MODEL EXAMINATION

BRANCH : EEE SUB CODE : BE8252

YEAR/SEM : I/II SUB TITLE : BASIC CIVIL & MCHANICAL ENGINEERING
DATE : 07.07.2021 Q.P SETTER : M.DEEPAK
K.KARUPPAIH PRABAHARAN
TIME : 1.30 PM – 4.30 PM MAX. MARKS: 100

PART – A (10X 2 = 20) Answer All Questions

1. Write the steps involved in the preparation of brick earth.
1. Preparation of brick clay or brick earth
2. Moulding of bricks
3. Air drying of bricks
4. Burning of bricks
2. List the advantages of reinforced cement concrete.
 Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other building
materials.
 Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good
amount tensile stress.
 Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.
3. State the reasons for foundation failure.
 Load Transfer Failure.
 Undermining Safe Support.
 Lateral Movement.
 Unequal Support.
 Heave.
 Drag Down.
 Design Error.
 Construction Errors.
4. What are the reasons for carrying foundation below the ground level?
To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the
underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement). To anchor the structure against natural
forces including earthquakes, floods, frost heaves, tornadoes and wind.
5. State the working principle of Hydroelectric power plant.
The water turbine changes the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy at the
turbine shaft. In simple words, falling water spins the water turbine. The turbine drives the
alternator coupled with it and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
6. Differentiate centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump.
The basic and main difference between centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump is
that centrifugal pump use kinetic energy of impeller so it continuously supply fluid but
in reciprocating pump piston sucks the fluid and then pushes it out which does not gives
continuous supply.
7. What is meant by scaling in the boiler ? What is its effect?
Scaling mechanism is the exceeding of the solubility limits of mineral substances due to elevated
temperature and solids concentration at the tube/water interface. The deposition of crystalline
precipitates on the walls of the boiler interferes with heat transfer and may cause hot spots, leading
to local overheating.
8. Write short notes on crank case compression?
Crankcase compression is the method of starting some smaller two-stroke engines, where the
mixture charge is compressed in a sealed crankcase by the descending piston before passing to
the combustion chamber. ... The two-stroke cycle uses crankcase compression to pump the fresh
charge into the cylinder.
9. Define the following (a) Dry bulb temperature. (b) Wet bulb temperature
The dry-bulb temperature is an indicator of heat content. The Wet Bulb temperature is
the temperature of adiabatic saturation. This is the temperature indicated by a
moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow. Wet Bulb temperature can be measured
by using a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet muslin.
10. What is meant by dry ice refrigeration ?
Dry ice refrigeration: Dry ice is the solid carbon dioxide having the temperature of -78 degree
Celsius. Dry ice converts directly from solid state to gaseous; this process is called as sublimation.
... The process of dry ice refrigeration is now-a-days being used for freezing the food in aircraft
transportation
 PART – B (5 X 13= 65)
11 Explain briefly how to brick are manufactured.
A

B What are the types of rocks? Explain briefly about.

(i)dressing of stones and (ii) quarrying of stones
 Sedimentary rock.-Mineral.-Metamorphic rock.-Igneous rock-Geochronology-.Earth.-coal.-Loess
Dressing of Stone is the working of quarried stone into the shape and size required for use. This can
be necessary as stones obtained from quarrying generally do not have the exact required dimensions
or finish. ... Circular: Predominantly used for columns, circular finished stones are made into a
rounded shape
Quarrying is the process of collecting stones from the natural rock surfaces. ... Mine belongs to
underground operation only whereas quarry is carried out on exposed surface of natural rocks. So,
the stones collected through quarrying is used for various engineering purposes.
12 What are the different types of beam ? Explain them neat diagram.
A

B How the land is prepared before flooring ? Explain any four types of flooring
with neat examples.
 It typically involves (1) plowing to "till" or dig-up, mix, and overturn the soil; (2) harrowing to
break the soil clods into smaller mass and incorporate plant residue, and (3) leveling the field.
Initial land preparation begins after your last harvest or during fallow period.
 Bedroom: The most popular choice is carpet, although wood, laminate, or vinyl are suitable.
 Kitchen: Vinyl is a popular choice as it isn’t affected by water, is easily cleaned and
has durability. Tiles and laminate flooring are also options.
 Lounge/dining room: The flooring decision is likely to be down to aesthetic preferences, as
all floor types are suitable.
 Landings/stairs: The majority of upstairs areas are carpeted as occupants will most likely be
walking around without shoes and harder flooring can be noisy.
 Bathroom/wet areas: Untreated timber is unsuitable for these rooms, and carpets can become wet
and unhygienic. Vinyl and tiles are ideal as they are unaffected by water and require
minimum maintenance. Good quality vinyl with an R10 rating is slip resistant and therefore
ideal for wet rooms.
13 With neat sketch, explain the construction and working principle of Nuclear power
A plant, State its advantages and disadvantages
 A nuclear power plant (sometimes abbreviated as NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source
is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a
steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity.
B With neat sketch, explain the construction and working principle of Double
acting Reciprocating pump.
The pump works on the principle of reciprocation of the piston and the cylinder. Creation of vacuum
resulting in suction and compressing of the water resulting in discharge is the basic principle of operation. ...
Both the strokes are effective and hence it is known as a Double Acting Reciprocating Pump.

14 List out various boiler mounting. Explain with neat sketch.

A BOILER MOUNTINGS are the components generally mounted on the surface ofthe boiler to have safety
during operation. These are the essential parts of the boiler, without whichthe boiler operation is not possible

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR Function:- It indicate the water level inside the boiler vessel. It
shows the level in the boiler drum.
Steam Stop Valve • Function:-It regulate the flow of steam from boiler to the steam pipe or from
one steam pipe to the other.
Pressure Gauge • Function : It indicates the pressure of steam in boiler.
Safety valves • Function : Safety valves are located on the top of the boiler. They guard the boiler
against the excessive high pressure of steam inside the drum. If the pressure of steam in the boiler
drum exceeds the working pressure then the safety valve allows blow-off the excess quantity of
steam to atmosphere.
B Explain with neat sketches the air cooling and water cooling system in IC
engines.

An air-cooled four-stroke single uses cooling fins to dissipate the heat of combustion. ... Air-cooled
engines have fins cast into their cylinders and cylinder heads that give the engine greater surface
area through which cool air can pass. As air passes over and through the fins, the engine's heat
dissipates into the air.
A liquid cooled engine uses a thermostat to control the temperature effectively. When the engine is
cold, the thermostat bypasses the radiator. It then circulates the coolant water within the engine; to
quickly attain the engine's normal operating temperature
15 Differentiate vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption
A refrigeration system.
B Draw the neat sketch, Briefly explain the function of indoor unit and outdoor
unit of a split type air conditioner
The most common type of home system is the split system air conditioner. This type consists of a
main indoor air conditioning unit and outdoor unit that both connect together. The
inside unit contains the evaporator coils and a filter, whereas the outdoor unit is home to the
condensing coil, fan and compressor.
The outside portion of your air conditioner is most often referred to as the “condenser unit.”
Whereas the inside part of your air conditioner is responsible for absorbing heat from your home’s
air, your outside unit’s job is to release that heat to the air outside. Without your air conditioner’s
outside unit, the heat that’s removed from your home would have nowhere to go!
What parts are located in your air conditioner’s outside unit?
There are a few different parts located in the outside portion of your air conditioner. The most
important of those include:
 The compressor. Your air conditioner’s compressor adds pressure to the refrigerant that it
receives from inside your home in order to increase the refrigerant’s temperature and make it
easier to transfer heat in the next step of the cooling process.
 Condenser coils and fan. After leaving the compressor, refrigerant flows through your
condenser coils. As this happens, a fan blows air over the coils in order to cool them off and
release heat to the air outside.
 Refrigerant lines. Refrigerant lines are what connect your indoor and outdoor units in order
to cycle refrigerant and continue the cooling process.
 PART – B (1 X 15= 15)

16 With a neat layout of thermal power plant, Explain its construction and working
A principle. What are the major circuits in a thermal power plant? Explain briefly
about them, List the advantages and disadvantages.

 Boiler (1)
 A huge boiler acts as a furnace transferring heat from the burning fuel to row
upon row of water tubes that entirely surround the flames.
 Water is kept flowing through the tubes by a pump P1
 Drum (2)
 It contains water and steam at high pressure and produces a stream for the
turbine.
 It also receives water delivered by boiler-feed pumpP2
 High-pressure (HP) Turbine (3)
 Converts thermal energy into mechanical energy by letting the steam expand as
it moves through turbine blades.
 The steam is then passed through a reheater S3 in order to raise the thermal
efficiency and to prevent premature condensation.
 Medium-pressure(MP) turbine (4)
 It is similar to HP turbine, except that it is bigger so that the steam ma expand
still more. contains water and steam at high pressure and produces stream for
the turbine.
 Low-pressure(LP) Turbine (5)
 It is composed of two identical sections and it removes the remaining available
energy from the steam. The steam turbine can be of impulse or reaction turbine
and sometimes combination of both.

 Condenser (6)
 It causes the steam to condense by letting it flow over cooling pipes S4.
 Coldwater from outside sources flowing through pipes carries away the heat.
The temperature of cooling water increases by 5oc to 10oc as it flows through
the condenser tubes. The condensed steam has a temperature of between 27oc
and 33oC
 It is condensing steam that creates near-vacuum pressure of 5kPa.
 A condensate pump P2 removes the lukewarm condensed steam and drives it
through reheater (7) toward a feedwater pump (8).
 Reheater (7)
 Heat exchanger receives hot steam, bled off from high-pressure turbine, to raise
the temperature of the feedwater. Thermodynamic studies show that when
some steam is bled off this way, the overall efficiency increases.
 Burner (9)
 Burners supply and control the amount of gas, oil, or coal injected into boiler.
Coal is pulverized before it is injected. Similarly, heavy bunker oil is preheated
and injected as an atomized jet to improve surface contact with the surrounding
air.
 Forced-draft (10)
 It furnishes the enormous quantities of air needed for combustion.
 Induced-draft fan(10)
 It carries gases and other products of combustion toward the cleansing apparatus and
from there to the stack and the outside air.

 Generator (G)
 Connected to three turbines converts’ mechanical energy into electrical energy.

 Cooling Towers
 Whenever one percent of a body of water evaporates, the temperature of the
remaining water drops to 5.8 o C. To cool the condenser, the phenomenon of
evaporation is used to produce the cooling effect.
 Evaporation is produced by exposing large surface of water to surrounding air.
The simplest way to do this is to break up the water into small droplets and blow
air through this artificial rain.
 B Define surveying. Explain the various measurements in surveying.
Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves assessing and recording details about an area
of land. These observations can then be used to help plan construction projects. The main purpose
of surveying in civil engineering is to determine the three-dimensional relationships between different
locations.
Types of Measurements in Surveying

Surveying is the art of making suitable measurements in horizontal or vertical planes. This is one of the
important subjects of civil engineering. Without taking a survey of the plot where the construction is to be
carried out, the work cannot begin.

From the above definition, we conclude on two types of measurements in surveying. They are as follows:

1. Linear measurements
2. Angular measurements
Now we will go on with the discussion of each of these types of measurements along with their subtypes.

Linear measurements are further classified as follows:

Horizontal Distance
Vertical Distance
Horizontal Distance
A horizontal distance is measured in horizontal plane if a distance is measured along a slope, it is reduced to its
horizontal equivalent.

Horizontal Angle
Vertical Distance
A vertical distance is measured along the direction of gravity at that point. The vertical distance are measured to
determine difference in elevations in various points.
Angular Measurements
As the name itself suggests, the two sides meeting at an angle are measured. The angle between them is
measured and represented in degrees or radians.

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