
THEODORE ROOSEVELTJR. Governor-General of the Philippines
(1932–1933).
(1932-33)
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
 Filipinos experienced social progress owing to the priority given by the
Americans to the education of the people.

 Started opening the school in Manila

 Philippine public school system was established by virtue of Act no.74

by Taft Commission January 1901.

 Legislation provided free primary education and the establishment of a

school for the training of Filipino teachers.

 Significant Provisions
 compulsory teaching of English in school
 recruitment of trained teachers in the US.
 abolition of compulsory religious instruction.
  First American teachers arrived in
Manila August 23,1901.

 Popularly known as Thomasites

responsible for teaching the Filipinos
the rudiments of English language and
the American way of life.

 Education became a privilege of both

poor and rich Filipinos.

 Higher education was also promote by

Americans .

 University of the Philippines was

created in 1908 by virtue of Act no. 1870.
 Private higher education institutions
(HEIs) also stimulated during this
period.
THOMASITES
 HEIs start their operations during the American Regime
 Siliman University 1901 Negros Oriental
 Centro Escolar University 1907 Librada Avelino
 Philippine Women University 1919 Francisca T. Benitez

 Promising Filipinos were given the opportunity by the American

government to pursue higher education degrees in US.

 Filipino pensionados shoulder by the Philippine government.

 Young Filipinos were able to study for free abroad from 1903-1928.

 Able to produce a breed of future political , civic and business

leaders from this group of government scholars.
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS
  Spaniards brought Catholicism the
Americans introduced
Protestantism in the country.

 Unliked Spanish conquistadores

who coerced the Filipinos in
accepting the Catholic religion.
 American tried to win the people to
their faith by means of good
examples and friendly persuasion
 Arrival of Protestant missioners ,
the work of spreading the doctrines
of the American religion.

 Missioners carried humanitarian

work as evidenced by
establishment of schools ,
hospitals and churches.
PROTESTANTISM  Few Filipinos embraced
Protestantism , probably attributed
to more than 300 years of Spanish
rule.
PRESBYTERIANS (1899)
BAPTISTS ( 1900 )
DISCIPLES OF CHRIST ( 1905 )
METHODIST EPISCOPALIANS ( 1908 )
 THE RISE OF THE
PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENT CHURCH
 The Philippine Independent Church is an independent Christian
denomination in the form of a national church in the Philippines.

 Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of

Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina  due to the alleged mistreatment
the 
of the Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of José
Rizal during Spanish colonial rule.

 Isabelo de los Reyes was one of the initiators of the separation, and

suggested that former Catholic priest Gregorio Aglipay be the head of the
church.

 It is also known as the "Aglipayan Church", after its first Supreme Bishop,

Gregorio Aglipay, who like José Rizal, later became a Freemason, in May
1918
  Prominent Filipino politician, writer and
labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries.

 Original founder of the Aglipayan Church,

an independent Philippine national church.

 An independent Philippine national

church. 

"Father of Filipino Socialism" .

Isabelo de los Reyes

 Pope Leo XIII instructed the Archbishop of Manila, Bernardino
Nozaleda y Villa to excommunicate those who initiated the schism.

 1960 the church has been in full communion with the Episcopal Church

in the United States, and through it, the entire Anglican Communion.

 Members commonly believe in the rejection of the exclusivity right

to apostolic succession by the Petrine papacy,

 The allowing of priestly ordination of women, optional clerical celibacy,

tolerance of Freemasonry, lack of requiring in
believing transubstantiation and the Real presence of Christ in the
Eucharist, and support for contraception and same-sex civil rights.

 Many saints canonized by Rome after the 1902 schism are not

recognized by the Aglipayan church and its members.
  Oldest pope (reigning until the age of
93),

 third longest confirmed pontificate,

behind that of Pius IX (his immediate
predecessor) and John Paul II

 Most recent pontiff to date to take the

pontifical name of "Leo" upon being
elected to the pontificate.

 His intellectualism and his attempts to

define the position of the Catholic Church
with regard to modern thinking

Pope Leo XIII

 Economic development
 Accelerated during the American Regime .

 Agriculture was developed and the production of sugar coconut and

abaca was promoted ; the leading country to the US .

 Made possible by the introduction of modern farm machinery and other

farm equipment .

 More lands areas were cultivated owing to the construction of more

irrigation systems in the country .

 Although improvements in agriculture were remarkable , American

policy in this area , however , was for the benefit of wealthy landowners
and foreign corporations and not for the common people .
AMERICAN REGIMES
• Americans even controlled the country’s major agricultural
exports.

• One factor that accounted for the phenomenal growth of Philippine

economy then was the system of free trade that existed between
the US and the Philippines.

• This system came into being as a consequence of the enactment of

the Payne – Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909 and the Underwood –
Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 by the US Congress .

• Payne – Aldrich Tariff Act , all Philippine exports except rice can
freely enter US ports within quota limits .
 Exports beyond these quota limits will be subjected to
full customs duties .

 Under the Underwood – Simmons Tariff Act , however ,

full trade between the two countries was established .

 While quota limits were set on Philippine exports under

both laws ,US products could freely enter the
Philippines duty – free in unlimited quantities .

 Free trade superficially contributed to the growth of

the economy , it cannot be denied that it had serious
defects .
PAYNE – ALDRICH AND UNDERWOOD –
SIMMONS TARIFF ACT
 Quezon and other concerned leaders were against it owing to the
detrimental effect to the country in the long run .

 They were right in their view considering that the Philippines became
too dependent on the US market for the exportation of its products .

 As a result of free trade , the Philippines neglected the cultivation of

other crops and concentrated on producing only abaca , sugar , and
coconut for the American markets .

 Trading relations with other nations was abandoned in favor of the

United States.
 Improvements in transportation and
communication

 Transportation and communication facilities in the Philippines were

improved and modernized by the Americans .

 Road and bridges were constructed to facilitated faster movement of

people and products from one place to another .

 Motor vehicles were soon introduced by the American’s in 1903 .

 With the opening of more ports and the construction of port facilities ,
inter – shipping boomed .
ROAD AND BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION OF PORT FACILITIES
Improvements in communication took place when the
American’s installed a telephone system in Manila then
later in Cebu , Iloilo ,and major cities in the country .

Telegraphic services were also improved with the

introduction of wireless telegraphy .

Introduction of the radio in 1953 , the operation of

broadcasting stations in the country commenced
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
MOTOR VEHICLES
 Promotion of social welfare

 In addition to providing the Filipinos the chance to be educated , the US also

exerted efforts towards promoting the social well – being of the people .

 Victims of natural calamities during those times were provided relief goods by
both private and American government organizations .

 To assist the handicapped and the less fortunate in life the government
established charitable institutions ,

 Like a mental hospital ,a correctional for juvenile delinquents and a school for
the deaf and blind .

 Public health was also promoted by the Americans in the country through the
establishment of puericulture centers , clinics and hospitals throughout the
archipelago resulting in the lowering of the death rate of the Filipinos .
MENTAL HOSPITAL
CORRECTIONAL
SCHOOLS FOR DEAF AND
BLIND
 AMERICAN INFLUENCES ON THE
FILIPINO CULTURE
 American rule in the Philippines for nearly 50 years undoubtedly influenced
many phases of the Filipino way of life .

 One the greatest legacies of the Americans to Filipino culture was the
propagation of the use of the English language .

 English was made the medium of instruction in all schools , colleges , and
universities in the country .

 It was even made the language of business and the medium of communication
in the government .

 As a result of the American’s deliberate propagation of their language ,

Filipinos became expert in both oral and written English .
 F T H E A M ERI CA N T O
E A T ES T L EG A CI ES O
GR
FI L I PI N O C U LT U RE S
 As Filipinos gained mastery of the English language , many Filipinos
writers gained prominence in literature .

 Notable among these Filipinos writers in English were the following :

1. Fernando Maramag
2. Clemencia Joven
3. Zoilo Galang
4. Carlos P. Romulo
5. Marcelo de Garcia Villa
6. N.V.M Gonzales
7. Francisco Icasiano
8. Trinidad Subido Tarrosa
9. Juan C. Laya
 Another proof of the development of their competence in this
language was the publication of local newspapers using English as its
medium .

 The first Filipino weekly , The Independent , founded by Vicente Sotto

came out in 1915 .

 Five years later , the first Philippine news paper , The Philippine
Herald ,came out in the month of August .

 This was followed by The Tribune , founded by Alejandro Roces Sr., in

1925 .

 The Americans , exported their democratic ideas and institutions to

the country in their desire to train the Filipinos in the art of self -
government .
 Was  an  excellent  poet  and
 journalist in  English.  

 He  had  a  rich  style

and deep understanding of
human nature – qualities which
made his poetry appealing to
all
readers.

 On the other hand, his

editorial writings “exerted
great influence on the various
phases
of the Filipino way of life,
particularly in its government,
economics, education and
politics,”
according to a critic.
FERNANDO MARAMAG
CLEMENCIA JOVEN
 The Filipino
author of the first
Philippine novel
written in the
English language,
A Child of Sorrow ,
published in 1921.

ZOILO GALANG
CARLOS P. ROMULO
 Was a Filipino diplomat,
statesman, soldier,
journalist and author.

 He was a reporter at 16, a

newspaper editor by the
age of 20, and a publisher
at 32.

 Eventually named one of

the Philippines' National
Artists in Literature, and
was the recipient of many
other honors and honorary
degrees.
 MARCELO DE GRACIA CONCEPCION

• The first Asian poet to win recognition in American

literary circles was Marcelo de Garcia Concepcion.

• Whose first volume of poems , Azucena , was published in

1925 by G . P . Putnam’s Sons .

• The daughter of Filipino immigrants , Creator Syndicate

columnist Michelle Malkin bore off America’s Council on
Governmental Ethics Laws .
JOSE GARCIA VILLA
 Born August 5, 1914

 Occupation ; Poet , critic ,

lecturer

 Villa ‘s tart poetic style was

considered too aggressive at
that time .

 He published Man Songs , a

series of erotic poems ,

 He also won Best Story of

the Year from Philippine
Free Press magazine forMir-
I-Nisa .
N.V.M GONZALES
Born September 8 , 1915

Occupation : teacher ,
author , journalist ,
essayist

Wrote the Philippine

Graphic and later edited
for the Evening News
Magazine and Manila
Chronicle .
 FRANCISCO ICASIANO
 Filipino author who also
went by the more extended
name of Francisco “ Mang
Kiko “ Bayan Icasiano .

 Among his first literary

works were a series of
essays written in the Sunday
Tribune Magazine .

 The essays , written in

English , entitled ‘ From my
Nipa Hut ‘
TRINIDAD SUBIDO TARROSA
 Born in Socorro Oriental
Mindoro , where her father
worked as a star .

 She became a member of

the UP Writers Club and
contributed her sonnets .

 She published Tagalog

Phonetics and Orthography ,
which she co – authored
with Virginia Gamboa –
Mendoza .
 JUAN C. LAYA
 Was a Filipino novelist and publisher .

 He was the founder of Inang Lupa

publishing and was active in textbook in
the 1950s .

 He also wrote many stories and novels

about his country and native land .
 The Filipinos learned the principles and concepts of equality , due
process of law , human rights , political party system , suffrage and
elections ,separation of powers , civil service and merit and spoil
system in government .

 In addition to these influences , Filipinos adopted and practiced

many customs and traditions of the American colonizers .

 American holidays like Halloween , Fourth of July and Thanksgiving

Day came to be celebrated by the Filipinos .

 How the Americans celebrated Valentine’s day and Christmas were

also imitated by the Filipinos .
 Filipinos began to prefer American food ,
style of clothing ,music , recreation , and
sports .

 In fact , basketball and baseball become very

popular sports among Filipinos .

 Consequently , Filipinos became little brown

Americans .
 NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF AMERICAN
OCCUPATION
 One of the negative effects of the American occupation of the
country was the development of colonial or stateside mentality
among the Filipinos .

 This mental attitude can be attributed to the peoples blind

adoption and imitation of everything American .

 This adversely affected the Filipino way of life .

 Filipinos started preferring imported rather than locally made

products .

 They became economically dependent on the Americans, resulting

in the death of Philippine local industries .
 The Filipinos also lost their sense of values owing to their exposure
to American movies .

 They came to measure success in terms of material possessions

like cars , expensive coats , and household appliances .

 Thus , the people developed the notion that the ability to

accumulate material possessions is the true mark of a genius .

 As materialistic view of life came to be imbibed by the Filipinos

 Many of their good customs and traditions came to be discarded,

 Like kissing the hands of the elders as a manifestation of respect

and praying together during the Angelus .
 Native literature declined as American –
educated Filipinos opted to read works of
American authors .

 Even the zarzuela was forgotten owing to

their exposure to Hollywood movies .

 Such exposure to these movies made them

learn gangsterism , juvenile delinquency ,
illicit love affairs , betrayal ,racketeering ,
as well as graft and corruption .