UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

Institute of Development Studies (IDS)

DS 112: Development Perspectives 1

Module 3: PAN AFRICANISM , REGIONAL

INTEGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Instructor:
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 WHY SHOULD WE STUDY ABOUT PAN
AFRICANISM?
Reasons
1. There are ideas and principles that are still
relevant to contemporary development
process.
2. Help to inform and guide development
contemporary development practices,
initiatives, policies and strategies.

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 MEANING OF PAN AFRICANISM
Skinner (1982) defines Pan Africanism as an
organized political activity which consciously
and deliberately calls for unity and solidarity
among the blacks.
Shivji (2007) defines Pan Africanism as
political and ideological movement of the
Africans with the goal of fighting against
imperialist exploitation and domination and
accelerate socio-economic and political
development. 3
 AIM AND GOAL OF PAN AFRICANISM IN
SUMMARY
 AIM OF PAN AFRICANISM: Liberate the
Blacks (Africans) from all forms of evils.

GOAL OF AFRICANISM: To promote

meaningful development of Africans in the
Diaspora and Africa.
Meaningful development will not be attained
when people are still dominated, exploited,
humiliated and oppressed.
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 Development of Capitalism and the Origin
of Pan Africanism
Capitalism emerged in Europe in the 15th
Century
It is a system based on: private ownership
(classes), production for the market,
maximization of profit unequal trade etc.
• Stages in the development of capitalism:
1. Mercantilism capitalism (15th -17th century)
2. Industrial capitalism (1750s-1880s)
3. Monopoly capitalism (1880 onwards)
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The origin of Pan Africanism coincides with
all the three stages of the development of
capitalism
Stage 1: Mercantilism capitalism (15th -17th
century)
Involved movement of European traders to
different parts of the world.
The discovery of the New World (America
and the Caribbean Island) by CHRISTOPHER
COLUMBUS
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The discovery of the economic potentials
for capitalist investment (land & minerals)
The labor challenge: Red Indians
(ineffective)
The SOLUTION: Africans (Triangular
trade)-the beginning of the black in the
New World
 Humiliation and exploitation of slaves.

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Stage 2: Industrial capitalism (1750s-1880s)
Rapid industrial development (Industrial
Revolution
Need for raw materials, labor, market, areas
for investment etc

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Abolition of slave trade
In the Diaspora, the blacks were freed to
provide labor not as slaves but as cheap
laborers.
• Exploitation, humiliation and oppression of
ex-slaves.

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 Forms of exploitation and oppression of
blacks in the diaspora (Americas)
They had no right to own the major
means of production such as land,
industries
They were required to work for long hours
but with low wages
They had no political rights i.e. to vote
and to be voted

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In this case Pan Africanism originated in the
New World.
i.e. in America and the Caribbean as a
movement against all evils against the blacks.
These include exploitation, humiliation,
oppression and domination of all kinds of the
Blacks by the Whites and the Exploitative
capitalist system.

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Stage 3: Monopoly capitalism (1880s on
wards)
 Colonization of other parts of Africa
 More humiliation and oppression of black
people

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 Pan Africanism as a Global Movement
• Pan Africanism emerged for the first time in
the NEW WORLD
• Particularly it originated in the America and
the Caribbean Islands by the descendants of
Africa (The Blacks) around 19th Century.
• It is a movement against all forms of
exploitation, humiliation, oppression and
domination.

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• The aim and goal were to liberate the
blacks and promote meaningful
development.
• However, it became a global movement
starting the year 1900 when other parts
of the world including Africa were
involved in the movement.

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• Prominent leaders of Pan Africanism include:
W.E.B DuBois
Henry Sylvester William
Marcus Garvey
George Padmore
Mohamed Ali Duse etc.

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 Methods used by Pan Africanism
Various methods were used to assist
African liberation struggle through Pan
Africanism.
These include songs, demonstrations and
conferences or congresses.
From 1900 to 1945, SIX Pan African
conferences were held outside Africa to
discuss decolonization.

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 Pan Africanism conferences:
1) The 1900 conference in London
2) The 1919 conference in Paris
3) The 1923 conference in London
4) The 1923 conference in Lisbon
5) The 1927 conference in New York
6) The 1945 conference in Manchester: This was the
most significant of all the conferences.
• It marked the turning point of the movement and
liberation struggles in Africa.
• It was attended by delegates from Africa 17
• Delegates from Africa included: Kwame Nkrumah of
Ghana, Nnandi Azikiwe of Nigeria and Jomo
Kenyata of Kenya.

• The conference raised awareness of racism and

colonialism and laid the foundation for
independence in Africa.

• After the 1945 Manchester conference, the first

conference in Africa was in Accra in 1958.
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 The First Conference in Africa: Accra in 1958.
• It was attended by leaders of independent countries
including Ghana, Liberia, Sudan, Libya, Morocco,
Tunisia, Egypt and Ethiopia.

• These countries committed themselves to assist

liberation struggles in Africa.

• By 1963 many countries had gained their independence

(thanks to the Manchester and Accra Conferences).

• As a result, in May 1963 OAU was formed as a symbol

of unity and solidarity in Africa).
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 The Ideas and Principles of Pan Africanism
1) Unity and Solidarity
2) Africa for Africans
3) Self reliance and self sufficiency
4) Self determination or self governance
5) The principal of human dignity
NB:
 The ideas and principles of Pan Africanism are relevant
and worth studying in development studies.

 This is because they can inform or guide development

process in the continent. 20
 Development challenges in Africa
Underdevelopment and backwardness
Poverty, diseases and ignorance (3 Dev. Enemies)
Underdeveloped infrastructure-roads, railways
Mono economy: low level of industrialization
Export of raw materials rather than finished goods
Dependent economy-low productivity and income
Political instability and civil wars
Economic and political marginalization
Capital problem &Low level of S&T.
Capitalist & imperialistic exploitation 21
 1. Unity and Solidarity Principle
 Call Africans to stick together as a key tool in the
fight against all forms of domination and
exploitation.
 To liberate themselves (colonialism & neo-
colonialism) and promote development
 This will be attained by fighting development
challenges such as, poverty (financial/capital
problems), technological problems, peace and
security problems, diseases, marginalization and
exploitation of the capitalist/imperialistic systems
and other development challenges in Africa.
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 Unity and Solidarity as a Development Tool
1) To have one strong African voice against issues
which undermine Africa’s interests
2) To avoid the African marginalization not only in
the global economy but also in the global politics
3) To enlarge market and facilitate the development
of trade among African states (RIs)
4) To share resources for African development (RIs).
 These include natural resources, technology,
knowledge, skills and experiences; which are
critical for development
 Inspiration: Formation of OAU (AU), RIs, LPA and
AMISOM, Peace keeping, Agenda 2063 etc
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 2. The Idea- “Africa for Africans”
• The idea was formulated by Marcus Moziah Garvey
• It is based on the idea that Africa is a home of
Africans and the descendants of Africa.
• It implies that Africans (wherever they are) are
responsible for their lives and destiny (future).
• Africans must cooperate and work together towards
development of their home.
• Inspiration: working hard, paying tax, investing in
the continent, OAU (AU), AfDB etc

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 3. The Idea of Self Reliance and Self
Sufficiency
The essence:
 Africans to use their own resources for their
development (avoid dependence on external
assistance).
 External aid as a tool of exploitation and
domination.
 It calls for self-reliance and self sufficiency in food,
capital, technology etc to avoid dependency.
 Inspiration: Domestic resource mobilization (TRA),
AGRA (food sufficiency), AfDB,
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 4. Self Determination or Self
Governance
• This idea is based on the ability of every country to
determine its affairs without external control.

• Self determination in economic, social and political

aspects is critical for addressing development
challenges and all forms of domination and
exploitations.

Inspiration: Formation of OAU (AU), Lagos Plan of

Action, RIs, AMISOM, AfDB. etc 26
 5. The Principle of Human Dignity
• The principle underscores the self-esteem and self-
respect of Africans.
• Focuses on equal treatment of all human beings
regardless of their color, nationality, gender, age,
ethnicity or any other criteria.
• The promotion of human dignity is critical for
realizing progress or development in any society.

Inspiration: promotion of human rights (Ratification

of UDHRs, the existence of CSOs, NGOs, gender
equality etc) 27
 PART II:

Regional Integration and Development

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 What is Regional Integration (RI)
• The dictionary meaning of “integration” entails the
process of “bringing together of parts into a
whole”.
• Thus RI means coming together of countries to form
a region or block (economic block).

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• Examples of Regional Integration in Africa include:
1) EAC (East African Community)
2) ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African
States)
3) ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African
States)
4) SADC (Southern African Development Community)
5) COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa)
6) AMU (The Arab Maghreb Union)
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 Examples of RI outside Africa
• The European Union (EU)

• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

• Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs)

• Southern Common Market Treaty (MERCOSUR) in

Latin America.

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 31

 The General Stages/Milestones of
Regional Integration
• RI is a process with different stages or milestones;
with varying degrees of integration.
1. Free Trade Area (FTA)
• Trade barriers are either reduced or eliminated
between member States.
• Member states keep their barriers against non-
member States.
• E.g. the European Free Trade Area created in 1960.

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 2. Customs Union
• It involves FTA between Member States and the
adoption of a common set of external barriers
(tariffs).

• An example of a Custom Unions is the European

Economic Community (EEC) which existed from
1957 to 1992.

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 3. Common Market
• In addition to a customs union, there is a free flow
of capital and labor between Member States.

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 4. Economic (Monetary) Union
• In addition to a common market at this stage,
member states have a common fiscal or monetary
policy.

• There might be single currency in a group.

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 5. Political Union (Federation)
• In this stage a supra-national political authority is
formed with the political authority over the region.
• The same president, parliament etc
• Among the goal of the EAC is the formation of a
political federation.
• Each RI has its agreed Stages or milestones (stages
of cooperation) among member states as per their
agreement.
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 The Role of Regional Integration in
Development
• RIs can promote development directly and
indirectly:
1.Enlarging market: They solve the problem of small
market by combining markets to form a large
market. Enlarges economies of scale E.g. COMESA
(21 members) has a market of 380 million people,
EAC (6) a market of 100 people, and SADC +200
2. Enhance competition: this increases efficiency and
effectiveness in production of quality and quality of
goods. Hence, per capita income, GDP etc 37
3.Attraction of FDI: Market expansion is a good
attraction to FDIs due to expanded market. Source
of market, capital. RIs attracts FDI more than
individual countries
4.RIs facilitate Technology Transfer: Due to free
movement of people (high skilled personnel) and
capital goods from one country to another.
5. RIs facilitate redistribution of income: Due to free
flow of trade –generation of income for investment.
The exchange of goods and services facilitates
redistribution 38
6.RIs facilitate peace and security in the region: RIs
play significant roles in peace and security through
the various committee, secretariats and organs of
RIs. SADC in DRC, EAC in Kenya, Angola, Zimbabwe,
Rwanda and Burundi
7.RIs create employment opportunities: A good
number of people are employed in various
institutions of RIs. E.g. the secretariats, parliaments
and various commissions of RIs.
Also employment opportunities from various
companies and activities taking place in the RI e.g.
trade 39
 Achievements of Regional Integration in
Africa
1. The establishment and the continued
existence of the various regional integration
schemes is an achievement of its own.
2. Free trade areas are in full force: despite
some challenges there is intra-regional flow
of trade within regional groupings.

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3. Solving political conflicts among
member states in various regional
groupings
4. Peace keeping in various areas with
conflicts in Africa. Tanzania sent its
forces under SADC to DRC Congo for
peace keeping purposes.

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5. Establishment of Pan African Institutions such as:
 AfDB
 African Central Bank
 The African Monetary Fund
 The African Investment Bank
NB: These institutions are established to ensure that
African development is promoted with funds from
Africa, Africa to avoid foreign aid with
strings/conditions attached.
 That is to avoid domination through financial aid
 How effective are these financial institutions?42
 Challenges Facing Regional Integration in
Africa
1. Low level of industrialization: the level of
industrialization is the lowest in Africa
2. low intra-regional trade: Intra-regional trade flows
in all RIs in Africa is generally lower when compared
with the other regions outside Africa.
The share of intraregional trade is still at the same
level as it was more that 20 years ago
For example more than 80% of exports from African
countries are inter-continental.
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3.Poor implementation of RI agreements: Reluctance
of members to implement RIs agreement i.e. to
liberalize or remove tariff and non-tariff barriers
among member states.
This makes intra-regional trade to be low and
environment of doing business to be difficulty
In all RIs in Africa members face trade barriers
NB: Trade among ECOWAS members is at the level of
the early 1970s/1980s. No significant improvement

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4. Poor Infrastructures: 15 countries in SSA (out of 47)
are land locked.
 There is low per capita densities of railways and
road transport infrastructure.
Most of these were constructed by colonialists to
carry raw materials
This leads to higher business transaction costs.
Africa has the most costly transport network in the
world (this hampers intra-regional trade)
The transport costs in Africa amount to more than
30% of the final sales while in Brazil it is 12%
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5. Civil wars and political conflicts: Civil wars and
conflicts are all over Africa. Hence, difficult
environment of business.
A lot of resources are used in solving them rather
than improving infrastructures
6. Low level of entrepreneurship-many Africans have
low level of creativity/innovation and risk taking
tendencies to engage in business-make use of RIs
7. Xenophobia-deep fear against foreigners. It has
started in RSS and is rapidly spreading-bad for RI
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8. Financial constraints: Members fail to pay
contribution on time or not at all.
The secretariats and other institutions fail to
undertake their responsibilities.
9. Multiple membership: Majority have multiple
membership in RIs
Divided loyalty (devotion) among countries
Difficult horizontal coordination
Difficulty paying contribution due to financial
burden
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10. Nationalism among member: Members tend to
protect their sovereignty at the expense of
regionalism.
11.Low level of technology in key sectors of the
economy. It affects productivity and quality

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