Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disclaimer
CALCSTRESS Hello D.D… Log out
A
A way
way to
to be
be more
more knowledgeable
knowledgeable
In order to maintain integrity of GRP process piping systems and pipelines, regarding following factors, the stress
analysis should be performed to ensure that the system can sustain all stresses and deformations requirements.
(1)
Where:
= qualified pressure.
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 1/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
(3)
Where:
(4)
= maximum/minimum value of loads or stresses in the load or stress cycle respectively.
N = total number of cycle during services.
1-4- External pressure/ vacuum
An external collapse pressure of GRP pipes may be calculated by equation (5) provided that the pipe length is
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 2/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
An external collapse pressure, , of GRP pipes may be calculated by equation (5) provided that the pipe length is
significantly larger than the diameter. [5]
(5)
Where:
= 1.5 for short term vacuum and 3.0 for long term vacuum
1-5- Thermal loading
Thermally induced loads due to a maximum operating or ambient temperature range could be evaluated. The mean
temperature change of a pipe wall may be calculated as:
(6)
Where:
=Temperature difference between ambient temperature and the process design temperature, in degrees Celsius;
K = 0.85 for liquids and 0.8 for gases
The induced loads due to a thermal expansion for any above ground piping system may be calculated; however,
because of the low elasticity modulus values of GRP pipes, the expansion resulting from internal pressure can
sometimes be equal in magnitude to thermal expansion. In the design of GRP piping systems, these expansions
should be controlled by the following approaches: [5]
Controlling with anchors.
Controlling with guides.
Controlling with directional changes.
Controlling with expansion loops.
Controlling with bellows units.
2- Stresses
2-1- Stresses due to internal pressure
The hoop stress due to internal pressure may be calculated as: [5]
(7)
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 3/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
(8)
(9)
(10)
Where:
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
The total general axial stress resulting from internal pressure and bending moment of self mass (or dead weight) at
the bottom and top of the pipe is:
(15)
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 4/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
(16)
Where:
Ks = the support type factor; equals to 384 for single span beam (two supports); 925 for two span beam (three
supports); 1920 for anchored beam (two fixed support at both ends)
A compressive longitudinal stress resulting from axial force may be checked against axial elastic bulking stress as:
[5]
(17)
Where:
(18)
(19)
Note: The bulking stress to maximum compressive axial stress ratio shall be greater than 3.
2-3 Stresses due to pipe supports
For large diameter liquid filled pipes, with high D/t ratio, the local stresses at the support location become
significant. By following calculations, the support local stresses may be determined provided that:
The mass of GRP pipe is insignificant compared to the mass of liquid contents.
The pipe material is isotropic
The supports are flexible, for example they include an elastomeric pad. [5]
2-3-1 Local Axial stress in pipe at support location
At the highest point of a pipe cross section the axial stress may be calculated as: [5]
(20)
At the lowest point of the pipe cross section the axial stress may be calculated as:
(21)
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 5/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
Where:
Constant is given in [5] for a range of saddle angle.
Note 1: In all cases , K=5 for filament wound pipes.
Note 2: The above equation does not contain the effect of pressure. [5]
2-3-3 Local hoop stress in pipe at support location
At the nadir of saddle supports the hoop stress may be calculated as:
(23)
Where:
Constant is given in table [5] for a range of saddle angle, if the pipe and support are fixed together; is one
tenth of value given in [5].
b1 is the width of the saddle support.
At the saddle support horn the hoop stress may be calculated as:
(24)
Where:
Constant is given in [5] for a range of saddle angle.
Note: The above equations do not include effect of internal pressure.
3- Allowable
3-1- Allowable pressure
The maximum allowable pressure for a component is:
(24)
Where:
= design pressure
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 6/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
= design pressure.
= qualified pressure
= safety part factor between the strength of the material and operating stress for three load cases: occasional,
sustained including thermal loads and excluding thermal loads. This factor could be derived from table 2 and 3 of
ISO 14692-3.
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Note:
The buckling stress to maximum compressive axial stress ratio shall be greater than 3.
3-3- Allowable stresses
In ISO 14692 the qualified stress is defined as:
(31)
(32)
or (33)
(34)
For filament wound GRP components, in ISO 14692, is equivalent to hydrostatic design basis stress (HDBS) as
defined in Section A302.3.2 of ASME B31.3 except that it has not been factored by , , nor [11].
The sum of all hoop stresses, and all axial stresses, , in any component in a GRP piping system due to
pressure, mass, other sustained loads and occasional loads such as wind, blast or earthquake, shall not exceed the
value defined by the factored long term design envelope, Figure 2 [5].
The following equation may be used to determine the allowable hoop stress.
(35)
In ISO 14692, two design envelop have been defined based on available measure data as follows.
Fully measured envelope
This envelope is generally available for a plain pipe, Figure 2. The short term envelope is derived according to the
method presented in Annex C of ISO 14692-2:2002, then the idealized long term failure envelop is scaled according
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 8/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
p , g p g
to where: [5]
(36)
The non-factored long-term and factored long-term is defined according to part factor and . .
respectively; therefore:
(37)
Simplified envelop
This method is more conservative than the fully measured envelop method and may be used for both plain pipe and
other components, Figure 3. [5]
(38)
Where: (39)
(40)
Therefore sum of all hoop stresses, and all axial stresses, , in any component in a GRP piping system
shall not exceed the value defined by the factored long term design envelope as equation (41) and (43)
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 9/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
y g g p q ( ) ( )
(41)
(42)
(43)
By drawing line BS parallel to line AD and also line AP parallel to line BC:
Then
Therefore;
(45)
And
(46)
In
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 10/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
Therefore;
(47)
There is also:
(48)
(49)
By substituting equations (46), (47) and (49) in equation (48):
(50)
According to figure 3, with assuming:
For both pipe and joints, the long-term design envelop is rectangular, as shown in figure 5. This is defined in
accordance with following equation: [5]
(52)
Because of ovalization caused by a bending moment, the stress resulting from axial and bending loads is more
complicated than plain pipe, therefore the shape of envelop highly depends on a lay-up configuration of the bend.
For filament-wound bends, r is less than 1; but for hand lay-up bends, the r is greater than 1. Tees and joints have a
similar design envelop, Figure 5 [5].
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 11/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
If there is no available manufacturer’s data for r, the default values given in table 4, par 7-11-4 of [5] may be used.
3-4- Allowable displacements
Deflection
Deflections in GRP pipes, when filled with water, shall not exceed 12.5 mm or 5% of span length or support spacing,
whichever is smaller.
Ovalization
Ovalization related to pipe diameter shall not exceed 5%.
4-Suggested acceptance criteria
In table 1, acceptance criteria for different load cases, based on ISO 14692, are suggested.
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 12/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 13/14
1/27/22, 4:10 PM GRP | calcstress
https://www.calcstress.com/grp 14/14