IEEE Guide To The Assembly and Erection of Concrete Pole Structures

IEEE Std 1025™-1993(R2011)
IEEE Guide to the Assembly and

Erection of Concrete Pole Structures
Sponsor
Transmission and Distribution Committee
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Approved September 15, 1993

Reaffirmed March 31, 2011
IEEE Standards Board
Approved February 24, 1994

Reaffirmed April 16, 2012
American National Standards Institute
Abstract: Good practice that will improve the ability to assemble and erect self-supporting and
guyed concrete pole structures for overhead transmission lines is presented. Construction aspects
after foundation installation and up to the conductor stringing operation are covered. Some aspects
of construction related to other materials use in concrete pole structures are covered, but the treat-
ment is not complete. The guide is intended to be used as a reference source for parties involved
in the ownership, design, and construction of transmission structures.
Keywords: assembly and erection, concrete pole structures, transmission structures
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA
Copyright © 1993 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 1993. Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 1-55937-367-9
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDAD DE GUANAJUATO. Downloaded on December 20,2021 at 22:24:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Documents: IEEE Standards documents are developed
within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA)
Standards Board. IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process, approved by the American National
Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product.
Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While IEEE administers the process
and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or
verify the accuracy of any of the information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damage, of
any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the
publication, use of, or reliance upon any IEEE Standard document.
IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained in its standards, and expressly disclaims
any express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that
the use of the material contained in its standards is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standards documents are supplied "AS
IS."
The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or
provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a
standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments
received from users of the standard. Every IEEE standard is subjected to review at least every ten years. When a document is
more than ten years old and has not undergone a revision process, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of
some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the
latest edition of any IEEE standard.
In publishing and making its standards available, IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services for, or on
behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or entity to another.
Any person utilizing any IEEE Standards document, should rely upon his or her own independent judgment in the exercise of
reasonable care in any given circumstances or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the
appropriateness of a given IEEE standard.
Translations: The IEEE consensus development process involves the review of documents in English only. In the event that
an IEEE standard is translated, only the English version published by IEEE should be considered the approved IEEE standard.
Official Statements: A statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with the IEEE-SA Standards Board
Operations Manual shall not be considered the official position of IEEE or any of its committees and shall not be considered to
be, nor be relied upon as, a formal position of IEEE. At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual
presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of
that individual rather than the formal position of IEEE.
Comments on Standards: Comments for revision of IEEE Standards documents are welcome from any interested party,
regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. However, IEEE does not provide consulting information or advice pertaining
to IEEE Standards documents. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text,
together with appropriate supporting comments. Since IEEE standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is
important to ensure that any responses to comments and questions also receive the concurrence of a balance of interests. For
this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant
response to comments or questions except in those cases where the matter has previously been addressed. Any person who
would like to participate in evaluating comments or revisions to an IEEE standard is welcome to join the relevant IEEE
working group at http://standards.ieee.org/develop/wg/.
Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:
Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854
USA
Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by The
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center.
To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational
classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.
Introduction
(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 1025-1993, IEEE Guide to the Assembly and Erection of Concrete Pole Structures.)
This guide, covering all aspects of overhead transmission line construction, is one of several that are being
prepared by the Working Group on Construction of Overhead Lines. This particular guide presents construc-
tion considerations for material delivery, assembly and erection of concrete pole structures, and installation
of insulators and hardware. This guide is intended to be used as a reference source for parties involved in the
ownership, design, and construction of transmission structures.
At the time this guide was completed, the Working Group on Construction of Overhead Lines had the fol-
lowing membership:
D. C. Sherman, Chair†
R. L. Donelson† D. Hamilton Dennis Mize

T. E. Rodgers† G. J. Ruschkofski
†Voting member at the time of publication
The following persons were on the balloting committee:
R. H. Arndt I. S. Grant Franklin D. Myers

James J. Burke Jerome G. Hanson Stig L. Nilsson
Vernon L. Chartier J. G. Kappenman R. G. Oswald
W. H. Cole George Karady R. L. Patterson
Glenn A. Davidson Nestor Kolcio P. D. Quinn
Dale Douglass H. Lam W. Edward Reid
Donald A. Gillies Keith E. Lindsey B. R. Shperling
E. J. Goodwin J. H. Mallory J. M. Van Name, Jr.
Thomas J. McDermott
When the IEEE Standards Board approved this guide on September 15, 1993, it had the following
membership:
Wallace S. Read, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair

Andrew G. Salem, Secretary
Gilles A. Baril Jim Isaak Don T. Michael*

José A. Berrios de la Paz Ben C. Johnson Marco W. Migliaro
Clyde R. Camp Walter J. Karplus L. John Rankine
Donald C. Fleckenstein Lorraine C. Kevra Arthur K. Reilly
Jay Forster* E. G. “Al” Kiener Ronald H. Reimer
David F. Franklin Ivor N. Knight Gary S. Robinson
Ramiro Garcia Joseph L. Koepfinger* Leonard L. Tripp
Donald N. Heirman D. N. “Jim” Logothetis Donald W. Zipse
*Member Emeritus
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:
Satish K. Aggarwal
James Beall
Richard B. Engelman
David E. Soffrin
Stanley I. Warshaw
Valerie E. Zelenty
IEEE Standards Project Editor
iii
Contents
CLAUSE PAGE
1. Overview.............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Purpose......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Application................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Safety ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.5 Legal disclaimer........................................................................................................................... 2
2. References............................................................................................................................................ 2
3. Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 2
4. Structural design considerations .......................................................................................................... 3
4.1 Construction and maintenance loads ........................................................................................... 3

4.2 Material delivery.......................................................................................................................... 4
4.3 Constructability of concrete pole structures ................................................................................ 5
4.4 Helicopter construction................................................................................................................ 7
5. Material delivery.................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1 Material yard................................................................................................................................ 7

5.2 Receipt and inspection of material............................................................................................... 8
5.3 Handling and storage of material................................................................................................. 9
5.4 Overages, shortages, and replacement material......................................................................... 10
5.5 Surplus material ......................................................................................................................... 10
6. Assembly and erection of concrete pole structures ........................................................................... 10
6.1 Handling and transportation of poles, arms, and component parts............................................ 12

6.2 Single pole structures................................................................................................................. 12
6.3 Framed structures....................................................................................................................... 18
6.4 Helicopter erection..................................................................................................................... 20
6.5 Attaching pole structures to various foundations ...................................................................... 21
6.6 Post-erection .............................................................................................................................. 24
7. Assembly and installation of insulators and hardware ...................................................................... 25
7.1 Assembly of insulators and hardware........................................................................................ 25

7.2 Installation of cotter keys........................................................................................................... 26
7.3 Installation of assemblies........................................................................................................... 26
8. Quality assurance ............................................................................................................................... 27
9. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 28
iv
IEEE Guide to the Assembly and Erection of
Concrete Pole Structures
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This guide presents various approaches of good practice that will improve the ability to assemble and erect
self-supporting and guyed concrete pole structures. This guide covers construction aspects after foundation
installation and up to the conductor stringing operation.
Concrete pole structures may have components made of other materials (i.e., steel, wood, aluminum).
Though some aspects of construction related to these materials are covered in this document, it should not be
considered complete. Other documents cover these materials in more detail (see IEEE Std 951-19881).
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to present the construction considerations for material delivery, assembly and
erection of structures, and installation of insulators and hardware.
1.3 Application
This guide is intended to be used as a reference source for parties involved in the ownership, design, and
construction of transmission structures. Since methods will be strongly influenced by the nature of each
project, various methods that have been successfully employed are presented.
If any recommendations contained within this guide are to be adopted, they should be specifically stated in
the owner’s design and construction specifications. Any legal requirements of national, state, provincial, or
local regulations must, of course, be observed.
1.4 Safety
Handling, assembly, and erection of concrete pole structures requires conducting a safety and health pro-
gram which takes all reasonable precautions to protect the safety and health of workers and members of the
public and to prevent damage to public and private property. Workers must not be allowed to work in sur-
1
Information on references can be found in clause 2.
IEEE
Std 1025-1993 IEEE GUIDE TO THE ASSEMBLY AND
roundings or under working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to their health or
safety. In the United States, compliance is required with the latest effective standards promulgated by the
Secretary of Labor for the Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Safety and
Health Standards (29 CFR 1910), and the Construction Safety and Health Regulations promulgated under
Section 107 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (29 CFR 1926) [B10].2
1.5 Legal disclaimer
The support data for this guide were collected from a great number of sources and are believed to be reliable
and true. Care has been taken during the compilation and writing to prevent error or misrepresentations.
The authors make no warranty with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information
contained in the guide, nor assume any liabilities with respect to the applicability or use of any information,
method, or process presented in this publication.
2. References
This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following standards. When the following standards are
superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply.
ASTM A780-90, Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings.3
IEC 826-1991, Loading and Strength of Overhead Transmission Lines.4
IEEE Std 524-1991, IEEE Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors (ANSI).5
IEEE Std 951-1988, IEEE Guide to the Assembly and Erection of Metal Transmission Structures (ANSI).
3. Definitions
3.1 concrete pole structures: Structures consisting of one or more concrete poles. Other members of the
structure may be reinforced concrete or other materials (i.e., wood, steel, aluminum). These structures are
prefabricated, as opposed to being cast-in-place. Concrete pole structures may be manufactured in a variety
of ways. A few examples are listed below:
a) Hollow or solid members

b) Different cross-sectional shape (i.e., round or square)
c) Spun or statically cast (see figure 1)
d) Pretensioned, posttensioned, or nontensioned reinforcing steel
e) Single-piece or multipiece poles
2
The numbers in brackets correspond to those in the bibliography in clause 9.
3
ASTM publications are available from the Customer Service Department, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race
Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
4
IEC publications are available from IEC Sales Department, Case Postale 131, 3 rue de Varembé, CH-1211, Genève 20, Switzerland/
Suisse. IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11
West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.
5
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,
NJ 08855-1331, USA.
IEEE
ERECTION OF CONCRETE POLE STRUCTURES Std 1025-1993
Combinations of the above may be used to achieve the desired results (see figure 1).
Figure 1—Various concrete pole sections
3.2 constructor: A party who undertakes the assembly and erection of a transmission structure for an owner,
or an owner who undertakes all or part of a project alone. Synonymous with contractor, installer,
construction agency, or construction department.
3.3 line designer: A party who develops structure-loading criteria, structure types, and structure locations
based on line routing, maintenance, and construction requirements. The line designer should establish
design criteria for construction and maintenance that will affect the structure designer and constructor. The
line designer could be an owner or an agent acting for the owner.
3.4 owner: A party who owns the transmission line during the construction phase of the line and may
include a person who acts for, or on behalf of, an owner as the owner’s agent or delegate.
3.5 structure designer: A party who designs the structure based on criteria given by a line designer. The
structure designer could be an owner, an agent acting for the owner, or a manufacturer.
4. Structural design considerations
4.1 Construction and maintenance loads
The line designer should review and define acceptable methods of construction and maintenance. Consider-
ation should be given to the structure types, site conditions, applicable equipment, and worker skills. Struc-
tural or other details that relate to the safety of construction and maintenance work should be considered in
the design of the structure. At the time of line design, the constructor may not have been selected. However,
IEEE
the line designer should consult with knowledgeable constructors and maintenance personnel and utilize
their experience to develop a reasonable balance between construction flexibility and efficiency vs. cost.
The line designer should specify the maximum anticipated loads that may be applied during construction
and maintenance of the line, as well as the location of these loads (see IEEE Std 524-1991). Some of these
loading considerations are as follows:
a) Fully or partially assembled structures should be subjected to dead-weight loads, temporary guying
loads for stability, worker loads, wind loads, and rigging loads during assembly and erection.
Reasonable combinations of these loads should be anticipated by the designer and discussed with
potential constructors to ensure safety and efficiency and prevent structural damage.
b) Members on which a worker is expected to climb or stand should be designed to carry a load at
midspan. This load should include the weight of the worker, the equipment, a safety factor, and
possible dynamic loads (see IEEE Std 524-1991). Some construction or maintenance methods may
require more than one worker to stand on a particular member.
c) Portions of a structure may be subjected to additional loads due to one or more workers during con-
struction and maintenance (e.g., the end of a cross arm). These loads, in addition to the normal wire
loads anticipated during construction and maintenance, should be considered.
d) If fall-prevention systems are required by the owner, additional facilities should be provided for
safety equipment.
e) Rigging attachment points should be provided for lifting the structure, hoisting insulators and
travelers, stringing, clipping in, dead ending, and maintenance. All of these points should be
explicitly identified. A diagram giving the allowable construction loads on the erected structure
should be prepared and provided to the constructor.
Particular attention should be given to the following loading conditions:
1) Rigging methods used in hoisting may multiply the load at the attachment point [B11].
2) At the beginning and end of each conductor stringing operation, the conductors may be brought
down to stringing equipment, anchors, or both. The vertical and horizontal components of ten-
sion imposed on the structure may become significant at these locations, and failures have
occurred on both suspension and dead-end structures. The positioning of the stringing
equipment or anchors is critical, especially in mountainous terrain (see IEEE Std 524-1991 and
figure 2).
3) Various dead-ending techniques will apply different loads. For example, aerial dead-ending
techniques may impose lower vertical loads than dead ending on the ground. Temporary back
guying may be required depending on the longitudinal strength and flexibility of the dead-end
structure and dead-ending technique used.
In addition, short spans between dead ends with high conductor tensions may result in loads in
excess of maximum design tensions when the conductor is overpulled during the dead-ending
operation.
4.2 Material delivery
The design of the structures should consider limits to the length, size, and weight of individual members due
to shipping, handling, erection, terrain, and equipment restrictions (see 5.3).
IEEE
Figure 2—Conductor stringing
4.3 Constructability of concrete pole structures
Construction can be enhanced by a number of considerations, both in the design of the structure and in the
detailing of the connections. Some special considerations arise due to the large size and weight of the
components being assembled.
It should be noted that these considerations could increase material costs, although these costs may be offset
by reduced field costs and improved safety.
a) Clearly and permanently mark (i.e., stamp) each member. This mark should be legible after any
coatings are applied to facilitate identification and possible field replacement. These permanent
markings should be visible after the structure is erected. Additional stencilling with waterproof paint
will further facilitate field identification; however, care should be taken to avoid adverse visual
impact (i.e., any additional stencil should be on the embedded portion of the pole).
Identification marks may include the following information:
1) Structure type
2) Structure height
3) Structure weight
4) Structure manufacturer
5) Date of manufacture
6) Groundline moment capacity
b) Design the structure with a minimal assortment of bolt diameters, types, and lengths.
c) Provide adequate clearance around nuts and bolt heads for wrenches or sockets.
d) For safety and ease of erection, provide a place for a worker to stand below a pole splice. As an
example, two step bolt holes could be provided 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) below each splice for optional step
bolts.
e) Ensure that the Bill of Materials provides the product finish (i.e., galvanized or painted for metal
members and treated for wood). The Bill of Materials should also provide the approximate weight of
each item (i.e., members, plates, fills, bolts, and nuts) in order to determine the loads to be lifted.
IEEE
f) Provide legible erection drawings. The drawings should show the member mark identification, bolt
size and length, bolt pattern, orientation of members, and whether a member is inside or outside its
connecting member (i.e., use hidden lines and detailed or enlarged views). In addition, these erection
drawings should show the rigging attachment points identified in 4.1, item e).
g) Fabrication tolerances that are either too restrictive or too liberal can result in increased field costs
(see IEEE Std 524-1991).
h) Consideration should be given to the method of locking fasteners. The method selected will
influence construction efficiency. Typical methods and devices are lock nuts, lock washers, punched
threads, etc.
i) Avoid connections where workers have to insert their hands between large members during assem-
bly. For example, avoid joint designs that require insertion of tools or hands into the joint area during
assembly.
j) The pole supplier should include provisions for pick points and cant holes to minimize damage to
the finish of the pole during the handling and erection process. Position of the lifting eyes or pick
points should take into account construction methods, equipment, and site restrictions (see figure 3).
Figure 3—Concrete pole support points
IEEE
k) Make provisions for the constructor to verify orientation as shown on the erection drawings.
l) Provisions for climbing devices and specific work locations may be desirable for construction and
maintenance on the structures.
m) Ensure that bolts to be threaded into precast inserts do not cause possible punch-through problems.
Bolts with thread lengths greater than the threaded depth of the insert could be overtightened and
break the bottom of the insert. Further overtightening may produce sufficient force to damage or
spall the interior concrete wall (see figure 4).
Figure 4—Bolt insert
4.4 Helicopter construction
Special consideration should be given to structures designed for helicopter erection. Items to consider
include the following:
a) Provision for attachment of guide members to the structure

b) Lifting capacity of aircraft available at the site altitude and ambient temperature
c) Weights, centroids, and lifting points of each subassembly
d) Minimizing the number of mating points to be connected simultaneously
e) Whether or not workers will be allowed on or near a structure during setting by helicopter
5. Material delivery
This clause covers recommended procedures for the receipt and inspection of material; disposition of
overages and surplus material; and storage, handling, transportation, shortages, corrections, and replacement
of material. The constructor should be very familiar with all special design, transportation, handling, lifting,
blocking, stacking, storing, loading, and off-loading requirements of all materials. Careful attention given to
these details, along with adequate planning of equipment, materials, and space, will help ensure proper care
of materials. Metal components, as well as other material, are commonly used on concrete pole structures.
The following subclauses include information related to the handling, loading, storage, and repair of these
type pieces.
5.1 Material yard
Detailed planning for the development and preparation of the material yard results in efficient loading and
unloading operations as well as accurate identification and inventory of material in the yard. In choosing the
IEEE
location of the material yard, due consideration must be given to the proximity of the yard to the project,
accessibility to the storage site from all-weather roads for material to be transported by truck, and the loca-
tion and condition of rail sidings for the receipt of material to be delivered in this manner. A suitable
receiving yard should be selected and prepared for the anticipated climatic conditions which may be encoun-
tered during the project. Consideration should be given to the type, size, and quantity of equipment to be
utilized within the yard in determining the layout, width, turning radii, and surface of the roadways. With the
increasing problem of vandalism and material pilferage from the yard, considerations regarding the use of
security personnel and perimeter fencing and lighting should be incorporated in the planning stage.
Length of the line, structure type and quantity, terrain, construction sequence, and the construction methods
to be utilized are generally the factors which determine if more than one material yard will be established for
the project. Use of multiple yards requires additional coordination considerations to ensure that the correct
type and quantities of material are delivered to and disbursed from each yard.
Material should be arranged by type, taking into consideration the order in which the items will be received
and used. Proper arrangement will facilitate hauling the material to the structure site or other staging areas.
5.2 Receipt and inspection of material
The constructor should maintain a current inventory, by location, of all material for the project. It is
recommended that the construction specifications for the project contain a statement requiring the
constructor to have a material coordinator assigned to receive, store, and disburse all material. This coordi-
nator should remain assigned, in this capacity, for the duration of the project. This procedure is in the best
interest of both the constructor and the owner to maintain continuity for receipt and disbursement of
material.
Prior to the delivery of material, an itemized tabulation showing the quantity and description of the items to
be received should be furnished to the constructor by the owner.
All material delivered to the project should be promptly unloaded to avoid or minimize demurrage charges.
However, unloading procedures should not decrease safety to personnel or increase potential damage to the
materials. It is recommended that the constructor’s material coordinator and owner’s representative inspect
and inventory all material received against the manifest or bill of lading and the itemized tabulation referred
to above, indicating all missing, extra, or damaged items. If possible, discrepancies should be indicated on
the appropriate document before signing the delivery ticket. Problems encountered during the delivery
should be communicated to the manufacturer/vendor as quickly as possible to minimize possible delay to the
constructor.
Inventory methods will be dependent upon how the material is shipped. In the case of structural members, it
is recommended that bundles be opened and inventoried at the material yard if the delivery is by “like
pieces.” If the structure is delivered by “structure components,” inventory of members should not be done
until the bundles are taken to the structure site. In the latter case, only the number of bundles can be verified
at the time of delivery. If inventory is taken at the structure site, time should be allowed for fabricating
replacements. If damages are noticed at the material yard, immediate steps should be taken for replacement
even if bundles must be opened. Opening of barrels, kegs, crates, etc., should be done at the structure site to
minimize potential losses.
Upon receipt of insulators and hardware assemblies, the constructor and owner should make a check for
compliance with the specifications, quantity, fit, and condition of all components (see 7.1).
IEEE
5.3 Handling and storage of material
In the unloading, handling, and storage of structures, care should be exercised so as not to damage the
surface or surface coating, or deform the members. Bare wire rope or steel chains should not be used for
handling without adequate protection of the surface. Structural members should not be dumped, dragged,
rolled, dropped, nor used as loading or unloading skids or blocking. Heavy members should not be stacked
on top of lighter members. The maximum weight of material bundles should not exceed a specified weight,
typically 1600–1800 kg (3500–4000 lb), to facilitate handling and unloading. Components with dissimilar
finishes should not be stored over one another to minimize discoloration of the lower members.
Care should be taken to ensure proper blocking, stacking, and handling of concrete members. Refer to the
structure drawings and instructions to verify correct lifting methods, replacement of support blocking, and
stacking limitations. It is very common for concrete poles to require a two-point pickup due to the weight
and possible long lengths (see figures 3 and 5). Identifying the correct blocking locations is important to
eliminate the potential of overstressing the member. The constructor should verify correct blocking and
number of possible layers for stacking to avoid damage to concrete members lower in the stack.
Figure 5—Two-point pickup
All members should be placed on wood blocking or other suitable material to ensure that the material to be
stored is not in contact with the ground. Blocking should also be used to separate layers of stacked material.
It should be noted that oak wood blocking or oil-treated timbers can bleed and stain a structure finish.
Members should be supported in such a manner as to prevent bending and distortion as well as to allow
water to drain from the material.
Failure to provide for proper drainage of stacked, galvanized steel components could result in the formation
of “white rust.” White rust (zinc oxide) forms when two galvanized surfaces are closely nested for an
extended time without adequate ventilation. Ingress of water between the surfaces forms an electrolytic cell
which may, in time, erode some of the zinc layer. The white rusting action will stop after exposure to air.
IEEE
When extended transport or storage is anticipated, either of the following two methods can be used to
prevent oxide formation:
a) Spacers may be placed between the nested pieces to ensure adequate ventilation.
b) Galvanized members may be treated with a solution which will inhibit oxide formation for
six months to one year.
Weathering steel fasteners, though rarely used on concrete poles, and other materials subject to deterioration
should be protected from the elements during storage.
During the course of the project, the material yard should be kept relatively neat and clean and the growth of
vegetation kept to a minimum. Good housekeeping minimizes damage and loss of material in the yard, facil-
itates material handling and periodic physical inventories, and complies with environmental considerations.
If delivery of material is made initially to the structure site for storage, care should be taken to avoid interfer-
ence with foundation construction, access roads, or drainage. Truck delivery of complete structures from the
manufacturer directly to the structure site can be advantageous since it eliminates at least one unloading and
loading cycle (see 4.2). However, security of material stored at a structure site is minimal and the subsequent
loss of time due to missing items can result in significant construction cost increases.
5.4 Overages, shortages, and replacement material
Shortages of materials may result from damage during delivery and installation, misfabrication, and losses.
It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that the required quantities and types of materials are furnished
to the constructor. Information regarding shortages or damaged material must be promptly communicated to
the owner, in writing, to allow sufficient time for replacement material to be ordered, fabricated, and
delivered, or for damaged material to be repaired.
Depending on a number of factors (project location, size, and ease of obtaining replacement quantities), it is
common practice for the owner to order overages of small hardware such as fasteners, conductor hardware,
insulators, etc. For structures, it is common that an overage of nuts, bolts, washers, and fills in the range of
3–5% be ordered. Overages of insulators are dependent upon the type and quantity of insulators required for
the line. For small to medium size projects, an insulator overage of 3% is practical, while on larger projects
an overage of 1–2% is generally adequate.
If mismanufactured or damaged components are discovered during the assembly of the structures, the
constructor should immediately notify the owner who will decide if the errors or damage should be corrected
by the constructor, by the manufacturer, or by local shops.
5.5 Surplus material
After completion of construction, all surplus material furnished by the owner should be inventoried and
returned to the location stated in the construction specification. The material should be sorted, counted, and
tabulated by quantity and description. Material items which are not complete (missing nuts, cotter keys, etc.)
should be identified and stored separately from complete items. Material returned in this manner will enable
the owner to inspect the condition of the surplus material and determine the disposition of the items.
6. Assembly and erection of concrete pole structures
This clause covers the recommended assembly and erection procedures for concrete pole structures. The
process will be divided into the following two main categories:
a) Single-pole structures
b) Framed structures—two or more poles joined by rigid members
10
IEEE
The field assembly and erection methods chosen will be influenced by such variables as line and structure
design, line route, terrain, climatic or seasonal weather conditions, the impact of any environmental
restrictions, line route access, schedule requirements, and the availability of critical resources in both man-
power and equipment.
Poles that consist of one or more sections are generally assembled either at the structure site or in a
marshalling yard and then transported to the structure site.
Erection techniques vary greatly depending on the specific job variables. An erection crane with a
telescoping boom is an efficient method for structure erection. If extensive preassembly is used, the time
spent in final erection is greatly reduced.
Preplanning of desired crane locations at the structure site allows for any necessary grading work (building
of ramps, soil stabilization, etc.) to be accomplished during the foundation construction operations when
suitable equipment is available at the site. Caution should be used when cutting into hillsides as this may
precipitate slope failures. Depending on soil conditions, additional bearing support may be required under
outriggers, tracks, and tires. All soil should be returned to a condition acceptable to the owner after erection.
Aerial lifts can be effective in providing a safe-work position for workers handling large connection bolts to
make aerial connections. The aerial lift can eliminate the need to install a variety of either temporary or
permanent rigging and climbing devices on each structure. Whenever possible, efficient field procedures
will include attaching all insulator assemblies on the structure during erection. Stringing travelers and finger
lines installed during erection can greatly expedite the wire stringing operation (see figure 6).
Figure 6—Installation of conductor arm using an aerial lift
11
IEEE
6.1 Handling and transportation of poles, arms, and component parts
When delivering poles from the storage area to the erection sites, special care should be taken during the
loading, hauling, and unloading to prevent any damage to the surface of the poles and arms. Slings for
handling the poles and arms should be made of, or covered with, nylon or some other nonmetallic material to
protect the finish. Poles should be handled in such a manner that no portion of the pole is dragged along the
ground or against the pole trailer or other objects that could damage the surface of the pole.
A check of each component’s identification marking and the required quantities during this phase of work
can minimize potential lost time during assembly of the structure.
Proper initial placement of pole sections at the job site can increase the efficiency of the assembly operation.
Poles and arms should be placed on suitable cribbing to prevent damage and provide a level plane that will
prevent overstressing of the structure components (see 5.3).
6.2 Single pole structures
6.2.1 Assembly
All assembly should be as shown on the drawings using methods and equipment which will not cause
damage or distortion of any part of the structure. Methods of assembly and erection may be subject to review
by the owner.
Whether the structure is assembled on the ground or in the air depends on right-of-way considerations and
the constructor. Most constructors assemble the structure on the ground.
Various types of wrenches can be used to tighten nuts [e.g., spud, adjustable, ratchet, torque, box end, and
impact (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic)]. Impact wrenches must have adjustable torque limiters to prevent
inadvertent overtightening of nuts. The use of any wrench that may deform nuts or cut or flake the coating
on the nut should not be permitted. There are several acceptable methods of specifying bolt and nut tight-
ness, depending upon application. Three commonly used methods are: the snug tight method, the turn-of-
the-nut method (see IEC 826-1991), and quoting a specific torque value.
During assembly and erection, members should not be bent or overstressed to force them into place.
6.2.2 Assembly on the ground
Structures assembled on the ground should be placed on suitable blocking so as to be kept free of dirt, mud,
or other foreign material that might adhere to the structure or damage the coating. Blocking should be placed
so as to provide a flat surface to prevent overstressing or distortion of members and to maintain the true geo-
metric shape of the assembled members. Mud, dirt, and other foreign material should be removed from the
contact surfaces of joints prior to assembly.
The structures should be assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s erection and detail drawings. The
diameter, type, and length of bolts as shown on the drawings should be used for each connection. Orientation
of bolts can facilitate access, final tightening, installation of locking devices, and subsequent checking of the
erected structure. Care should be taken when tightening bolts into threaded inserts which are precast in the
concrete pole (see figure 7). When the bolt’s thread length is greater than the depth of the insert,
overtightening may break the bottom of the insert. Further overtightening may cause some local spalling of
the interior concrete wall [see 4.3, item m)].
12
IEEE
Figure 7—Field assembly of climbing devices
When pole sections, arms, and other miscellaneous hardware are assembled prior to erection, assembly shall
be on level blocking placed outside the attachment point areas to maintain the true alignment of the assem-
bled structure. The pieces should be oriented so that all attachment points are accessible and all attachments
can be added with minimal or no need to rotate the structure.
All finish touch-up should be performed prior to erection. Insulators, hardware, travelers, and climbing
devices (if specified by the owner) may also be attached while the structure is on the ground. See clause 7 for
precautions against damage during erection. Once the structure is totally assembled, it should be thoroughly
inspected. Climbing devices, where they may interfere with the erection process, should be temporarily
removed from the structure.
6.2.2.1 Flange-plated pole sections
Contact surfaces of joints should be clean and free of foreign matter before assembly.
Flange-plated pole sections should be aligned to the orientation marks and the bolts should be tightened as
specified. The bolt tightening sequence should ensure that proper alignment between the two pole sections is
maintained throughout the tightening sequence. Gaps between flanges at bolt locations may be filled by use
of shims if allowed by the owner and structure designer. Alignment of the pole should be checked after all
flanged joint bolts are installed and tightened as specified (see figure 8).
6.2.2.2 Splice-jointed concrete poles
Splice-jointed concrete poles are most commonly assembled in the air rather than on the ground. Normally,
the lower pole section is set into the foundation hole and backfilled. The upper section is then lifted into
position over the lower section and checked for proper alignment. The lower end of the upper section is nor-
mally a tapered steel tube designed to slip over the top end of the lower section. The two joining regions of
these pole sections usually have a guide device to ensure proper orientation. The upper section is lowered
13
IEEE
onto the lower section. Tag lines attached to the upper section help maintain proper alignment. The weight of
the upper section is usually sufficient to completely engage the joint.
Figure 8—Flanged joint on a multipiece pole
If the splice joint is to be assembled on the ground, lay the lower pole section level and blocked off the
ground. Make sure no blocking material is located in the splice zone. Apply a water-soluble nonstaining
lubricant to the surfaces to be engaged: the exterior upper end of the lower section and the interior of the
lower end of the upper section. Lifting the upper section horizontally, slip it as far as possible over the lower
section while checking for proper alignment. Attach the jacking device, specified by the supplier, and
increase the jacking force to the maximum allowed. Slight upward and downward movement of the upper
section by the crane may facilitate the assembly. Once the joint is fully engaged, the upper section can be
blocked level and the crane can be released. Secure the upper section to the lower section if the pole is to be
lifted at a point on the upper section. It is not recommended that the joint’s friction fit be relied upon to
safely lift the pole into a vertical position.
6.2.2.3 Attachments to pole
Arms or other attachments should be blocked and leveled to the proper position. Attachment bolts and nuts
should be tightened as specified.
If conductor and static arms are assembled to the structure and the wire is not installed in a reasonable period
of time, there may exist a potential of fatigue failure due to wind-induced vibration. These arms can have
their natural frequency or damping characteristics modified sufficiently to eliminate this type of damage.
Two acceptable methods are suspending weights or insulators from the ends of the arms or tying the arm tips
together and to the structure.
14
IEEE
6.2.2.4 Damaged and misfabricated members
Damaged or misfabricated members that prevent proper assembly and fit should be immediately reported to
the owner for corrective action. The damaged or misfabricated members should not be repaired by the con-
structor without written approval from the owner. Members may be damaged to such a degree that replace-
ment rather than repair is necessary.
Structural metal components are commonly used with concrete poles. The edges of clipped angles, new or
reamed holes, or any member which has its coating scratched or damaged should be repaired with a coating
approved by the owner. If field fabrication of a member is permitted, the bolt spacing and edge distances
should be in accordance with the fabrication detail drawings. Field welding and flame cutting should be
approved by the owner.
Holes should not be reamed for alignment unless approved by the owner. Bolts should not be driven in any
manner that will distort them or damage the threads. Prior to assembly, all joint surfaces, including those
adjacent to the bolt heads and nuts, should be free of any material that would prevent solid seating of the
parts.
6.2.2.5 Field drilling holes in concrete
Field drilling of holes by the constructor is generally accepted provided it has been approved by the owner.
The constructor should follow the recommended procedures furnished by the manufacturer.
Generally a rotor-hammer drill or core saw is used (see figure 9). For hollow spun holes, drilling from the
outside to the center of the pole and rotating 180 degrees, staying at the same elevation, and again drilling
from the outside to the center is recommended to complete a hole through the pole. This method tends to
reduce or eliminate possible local spalling of concrete. Small diameter reinforcing steel, if encountered, can
normally be drilled through with little effort. If high-strength steel stressing strand or large diameter rebar is
encountered, it may be possible to move the hole location to avoid interference. This steel may be cut, if
approved by the owner, after the design is reviewed. Flame cutting is one method to remove the steel that is
in the path of the hole. All exposed metal reinforcing should be properly coated to provide adequate
protection from corrosion (see 6.6.2 and 6.6.3).
For solid static-cast poles, drill the hole all the way through the pole from one side. If the drilled hole passes
through a void in the center of the pole created by a sono-tube, then it may be necessary to install a PVC pipe
liner to prevent possible corrosion of the through bolt due to chemicals in the material.
6.2.3 Erection of assembled structures
Structures may be erected by any suitable method that will not overstress structure members, in the sequence
best adapted to the equipment, worker experience, and site conditions.
The assembly and erection methods proposed by the constructor should be submitted to the owner for review
prior to commencing assembly. These methods should be reviewed to ensure that members are not over-
stressed.
The structure should be laid out in accordance with a predetermined plan to minimize effort and maximize
safety during the erection of the structure.
15
IEEE
Figure 9—Drilling of concrete pole
Concrete poles may be erected by using the lifting holes (if provided) or by rigging the pole with a padded
cable choker or sling choker. Provisions should be made to ensure that the choker cannot slide up the pole as
the structure is being erected. One method is to attach the choker just beneath an arm assembly. This may be
acceptable, provided that the arm connection design was reviewed and approved by the owner to ensure that
the connection is capable of sustaining the lifting load without damage. The lift point may be supplied by the
manufacturer. The lift point may need to be field determined as it varies with the number of arms and
accessories on the pole; if so, the constructor should obtain the owner’s approval and assurance that the
lifting device can handle the additional weight. Tall, slender structures, such as guyed structures, may
require a two-point lift to prevent overstressing during erection. Proper care should be taken to ensure that
there is no damage to the choker during the erection process.
As the structure is being lifted, tag lines or other means of control can be used to safely handle and guide the
structure into its foundation (see figure 10). Once the structure is in place, its plumb should be checked,
preferably with a transit. At times, deflection limitations are imposed on some angle structures. This
requirement can be met by field raking the structure during erection.
Structures should be completely erected and correctly oriented, with all members in place and all bolts
installed and properly tightened, and the entire structure should be checked in accordance with the
specifications prior to the installation of conductor and shield wires.
Guyed structures should be erected with the guys pretensioned as specified by the owner. After stringing, the
guy tensions may require adjustment to final values.
CAUTION
When erecting structure members or sections in the vicinity of energized lines,
care should be taken to ground these members or sections before any workers
come in contact with them.
16
IEEE
Figure 10—Pole erection
6.2.4 Assembly in the air
At times, the terrain and environment dictate the need for aerial assembly. Close inspection of all parts to
ensure proper fit is highly recommended prior to the lift operation.
If a single pole structure is made up of two or more pieces, the bottom pole section is set first, inspected for
plumb and alignment, and secured to the foundation. As each subsequent pole section is stacked, the joint is
secured. Because of possible impact loads, insulators may not be installed until all of the pole sections are
completely assembled.
For pole joints, the structure designer’s recommendations should be followed. Upper and lower pole sections
in the area of the joint should be marked for proper orientation and, if required, as a guide for minimum/
maximum engagement tolerances. Proper orientation and tolerance for each joint should be shown on manu-
facturer’s drawings. Care should be taken to properly match orientation marks while verifying proper align-
ment of arm connections, hardware, and climbing devices (see 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2 for further information).
17
IEEE
6.3 Framed structures
Much of the information in 6.2 also applies to the assembly and erection of framed structures.
The most common example of a framed structure is the H-frame. The assembly process is very similar to
that of a single-pole structure. Permanent locking devices may be required at joints in order to prevent joint
movement after the structure is erected and loaded. Maximum adjustability in a framed structure is
maintained by leaving all connections loosely bolted until the structure is totally assembled.
6.3.1 Assembly on ground
Assemble poles as described in 6.2.1. Minor variations in assembled pole lengths can be accommodated by
adjusting the depth of the excavation of direct-embedded structures prior to setting the structure.
After the poles have been assembled, place the poles in proper relation to each other and level (see
figure 11). Install the arms and then the x-braces (if required), leaving all connections loosely bolted. Special
care must be taken to maintain the structure geometry when installing x-braces with adjustable bands. The
correct distance between pole shafts must be verified before tightening the bands. The framed structure
should be checked to ensure that it is square. All bolts and nuts should be tightened as specified.
Figure 11—Framed two-pole structure
All finish touch-up should be performed prior to erection. Insulators, hardware, travelers, and climbing
devices (if specified by the owner) may also be added while the structure is on the ground. See clause 7 for
precautions against damage during erection. Once the structure is totally assembled, it should be thoroughly
inspected. Climbing devices, where they may interfere with the erection process, should be temporarily
removed from the structure.
6.3.2 Erection
When handling a framed structure, a spreader bar or other device with proper points of attachment should be
used to avoid distorting or overstressing members and to maintain the true geometric shape of the structure.
18
IEEE
A spreader bar or yoke should be used between the two legs of an H-frame type structure while it is being
lifted (see figure 12). On some structures, it may be necessary for an additional crane to lift the base of the
structure due to site conditions or weight of the structure.
Figure 12—Erection of two-pole structure
Tag lines can be used to guide the structure to its foundation. Equipment, such as a bulldozer, tractor, or
truck, may be required to guide the structure.
6.3.3 Assembly in the air
Single-piece poles or flanged joints are recommended for structures requiring assembly in the air (see
figure 13).
On smaller framed structures, each lower pole section can be set and then the entire upper frame can be pre-
assembled on the ground and erected as one unit. On larger framed structures, each piece may have to be
lifted and attached independently.
CAUTION
When erecting these structures in the vicinity of energized lines, care should be
taken to ground these pieces before any workers come in contact with them.
It is very important to note that in the case of framed structures each joint must be loosely connected until all
parts of the structure are installed. This is necessary to allow adjustments while positioning and attaching
each subsequent part.
19
IEEE
Figure 13—Aerial assembly of cross-arm
The bolt-tightening operation should begin only after all parts are assembled and all bolts are installed.
Methodically tighten joints while continually checking the plumb, level, and orientation of each part. Refer
to 6.2.2.1 for flange joints.
6.4 Helicopter erection
The use of helicopters to erect concrete pole structures has not been in common use due to the weight of
these structures. This method may be required when the line route, terrain, or environmental regulations
limit the access of heavy construction equipment.
Helicopters have proven to be a useful construction tool. However, with their high hourly cost, the planning
and scheduling of construction become very critical. In addition, a larger marshalling yard may be required
due to the assembly of a large number of structures prior to erection. Structures or sections can be flown
from marshalling yards or lifted into position at the structure site.
The location of the marshalling yards should be as close as possible to the line to reduce flight time and
suitably located for helicopter access. Yards should be prepared to prevent flying debris.
In order to lift the structure, a sling is attached to an electrically operated hook on the underside of the
helicopter. A dynamometer can be connected to monitor the flying weight of the load as the load is affected
by rotor down wash and drag. The electrically operated hook is controlled by the pilot.
When lifting the structure, slings should be attached to avoid overloading or distorting the structure.
20
IEEE
On guyed structures, the guy tails can be rolled up and the coils can be tied to the bottom of the structure to
prevent them from catching on trees and fences during takeoff and landing. Each guy can be marked to iden-
tify the proper anchor location during the landing operation.
If possible, helicopter operation should be scheduled during cooler periods of the day to increase the lifting
capacity since lift capacity is a function of air temperature.
Normally the pilot brings the structure to the site into the wind to maintain more lift on the rotor blades.
CAUTION
The structure may need to be grounded to discharge any electrical charge before
workers come in contact with the structure.
Good communication is essential during helicopter erection. Dual-frequency radios should be used. The
flying operation is kept on one channel and the ground operation on the other to prevent any communication
interference.
Helicopter erection is facilitated by the use of guides and chutes that are installed on the structure prior to
erection. Design and attachment of the guides and chutes should be coordinated between the constructor and
the owner. These devices can eliminate the need for workers to be under the structure as it is being erected.
Structure components should be secured as soon as possible after the helicopter releases the load. On guyed
structures, all necessary guys must be secured prior to releasing the load from the helicopter.
6.5 Attaching pole structures to various foundations
The most common foundation type for concrete pole structures is the direct embedment method. Variations
on this concept include setting the pole into a pile or a cavity within a drilled-pier, reinforced concrete
foundation.
Foundations for concrete pole structures will vary based on the groundline moment carrying capacity of the
soils. For many concrete pole applications, both self-supporting and guyed poles, direct embedment back-
filled with native soil may be adequate. Further foundation design considerations may be required for weak
soils, large groundline moment carrying capabilities, restricted deflections, rotation and translations of
structures, and for foundation, structure, or line reliability. Oversized holes may be excavated, and controlled
backfill of crushed stone, soil, cement, or concrete may be placed or compacted around the embedded
section of the pole.
When the concrete pole foundation has a large groundline moment carrying capacity, it should be treated as
a structural foundation. The capacity of the soil in the foundation design becomes an important factor. In
some extreme cases, installation of piles or spread foundations may be necessary.
6.5.1 Direct embedment
Direct embedment of concrete poles is the most common type of installation. The constructor should review
the foundation specifications to verify proper depth of embedment, diameter of the hole, preparation of the
bottom of the hole, type of backfill material, and installation method of the backfill material (see figure 14).
The excavation should be of sufficient diameter to allow accurate placement of the pole and adequate space
to place, tamp, or vibrate the backfill. Loose material in the bottom of the hole will be compressed due to the
weight of the concrete pole. The bottom of the hole should be made flat and firm prior to taking final depth
measurement.
21
IEEE
Figure 14—Direct embedment
Soil borings are often taken at random locations along or near the right-of-way. These borings may not
accurately represent all soil conditions encountered during actual hole excavation. Significant soil variances
should be reported to the owner for review. If a very poor soil condition is unexpectedly encountered, it may
be necessary to provide additional bearing capacity and enhance the quality of backfill to achieve adequate
support. Conversely, better soil conditions or rock may be unexpectedly encountered that may also require
revisions to the foundation.
Once the pole structure has been lifted, it should be safely guided over the hole without dragging or
knocking excavated material into the hole. Care should be taken, while slowly lowering the pole into the
hole, not to cause caving or sloughing of the walls of the hole. The pole should be checked for orientation
and alignment just prior to it touching the bottom of the hole. Allow the pole to seat firmly in the bottom of
the hole. The pole should be secured in a properly oriented and plumbed position before backfilling the hole.
The backfill material is normally native soil, improved backfill material, or sometimes concrete depending
on the foundation design requirement and existing soil conditions. Generally, the backfill is placed
uniformly around the circumference of the hole in predefined amounts. The backfill is tamped or vibrated in
accordance with the foundation specifications. This process is repeated until the annular void is completely
filled. The placement of the backfill should be constantly monitored to ensure that the pole is not being
moved out of position. Care should be taken during the placement and compaction process to avoid damage
to the embedded portion of the pole.
22
IEEE
Once the foundation is completed, the pole may be released. Foundations needing additional time to cure,
such as concrete, may require temporary bracing or guying until the backfill is fully cured.
In some areas the soil may be too weak to adequately support the weight of the pole and the wire loads. Such
conditions can exist in swamps, marshes, landfills, and river basins. Bog shoes are often used to provide
additional bearing capacity. Bog shoes are normally rectangular, reinforced concrete beams that are placed
below the pole or attached to the sides of the direct embedded portion of the pole.
A typical arrangement is shown in figure 15. A hole is augered to the required depth. A hydraulic hoe then
digs the required trench to accept the bog shoe(s). The pole and bog shoes are set into the foundation and
attached to each other as required by design. Backfilling commences after the structure is checked for cor-
rect alignment.
Figure 15—Bog shoes
If the space between the bottom of the base plate and the top of the concrete foundation is left open, the
concrete foundation should be designed and finished such that no water or debris can collect in that space.
The foundation holes should be checked to verify that the bottom of each hole has the same elevation and
level. If they are not the same, sufficient backfill should be placed and tamped firm and level in the deepest
hole until both holes are at the same elevation.
The H-frame cross arm should be checked to verify that it is level after installation.
6.5.2 Anchor bolt/base plate
In the case of the anchor-bolted, concrete type foundation with a base-plated structure, the structure is
simply lifted onto the anchor bolts.
23
IEEE
The levelling nuts should be threaded on each bolt sufficiently down on the threads to allow for the addition
of the base plate and top nut. These lower nuts should be positioned so that when the base plate is set on top
of them the base plate will be level and as close as practical to the foundation. After adding the top nuts,
check the structure to ensure that it is oriented and aligned correctly. If the structure requires raking to allow
for load deflections, the nuts above and below the base plate can be readjusted to move the structure out of
plumb to the required position.
When tightening anchor bolt nuts, all nuts on the top side of the base plate should be brought to a “snug
tight” condition, then the nuts on the bottom side of the base plate should be brought to a “snug tight”
condition and checked to make sure that they are bearing completely against the base plate. It is important
that the bottom nuts under the base plate be tightened. If required, final tightening of the nuts may proceed as
specified. It is common practice to secure anchor bolt nuts (by applying a small tack weld to the edge of the
nut and the mating surface of the base plate), thus preventing unauthorized turning or removal.
Upon completion of pole erection, the void between the base plate and the concrete foundation may be filled
with nonshrinking, flowable grout or dry packing with a sand/cement mixture or left open.
Special care should be used when installing grout, if specified, so that the pole drains will not be dislodged
or plugged. After the grout has set and the forms have been removed, each drain should be cleared to ensure
that it is open and free to allow drain water to flow.
6.6 Post-erection
As soon as possible after erection, the constructor should connect the previously installed ground wire to the
grounding attachment on the pole. The wire should be shaped to fit closely to the foundation and the base of
the pole; any excess length should be trimmed.
Structures should be completely assembled with all bolts securely tightened before the start of conductor or
shield wire stringing operations. Steps or ladders should be removed from the lower portions of all structures
after completion of construction to discourage unauthorized climbing.
6.6.1 Concrete repair
Minor repair may be performed by the constructor. The constructor should follow the recommended repair
procedure furnished by the manufacturer that has the owner’s approval. In general, all loose concrete and
powder should be removed to provide a clean repair area. Exposed steel should be cleaned (degreased, no
rust) and properly coated to protect against corrosion. It is recommended that the concrete repair patch com-
pound have: (1) approximately the same expansion coefficient as the parent concrete, (2) nonshrinking dry-
ing characteristics, and (3) dry-to-blend-in color that will blend well with the original concrete surface (see
figure 16). Most repair compounds are a type of epoxy grout, nonshrinking grout, or a polymer concrete
mix. Normally, the concrete pole supplier has patch kits available that meet these requirements. The
constructor should notify the owner, prior to repair, if major or extensive damage exists. Special inspection
and repair procedures may be necessary in these cases. Some chemical grouts may exist that are toxic in
nature and special handling techniques may be required.
6.6.2 Galvanized coating repair
The damaged area should be cleaned using a wire brush and solvent, if necessary, to remove rust, grease, and
other foreign matter. When dry, the area should be coated, using a brush or spray can, with a cold
galvanizing compound approved by the owner. As many coats as necessary should be applied to obtain a
minimum dry thickness as specified by the owner (see ASTM A780-90).
24
IEEE
Figure 16—Field repair
6.6.3 Painted coating repair
The damaged area should be cleaned using a wire brush, scraper, and/or solvent, if necessary, to remove rust,
grease, and other foreign matter. It may be desirable to lightly sand the edges of the area to be repaired to
feather the touch-up paint into the existing coating. The damaged areas should be dry prior to coating. If
damage is confined to the finish coat, apply one coat of properly mixed paint to attain the minimum dry film
thickness required. If damage is through the coating to bare steel, the appropriate primer should be applied to
the required dry film thickness and allowed to properly cure prior to top coat application. Care should be
taken to ensure that the paint manufacturer’s recommendations are observed during field application.
7. Assembly and installation of insulators and hardware
This clause covers the suggested procedures for the handling, inspection, assembly, and installation of
insulators and hardware.
7.1 Assembly of insulators and hardware
Insulator and hardware assemblies for both conductors and shield wires should be assembled and installed as
specified on the drawings. Care should be taken in handling and assembling insulators to avoid impact loads
that may cause internal damage, to avoid chipping or cracking the ceramic or glass surface, and to avoid
excessively deforming or marking the sheds of synthetic insulators. Any insulator having a damaged surface
should be removed and disposed of after inspection.
Insulators and hardware, when properly aligned, should fit together easily (see figure 17). Care should be
taken to ensure that compatible hardware (i.e., conforming to applicable ANSI or IEC standards) is used at
the interface between insulators and hardware. It is advisable to preassemble one of each assembly type prior
to actual installation to ensure compatibility and fit of components. Nuts which do not run freely on bolts
25
IEEE
should not be used. All nuts should be torqued or otherwise secured as specified on the drawings. All cotter
keys should be inserted and properly spread where required.
Figure 17—Hardware assemblies installed prior to pole erection
7.2 Installation of cotter keys
In all cases, hardware should be installed so that cotter keys or bolts can be removed with the use of hot
sticks. All cotter keys in suspension insulator units and hardware should be oriented to meet the maintenance
requirements of the owner. In general, the cotter keys are turned so that the eye is toward the structure or
upward. All cotter keys should be properly installed and spread, if required, to prevent accidental uncoupling
of insulator units. The heads of all bolts and clevis pins used in the vertical position on hardware should be
oriented in accordance with the owner’s requirements.
Self-locking or humped-back cotter keys should not be inserted into a bolt or clevis pin by hammering the
head of the cotter key or by other means that can cause deformation of the cotter key. If deformed, these
cotter keys may lose their self-locking characteristics.
When cotter keys, bolts, or clevis pins are replaced, a cotter key, bolt, or pin supplied by the manufacturer of
the insulator or hardware should be used since the cotter keys, bolts, and pins of different manufacturers are
not necessarily interchangeable.
An inspection should be made of each assembly to ensure proper assembly installation and proper cotter key
placement.
7.3 Installation of assemblies
Extreme care should be exercised in the installation of all insulators and hardware to prevent damage of any
kind. During construction, loads may be inadvertently imposed on insulator strings in excess of their
tension-proof load rating. Any insulators subjected to these overloads should be removed and replaced.
26
IEEE
Special care should be exercised with extra-high-voltage (EHV) hardware since surface damage of
components may increase line noise.
The surface of the insulators should be clean and the metal portions should be free of contaminants and
corrosion. Ceramic, glass, and metal surfaces should be wiped clean with a hard cotton canvas cloth prior to
installation. Wire brushes or abrasive material should not be used to clean the surfaces.
Insulator strings or assemblies being installed should be supported or restrained in a manner to prevent the
possibility of bending of ball or pin shanks or deformation of cotter keys in order to prevent subsequent
uncoupling of the joints. Suitable cradles or other alignment supports should be used for this purpose where
necessary. If the lower end of the insulator strings are to be tied to the structure during erection, particular
care should be exercised to ensure that the weight of the insulators and hardware does not cause bending of
the ball shanks.
Bolt heads or nuts should not bear directly on the concrete surface (i.e., bolts through the pole). A washer of
adequate capacity should be placed between the bolt head or nut and the concrete surface. The washer may
be flat or curved depending upon the concrete surface contour.
If post or strut insulators are used, care should be taken to avoid loads that induce bending or impact. Lifting
the post or strut insulators with the structure can produce impact loads on the insulators and should be
avoided. If post or strut insulators are installed on poles with joints, care should be taken to ensure the proper
engagement of the joint and that no further joint movement will occur prior to installing the insulators.
If travelers are to be installed with the insulators and hardware, care should be taken to ensure that they are
in proper working order and are oriented correctly, and that any finger lines are placed. Where required,
dampers and spacers may also be temporarily positioned on the structure for final installation.
8. Quality assurance
Complete inspection during assembly and erection of each concrete pole structure is recommended. The
owner should make inspections of both materials and workmanship at each stage of the work, focusing
attention on such items as:
a) Cracks and spalls in concrete surface

b) Exposed reinforcing steel or steel strands
c) Material, weld, and test certifications
d) Material coatings
e) Missing or incorrect items
f) Fit or engagement of members and bolts
g) Bent, deformed, or otherwise damaged items (e.g., deformed members may reflect mislocated
footings)
h) Field modifications and repairs
i) Bolt and nut tightness
j) Installation of locking devices
k) Length and type of bolts
l) Plumb of the pole and its orientation
m) Pretension of guys
n) Installation of structure ground
o) Installation of miscellaneous attachments (i.e., signs, anticlimbing devices, climbing devices,
insulator washing pipe, etc.)
27
IEEE
9. Bibliography
[B1] American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Manual of Steel Construction, 8th ed. 1980.
[B2] ASCE 596-6 (1987), Guide for the Design and Use of Concrete Poles.
[B3] ASCE, “Design of Steel Transmission Pole Structures,” Task Committee on Steel Transmission Poles of
the Committee on Analysis and Design of Structures of the Structural Division, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Manual 72, 1990.
[B4] ASCE, “Guide for the Design of Steel Transmission Towers,” American Society of Civil Engineers,
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, no. 52, pp. 42–43, 1988.
[B5] ASCE, “Guide for the Design of Prestressed Concrete Poles,” ASCE/PCI Joint Commission on Con-
crete Poles, Draft, Feb. 1992.
[B6] ASTM C935-80 (1990), Specification for General Requirements for Prestressed Concrete
Poles Statically Cast.
[B7] ASTM C1089–88, Specification for Spun Cast Prestressed Concrete.
[B8] Kurtz, E. B., The Lineman’s and Cableman’s Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1964, pp. 20–1 to 20–44.
[B9] NEMA Pub No. HV2-1991, Application Guide for Ceramic Suspension Insulators.
[B10] “Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry,” (29 CFR Part 1926)
including 29 CFR, Part 1910, General Industry Safety and Health Standards Applicable to Construction.
Promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Commerce Clearing House, Inc.
[B11] Rossnagel, W. E., Handbook of Rigging for Construction and Industrial Operations, 3d ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
[B12] “State of the Art Prestressed Concrete Pole,” PCI Journal 29, no. 5 (Sep.–Oct. 1984).
28

IEEE Guide To The Assembly and Erection of Concrete Pole Structures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IEEE Guide To The Assembly and Erection of Concrete Pole Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IEEE Std 1025™-1993(R2011)

IEEE Guide to the Assembly and

Approved September 15, 1993

Approved February 24, 1994

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 1993 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

R. L. Donelson† D. Hamilton Dennis Mize

†Voting member at the time of publication

The following persons were on the balloting committee:

R. H. Arndt I. S. Grant Franklin D. Myers

Wallace S. Read, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice Chair

Gilles A. Baril Jim Isaak Don T. Michael*

4. Structural design considerations .......................................................................................................... 3

4.1 Construction and maintenance loads ........................................................................................... 3

5.1 Material yard................................................................................................................................ 7

6. Assembly and erection of concrete pole structures ........................................................................... 10

6.1 Handling and transportation of poles, arms, and component parts............................................ 12

7. Assembly and installation of insulators and hardware ...................................................................... 25

7.1 Assembly of insulators and hardware........................................................................................ 25

8. Quality assurance ............................................................................................................................... 27

1.5 Legal disclaimer

IEC 826-1991, Loading and Strength of Overhead Transmission Lines.4

a) Hollow or solid members

Figure 1—Various concrete pole sections

4. Structural design considerations

4.1 Construction and maintenance loads

Particular attention should be given to the following loading conditions:

4.2 Material delivery

Figure 2—Conductor stringing

4.3 Constructability of concrete pole structures

Figure 3—Concrete pole support points

Figure 4—Bolt insert

4.4 Helicopter construction

a) Provision for attachment of guide members to the structure

5.1 Material yard

5.2 Receipt and inspection of material

5.3 Handling and storage of material

Figure 5—Two-point pickup

5.4 Overages, shortages, and replacement material

5.5 Surplus material

6. Assembly and erection of concrete pole structures

Figure 6—Installation of conductor arm using an aerial lift

6.1 Handling and transportation of poles, arms, and component parts

6.2 Single pole structures

6.2.2 Assembly on the ground

Figure 7—Field assembly of climbing devices

6.2.2.1 Flange-plated pole sections

6.2.2.2 Splice-jointed concrete poles

Figure 8—Flanged joint on a multipiece pole

6.2.2.3 Attachments to pole

6.2.2.4 Damaged and misfabricated members

6.2.2.5 Field drilling holes in concrete

6.2.3 Erection of assembled structures

Figure 9—Drilling of concrete pole

Figure 10—Pole erection

6.2.4 Assembly in the air

6.3 Framed structures

6.3.1 Assembly on ground

Figure 11—Framed two-pole structure

Figure 12—Erection of two-pole structure

6.3.3 Assembly in the air