Dr.

Tayyaba Noor
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology
Islamabad
 Today’s Lecture

Chemistry of Solutions Acids and Bases

organic chemistry book by smith , 3rd Edition

Chemistry The central Science

Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases
 Today’s Lecture
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases reaction
 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor.

A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor.

H+ = proton
Examples
Reactions of Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases

These reactions, also called proton transfer reactions

Reactions of Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases

These reactions, also called proton transfer reactions

 Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base

Loss of a proton from an acid forms its conjugate base.

Gain of a proton by a base forms its conjugate acid.
 Examples
conjugate base = substance minus one proton.
conjugate acid = substance plus one proton
Examples
 Examples
conjugate base = substance minus one proton.
conjugate acid = substance plus one proton

Problem

 What is the conjugate acid of CH3O– ?

 What is the conjugate base of NH3 ?
Dr. Tayyaba Noor
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology
Islamabad
 Today’s Lecture

 Lewis Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases
 Lewis Acids and Bases

A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor.

A Lewis base is an electron pair donon.

 Lewis Bases
 Lewis bases are structurally the same as Brønsted–Lowry
bases. Both have an available electron pair—a lone pair
or an electron pair in a π bond.

 A Brønsted–Lowry base always donates this electron pair

to a proton, but a Lewis base donates this electron pair to
anything that is electron deficient.
Examples
 Lewis Acids
 Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor

Similarity

 All Bronsted acids are also Lewis acids , but the reverse is not necessarily true
 Common example of Lewis acids are BF3 and AlCl3

 why?

 Group 3A elements of periodic table can accept an electron pair to complete

valance shell configuration
 Lewis Acid
 A Lewis acid must be able to accept an electron pair.

 All Brønsted–Lowry acids are also Lewis acids, but

the reverse is not necessarily true.

 Any species that is electron deficient and capable of

accepting an electron pair is also a Lewis acid.
Examples
 Lewis Acid-Base Reaction

In a Lewis acid–base reaction, a Lewis base donates

an electron pair to a Lewis acid.
 Lewis Acid-Base Reaction

1. Label the Lewis acid and base.

Use curved arrow notation to show the movement
of electron pairs.
 Lewis Acid-Base Reaction

 A Lewis acid is also called an electrophile.

 A Lewis base is also called a nucleophile.

 Electrophile and Nucelophile
electrophile…. means an electron deficient specie

nucelophile…. means electron rich specie

 BF3 is an electrophile and H2O is a nucelophile

 Examples
 In Lewis acid base reaction always a covalent bond is formed between an electrophile

and a nucelophile and no bond is broken!

 Lewis Acid-Base Reaction

For each reaction, label the Lewis acid and base.

Use curved arrow notation to show the movement
of electron pairs.
 Lewis Acids and Bases
 Lewis acid base reaction of cyclohexene with HCl
Dr. Tayyaba Noor
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology
Islamabad
 Today’s Lecture
 The pH and pOH scale
Acids and Bases
pH, Common Ion Effect and Buffers
pH and pOH
Ionization of Water
Ionization of Water
Ionization of Water
Ionization of Water
Ionization of Water
Ionization of Water
 PH Scale
 As H+ concentration is very small, so it is express in the
form of PH
 PH Scale

The H+ concentration of a solution is 1 x 10-3 M , calculate its PH

PH Scale
 pOH Scale

By taking – log on both sides

pOH Scale
 PH of Strong acids
Completely Ionized in water
 PH of Strong Bases
Completely Ionized in water
 PH of Strong Bases
Completely Ionized in water. To Calculate pH of strong base
Ca(OH)2 with 0.0011 M concentration ?
Common Ion Effect
 Common Ion Effect
Acetic acid is weak electrolyte which ionize partially
in aqueous solution, represented by equilibrium

Sodium acetate is strong electrolyte which

dissociate complete in aqueous solution
 Common Ion Effect
When acetic acid and sodium acetate are in same
solution the CH3COO- ions shift equilibrium towards
left

 so, the equilibrium concentration of [H+] ions

decreases
 Common Ion Effect
Presence of CH3COO- ions causes less ionization of
acetic acid
 Common Ion Effect

Whenever a weak electrolyte and a strong

electrolyte containing a common ion are
together in a solution, the weak electrolyte
ionizes less than it would if it is alone in
solution.
 Common Ion Effect
Silver chloride is weak electrolyte which ionize
partially in aqueous solution

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

←adding
 
NaCl( aq ) shifts equilibrium position
Sodium chloride is strong electrolyte which
dissociate complete in aqueous solution.

NaCl Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

 Common Ion Effect
Ammonia is weak base which ionize partially in
aqueous solution

The addition of ammonium ion from strong

electrolyte e.g NH4Cl cause equilibrium to shift
towards left and lower [OH-] concentration
 Buffers
They are weak acids or weak bases containing a
common ion.

After addition of strong acid or base, they resist

changes in pH
 Buffers
Human blood is a complex buffer solution with pH 7.4
 How buffers work
The acid dissociation of weak acids can be written
as:
 How buffers work

When a strong base (OH-) is added to buffer

solution
The OH- ions reacts with buffer acid component to
produce water and X-
 How buffers work

When a strong acid (H+) is added to buffer solution

The H+ ions reacts with base component of buffer
to produce HX
Buffer Action
 Buffer Capacity

Buffer capacity represents the amount of H+

or OH− the buffer can neutralize without a
significant change in pH.