called the branches of the original function.

The graph
consists of n branches(not necessarily disconnected),
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS each of which is met by the line x=a in exactly one point.
FUNCTIONS Kinds of function:
When two quantities x and y are related so that for 1. Odd function: f(x) is an odd function if
some range of values of x the value of y is determined f(-x)=-f(x). Ex. F(x)=sinx
by that of x, we say that y is a function of x. It is 2. Even function: f(x) is an even function if
frequently desirable, particularly in the development of f(-x)=f(x). Ex. F(x)=x2
the theory, to work with a large class of functions rather
than with a specific one. Therefore we use a symbol such
as f(x), which is read “f of x”, to denote a function of x.
We write y = f (x). Note:
• the product of an even and odd function is an
Independent variable—the variable x which takes odd function.
the first of the two number in the ordered pair (x,y). • the product of two odd functions is an even
also called argument of the function f(x). function.
Dependent variable— the second variable y in the • The product of two even function is an even
set of ordered pair (x,y). function.
Example 1: Find the domain of the function:
Domain— the permissible values of the independent
variable. 1− x2
Range— the set of values taken out from the y= . a. x< ½ b. x> ½
2
independent variable.
Notation: Interval of domain c. any value of x d. 1< x < ½
1. a<x<b x is simultaneously greater than a and Example 2. Find the range of the function in
less than b, the set is called open interval; set problem 1. a. y< ½ b. y> ½
of all x’s from a to b inclusive. c. y  ½ d. y  ½
2. axb closed interval, the set of all x’s
from a to b inclusive. Example 3. Find the inverse of the function in
problem 1.
3. axb half open interval, set of all x’s
a. x = 1 − y b. y = 1− 2 x
2
greater than or equal to a but less than b.
Inverse of a function y = 1 / 2( 1 − x 2 ) d. x = 1− 2 y
c.
Let y = f (x). the inverse of a function, denoted by Example 4. Evaluate f (−1) for the function in
f ' ( x) is obtained by replacing x by y and y by x, then problem 1.
a. 1 b. 0 c. ½ d. - ½
solve for y. the result is called the inverse of a function.
Example 5. Evaluate f [ f (3)] for the function in
Types of function;
1) Implicit function: f(x,y)=0; there is an implied problem 1.
relation between variables.
a. -4 b. -15/2 c. -1/2 d. -3.5
Example: x2-2y+1=0; xcosy + ycosx=1
2) Explicit function: y=f(x) dependent variable is Example 6. Given f ( x) = 3x 2 − 2 x + 1,
expressed as a function of independent variable.
Example: y=1 + x2; x = 2y2-3 find f (a + 1).
When the relation y = f (x) is such that there is only a. 3a2 +4a + 2 b. 3a2 – 4a + 2
one value of y for each admissible x, then f(x) is said to c. 4a2 + 4a – 2 d. 3a – 4a2 + 1
be a one-valued function of x. Graphically this means
that if the function is defined for x=a, the vertical line LIMITS:
x=a intersects the curve in one and only one point. Let f(x) be a function of x and let a be constant. If
Frequently, however, the law connecting x and y there is a number L such that, in order to make the value
determines two or more values of y, in general distinct, of f(x) as close to L as maybe desired, it is sufficient to
for each value of x. Say that there are n values of y choose x close enough to a, but different from a, then we
corresponding to each value of x. It is then possible the say that the limit of f(x), as x approaches a, is L. We
values of y so as to form n distinct one-valued functions,

1
write Limx→a f ( x) = L . Which is read “ the limit of Note; for no. 2 indeterminate form, change the form
of the given function in the form of that in 1 so that the
f(x), as x approaches a, is L.” L,HOPITAL RULE can be applied.
THEOREMS ON LIMITS:
1) Limit of a constant C; lim x→a C = C Example 7. Evaluate lim  →0 1 − sin 2  .
a. 0 b. 1 c. ∞ d. -1
2) Limit of a variable x; lim x→a x = a x 2 − 16
3) Limit of sum of two functions; Example 8. Evaluate lim x→4 .
x−4
lim x→a  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim x→a f ( x) + lim x→a g ( x) a. 4 b. -4 c. 8 d. 0
sin 
4) Limit of product of two functions; Example 9. Evaluate lim  →0 .

lim x→a [ f ( x) g ( x)] = [lim x→a f ( x)][ lim x→a g ( x)] a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. ∞
Example 10. Evaluate lim x→0 x csc 5 x.
5) Limit of a quotient;
f ( x) lim x→a f ( x) a. 0 b. 5 c. 1/5 d. ∞
lim x→a =
g ( x) lim x→a g ( x) x
tan
6) Limit of a radical; Example 11. Evaluate lim x→1 (2 − x) 2 .
lim x→a n f ( x) = n lim x→a f ( x) a. eπ b. e2/π c. eπ/2 d. e2

Limits to infinity or zero: CONTINIUTY:

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a if all
lim x→ cx = + for positive c
1. three of the following conditions are satisfied:
= − for negative c 1.) f(a) exists;
c
2. lim x → =0 2.) Lim x→a f (x) exists;
x
lim x→
x
= + for positive c 3.) Lim x→a f ( x) = f ( a ) .
3. c
= − for negative c Missing point discontinuities;
Consider a function f(x) which is not defined when
c
lim x→0 = + forpositive c x=a, but such that
4. x
Lim x→a f (x) exists, the function is discontinuous at
= − for negative c
x=a because condition 1 is not satisfied. Graphically the
curve appears, to the eye, to be continuous, but the single
point x=a is missing.
L’HOPITALS RULE:
If the function f(x) and g(x) are continuous in an open Finite Jumps;
interval containing x=a, and if their derivatives exist and It may happen that, at x=a, the function has both a
g’(x)  0 in this open interval (except possibly at x=a), left-hand and a right-hand limit, but the two are not
then when f(a)=0 and g(a)=0. equal:
f ( x) f ' ( x)
lim x→a = lim x→a provided that the
g ( x) g ' ( x)
limit on the right side exists.

INDETERMINATE FORMS:
0 
1) 1. , L’HOPITALS is directly
0 
applicable.

2) 2.  − , 0 • , 0 ,  ,1
0 0

L’HOPITALS RULE is not directly applicable.

2
 Lim x→a − f (x) =L 1 ; Lim x→a + f (x) =L 2 , L 1  L 2 Derivative;
If an increment y of a function y = f (x) is
divided by  x, the quotient gives the average rate of
change of y with respect to x in the interval from x to x+
f(x)  x. Symbolically,
y f ( x + x) − f ( x)
=
x x
f(x) The procedure for finding the derivative of a given
function maybe summarized in the following four step
rule:
1) Substitute x+ xx and y+ y in y = f(x).
0
2) Subtract y = f(x) from the result of 1 to
obtain y in terms of x and x.
Infinite discontinuities;
3) Divide both sides of 2 by x.
A frequently occurring type of discontinuity is that in
which the function increases numerically without bound 4) Find the limit of 3 as  x approaches
as x approaches a: we say that the function has an
infinite discontinuity at x=a. Graphically this means that zero.
the curve approaches the line x=a, usually without ever
reaching it, at the same time receding from the x-axis. It Example 14. Find the derivative of
may happen that f(x) becomes large and positive, or y = 2 x 2 + 3x + 1.
large and negative, on both sides of the line x=a, see
figure, if so write a. y ' = 2 x + 3 b. y ' = 4 x + 3
c. y ' = 2 x + 1 d. y ' = 2 x − 4
Lim x→a f (x) = or Lim x→a f (x) = − 
TABLE OF DERIVATIVES:

As the case maybe. BASIC FORMULA:

d d
*A polynomial is continuous for all values of x. 1. (C ) = 0 2. ( x) = 1
*A rational algebraic fraction is continuous except for dx dx
those values of x for which the denominator vanishes. d n d du
3. ( x ) = nx n −1 4. (cu) = c
Example 12. Find the point of discontinuity of the dx dx dx
d du dv
x +1 5. (u + v) = +
function; y = . dx dx dx
x − 3x + 2
2
d dv du
a. x=2 and x=0 b. x=1 and x=2 6. (uv) = u +v
dx dx dx
c. x=0 d. x=2 and x=4
du du dv
Example 13. Find the point of discontinuity of the −c v −u
d c dx d u
x−4 7. ( )= 8. ( ) = dx 2 dx
function, y = . dx u u 2
dx v v
x 2 − 16 dy dy dt dy 1
Increments;
9. = 10. =
dx dt dx dx dx
If a variable x changes from one fixed value x1 to dy
another x2, the difference x2-x1 is called an increment of
x.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
x = x 2 − x1 and y = y 2 − y1 d du
11. (sin u ) = cos u
dx dx
d du
12. (cos u ) = − sin u
dx dx
3
 d du d du
13. (tan u ) = sec 2 u 30. (cosh u ) = sinh u
dx dx dx dx
14.
d
(cot u ) = − csc u2 du
31.
d
(tanh u ) = sec h u
2 du

dx dx dx dx
15.
d
(sec u ) = sec u tan u du 32.
d
(coth u ) = − csc h 2 u
du
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
16. (csc u ) = − csc u cot u 33. (sec h u ) = − sec h u tanh u
dx dx dx dx
d du
34. (csc h u ) = − csc h u coth u
Inverse Trigonometric functions:
dx dx
d 1 du
17. (arcsin u ) =
Inverse hyperbolic functions:
dx 1 − u 2 dx
− 1 du d 1 du
18.
d
(ar cos u ) = 35. (sinh −1 u ) =
dx 1 − u 2 dx
dx u 2 + 1 dx
d 1 du
19.
d
(arctan u ) =
1 du 36. (cosh −1 u ) =
dx 1 + u 2 dx dx u − 1 dx
2

d − 1 du d 1 du
20. (ar cot u ) = 37. (tanh −1 u ) =
dx 1 + u 2 dx dx 1 − u 2 dx
d 1 du d − 1 du
21. (arc sec u ) = 38. (coth −1 u ) = 2
dx u u 2 − 1 dx dx u − 1 dx
− 1 du d − 1 du
22.
d
(ar csc u ) = 39. (sec h −1u ) =
dx u u 2 − 1 dx
dx u 1 − u 2 dx
d −1 du
40. (csc h −1u ) =
dx u (1 + u ) dx
2 2
Logarithmic functions:
x+5
d 1 du Example 15. Find the derivative of y =
23. (ln u ) = x2 −1
dx u dx
with respect to x.
d 1 du
24. (log u ) = (log e) x 2 + 10 x + 1 x 2 − 10 x + 1
dx u dx a. − b.
d du ( x 2 − 1) 2 ( x 2 − 1) 2
25. (log b u ) = log b e 2x 2x
dx u dx c. d. 2
( x − 1) 2
2
( x − 1) 2
Exponential functions: Example 16. Find the derivative of the function,
d u du y = (e ln x ) 2 .
26. (e ) = e u a. 1/x2 b. 2x c. 2/x d. 2/x2
dx dx
d u du Example 17. Find the derivative of
27. (a ) = a (ln a)
u

dx dx y = sin(ln x 2 ).
d v du dv
28. (u ) = u v + ln u 2 cos(ln x 2 ) 2 cos(ln x)
dx dx dx a. y ' = b. y '=
x x
2
2 cos(ln x ) 3 cos(ln x 2 )
Hyperbolic functions: c. y ' = d . y' =
3x x
d du
29. (sinh u ) = cosh u
dx dx

4
Example 18. Find dy/dt if y= x2 + 3x +1 and ( x − h)
x = t2 + 2. y−k=− .
f ' ( h)
a. 4t3 + 14t b. 2t c. 4t3 + 14
d. 3t2 + 14t +2 Example 23. Find the slope of the line tangent
to the curve y = x − 2 x + 1 at x = 1.
3

Example 19. What is the first derivative of the a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0

expression ( xy) x = e .
y (1 + ln xy) y (1 + ln xy)
a. − b. Example 24. Determine the slope of the tangent
x x line to a curve
2 y (1 + ln xy) y (1 + ln 2 xy) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 4 y − 21 = 0 at (0,7).
c− d.−
x x a. -1/2 b. -3/4 c. 3/5 d. -4/5
Example 20. Evaluate the first derivative of Example 25. Find the slope of the line whose
implicit function: 4 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 0. parametric equations are;
X = 4t + 6 and y = t – 1.
a. 1 b. ½ c. ¼ d. 2/5
4x + y 4x + y Example 26. Find the equation of the line tangent
a. − b.
x+ y x+ y to the curve y = 3x − 4 x + 1 at
2

point where x = 1.
4x + y 4x + 2 y a. y = x +1 b. y = 2x – 2
c. − d. − c. y = 3x – 1 d. y = 3x – 2
x + 2y x+ y
Example 21. Find the second derivative of the Example 27. At what point on the curve y = x3
implicit function; 4 x + 8 y = 36.
2 2
is the normal parallel to 3x + y = 5?
a. (±1/3, ±1/27) b. (±1/3, 1/27)
a. -9/4y3 b. 16/y4 c. -9/4y4 d. -9/y3 c. (1/3, ±1/27) d. (1/3, 1/27)

Derivative interpreted as rate of change;

Example 22. Find the second derivative of the
parametric equations: The rate of change of y corresponding to the given
value of x, or the instantaneous rate:
x = t 3 + 2t − 4 and y = t 3 − t + 2. dy y
= Lim = rate of change of y with
18t 28t dx x →0 x
a. b.
(3t + 2)
2 3
(3t + 2) 3
2 respect to x.

12t 6t Curvature and radius of curvature;

c. d.
(3t + 2) 3
2
(3t + 2) 3
2 Curvature refers to the rate of change of the direction
of the curve. Thus a circle of smaller radius has great
curvature, or is sharply curved.
Derivative interpreted as slope;
The slope of the tangent line defines the slope of a The curvature, k, of the curve y=f(x) is;
curve at the point of tangency; hence y"
The slope of the curve y = f(x) at the point (h,k) is k=
f’(h).
[1 + ( y ' ) 2 ]3 / 2
Radius of curvature;
dy
Slope of tangent at P(x,y) = . The radius of curvature,  , is the reciprocal of the
dx curvature, k, or:
Since the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
1 [1 + ( y ' ) 2 ]3 / 2
(h,k) has the slope f’(h), the equation of the tangent line = =
is; k y"
y − k = f ' (h)( x − h)
Circle of curvature
The normal line to the curve y=f(x) at (h,k) is defined
as the line through (h,k) perpendicular to the tangent at
that point. Hence the slope of the normal is –

5
 At any point on a curve y = f (x) , where y’ and y” Test for maximum and minimum points:
exist and y”  0, there is associated with the curve a
circle, which is called the circle of curvature with the Second derivative test:
following equation: At a point where y’ = 0, if y”  0, y is a maximum
point; if y”  0, y is a minimum point; if y” = 0, the test
( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 fails.
the center (h,k) and radius r of the curve is;
Applications of maxima and minima
y '[1 + ( y ' ) 2 ]
h= x− General procedure for solving maxima and minima
y" problems;
1 + ( y' ) 2 1. Express the quantity to be maximized or
k = y+ minimized in terms of a single variable.
y" 2. Differentiate the function determined in
2 3/ 2
[1 + ( y ' ) ] procedure 1 and set the derivative equal to
r== zero.
y" 3. Solve for values of the variable and
determine by inspection or otherwise whether
they maximize or minimize the given
x3
Example 28-30. Given a curve y= at point quantity.
3
x = 1. Example 31- 34. For the curve
Example 28. find the curvature. 3x 2
a. 0.707 b. 1.41 c. 1.23 d. 1.56 y = x3 − − 6 x + 1, .
2
Example 29. find the radius of curvature.
Example 31. find the maximum point.
a. 0.707 b. 1.41 c. 1.23 d. 1.56
a. (-1,9/2) b. (1,3) c. (-2,3.5) d. (1,-4.5)
Example 30. find the center of curvature.
Example 32. find the minimum point.
a. (0,1) b. (0,4/3) c. (1,2) d. (1,0)
a. (2,-9) b. (2,6) c. (1,6) d. (-1, 9)
Maxima, minima; critical points Example 33. find the inflection point.
A function y = f(x) is said to be an increasing
a. (1, -3) b. (1/2, -9/4) c. (2, 3) d. ( 4, 7)
function of x if its value increases as x increases.
Example 34. determine the concavity of the
Similarly, it is decreasing function of x if y decrease as x
curve at x = 1.
increases. In terms of slope; if y’0, y increases; and if
a. upward b. downward
y’ 0, y decreases. The point on the curve where the
c. to the left d. to the right
function changes from increasing to decreasing is
Example 35. A function y + y + x − 2 x = 5 ,
2 2
called maximum point, and the point where the
function changes from decreasing to increasing is what x value maximizes y?
called a minimum point. The points at which y’= 0 are a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d. 3
called critical points, and the corresponding value of x Example 36. The cost C of a product is a
are the critical value of x. function of the quantity x of the product is given
by the relation: C ( x) = x − 4000x + 50.
2
Points of inflection; Concavity
Find the quantity for which the cost is a
The second derivative is the rate of change of the minimum.
first derivative. It follows that when y” is positive, y’ is a. 4000 b. 2000 c. 3000 d. 5000
increasing: as x increase, the tangent turns in a Example 37. The volume of the closed
counterclockwise sense and the curve is concave cylindrical tank is 11.3m3. If the total surface area
upward. When y” is negative, y’ decreases; the curve is is a minimum, what is its base radius?
concave downward. A point of inflection is a point at a. 1.216m b. 1.56m c. 3.45m d. 2.35m
which the curve changes from concave upward to Example 38. A rectangular field is to be
concave downward, or vice versa. fenced into four equal parts. What is the size of the
Inflection point- a point at which the curve changes its largest field that can be fenced this way with a
direction of concavity. fencing length of 1500ft if the division is to be
parallel to one side?
A function y = f (x) has an inflection a. 45,000ft2 b. 62,500ft2
c. 23,450 ft2 d. 12,500 ft2
point at x=a if f ' (a) = 0 and f " (a) = 0.

6
 EXAMPLE 39. Find the altitude of the cylinder of Differential;
maximum volume which can be inscribed in a right The differential of any function is equal to its
circular cone of radius r and height h. derivative multiplied by the differential of the
a. ½ h b. 1/3 h c. 2/3 h d. ¾ h independent variable.

EXAMPLE 40. Find the area of the largest Partial differentiation;

rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse
x2 y2 Partial derivatives
+ = 1. Consider the functions,
a2 b2
a. 4ab b. 3ab c. 2ab d. ab z = f ( x, y, t ) if it is differentiated with respect
to each independent variable while the other
Time rates; variable held constant the derivative is called partial
The fact that derivative of a function is identical with derivative.
its rate of change leads to a great variety of applications;
z f ( x, y, t ) z f ( x, y, t )
those in which time is the independent variable are = , = ,
especially important. Frequently the problems of rates is x x y y
most conveniently solved by expressing the variable z f ( x, y, z )
whose rate of change is to be found, in terms of another =
variable whose rate is known, and then differentiating t y
with respect to time the equation connecting them. The total differential, Consider a function.
Example 41. The distance a body travels is a function of z = f ( x, y, t ) with the corresponding partial
time and is given by x(t ) = 16t + 8t . Find its
2 derivatives of
velocity and acceleration at t = 3. z z z
a. 64, 16 b. 16, 48 c. 16, 24 d. 24, 78 , ,
Example 42. A car starting at 12 noon travels west
x y t
at a speed of 30 kph. Another car starting from the then the total differential is
same point at 2:00 PM travels north at 45kph. Find how
z z z
fast the two are separating at 4:00 PM? dz = dx + dy + dt.
a. 62kph b. 12kph c. 51 kph d. 109kph x y t
Example 43. The height of a right circular cylinder is 50 Example 47. Find the partial derivatives with
in. and decreases at the rate of 4 ips, while the radius of
the base is 20 in. and increase at the rate of 1ips. At what respect to x of the function:
rate is the volume changing? f ( x, y) = xy 2 − 5 y + 6 .
a. 1987.45in3/s b. 1256.64in3/s a. y2- 5 b. xy – 5y c. y2 d. 2xy
c. 3245.23in3/s d. 3456.78in3/s Example 48.a. find the total differential of the function
Example 44. a. At a certain instant the dimensions of a
rectangle parallelepiped are 4, 5, and 6 feet, and they are xy + z 2 .
each increasing, respectively, at the rates 1, 2, and 3 fps. a. ydx + xdy + 2zdz b. xdy + ydx + zdz
At what rate is the volume increasing? c. ydx + xdy + zdz c. zdx + ydy + zdy
a. 138 b. 153 c. 72 d. 231
Example 45. A kite, at a height of 60ft, is moving PRACTICE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENTIAL
horizontally at a rate of 5fps away from the boy who CALCULUS
flies it. How fast is the cord being released when 100ft
are out? Direction: Answer the following problems.

a. 4fps b. 3 c. 5 d. 2 1. (CE November 1997) Evaluate the following

limit:
Example 46. The base and the base angles of an
isosceles triangle are increasing at the respective rates of
x2 −1
lim 2
2fps and 50 per second. When the base is 10ft long and x →1 x + 3 x − 4

the base angles are 450, find the rate at which the altitude A. 2/5 B. infinity C. 0 D.5/2
is increasing.
2. (ECE November 1997) Evaluate the
a. 1.87fps b. 1.21 c. 2.21 d. 3.21 limit (x-4) / (x2-x-12) as x approaches 4
A. 0 B. Undefined C.1/7 D. Infinity
3. (ECE November 1997) Evaluate the limit
(1n x) / x as x approaches positive infinity.

7
 A. 1 B. 0 C. e D. infinity 17. (CE May 1999) Find the second derivative
of y= x-2 at x=2
4. (ME October 1997) Evaluate the following
A. 96 B. 0.375 C.-0.25 D.-0.875
x+4
limit: lim 18. (ME October 1997) Give the function f(x)=
x→ x−4 x3 –5x+2, find the value of the first derivative
A. 1 B. Indefinite C. 0 D. 2 at x=2,
A. 7 B. 3x 2–5 C. 2 D.8
1 − cos x
5. (EE April 1995) Evaluate: lim 19. (ME April 1998) Given the function f(x)= x
x→0 x2 to the 3rd power –6x+2, find the value of the
A. 0 B. ½ C. 2 D. –1/2 first derivative at x=2,
6. Find dy/dx if y= 52x+1 A. 6 B. 3x –5 C. 7 D. 8
A. 5 2x+1 In 5 B .5 2x+1 In 25 20. Find the point in the parabola y2 =4x at which
C. 52x+1 In 10 D. 52x+1 In 2 the rate of change of the ordinate and
abscissa are equal.
x
7. Find dy/dx if y = e A.(1,2) . (2,1) C. (4,4) D. (–1,4)
x x 21. Find the angle that the curve 𝑦 = 1 − √3x
A. e /2 x B. e / x
cut the x axis
x −2 x
C. ex/ x D. e A. 77
o
B. 75
o
C. 79
o
D.120
o

8. If a is a simple constant, what is the

22. (CE May 1999) Find the angle that the line
derivative of y = xa?
A. a x a-1 B. (a-1)x C. xa-1 [Link] 2y-9x-18=0 makes with the x-axis.
o o o
A. 74.77 B.4.5 C. 47.77 D 77.470
9. (ME April 1996) Find the derivative of the
function 2x2 + 8x+9 with respect to x. 23. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x =
[Link](x)= 4x-8 [Link](x)=2x+9 y3 at (1,1)
C. Df(x)=2x+8 D. Df(x)=4x+8 A. 4.72 B. 3.28 C. 4.67 D. 5.27
10. Find dy/dx if = In x 24. (CE November 1998) The chords of the
ellipse 64x2+25y2= 1600 having equal slopes
A. x / In x B. x/ In x of 1/5 are bisected by its diameter. Determine
C. 1/2x D. 2/x the equation of the diameter of the ellipse.
11. Evaluate the differential of tan  . A. 5x-64y=0 B. 64x-5y=0
A. In sec  d  B. In cos  d  C. 5x+64y=0 D. 64x+5y=0
25. Divide 120 into two parts so that the product
C.. sec  tan  d  D. sec2  d of one and the square of the other is
maximum. Find the numbers.
12. (ME April 1997) If y=cos x, what is dy/dx?
A. 60 and 60 B. 100and 20
A. sec x B. –sec x
C. 70 and 50 D. 80 and 40
C. sin x D.-sin x
26. If the sum of two numbers is C, find the
13. The derivative of In (cos x) is:
minimum value of the sum of their squares.
A. sec x B. –sec x
A. C2/2 B. C2/4 C. C2/6 D. C2/8
C. –tan x D. tan x
14. (CE May 1997) Find the derivative of 27. Two cities A and B are 8 km and 12 km,
arccos 4x with respect to x. respectively, north of a river which runs due
A. –4/ [ 1-(4x)^2]^ 2 B.-4 [1-(4x)2]^0.5 east. City B being 15 km east of A. A
C. 4/ [1-(4x)^2]^0.5 D.-4/[(4x)^2-1]^0.5 pumping station is to be constructed (along
the river) to supply water for the two cities.
15. (CE November 1997) What is the first
Where should the station be located so that
derivative of y = arcsin 3x.
the amount of pipe is a minimum?
3 3 A. 3 km east of A B. 4 km east of A
A. - B.
1 + 9x 2
1 + 9x 2 C. 9 km east of A D. 6 km east of A
3 3
C. - D. 28. A boatman is at A, which is 4.5 km from the
1 − 9x 2 1 − 9x 2 nearest point B on a straight shore BM. He
wishes to reach, in minimum time, a point C
16. (ECE November 1997) If y= x (1n x), find situated on the shore 9 km from B. How far
d2y/dx2 from C should he land if he can row at the
A. 1/x2 B. –1/x C. 1/x D. –1/x2 rate of 6 Kph and walk at the rate of 7.5 Kph?
A. 1 km B. 3 km C. 5 km D. 8 km

8
29. (ECE April 1998) A statue 3 m high is 38. The surface area of the sphere (initially zero)
standing on a base of 4 m high. If an increases uniformly at the rate of 26 sq. cm.
observer’s eye is 1.5 m above the ground, per second. Find the rate at which the radius
how far should stand from the base in order is increasing after two seconds.
that the angle subtended by the statue is a A. 0.59 cm/sec B. 0.62 cm/sec
maximum? C. 0.509 cm/sec D. 0.52 cm/sec
A. 3.41 m B. 3.51 m
C. 3.71 m D. 4.41 m 39. There is a constant inflow of a liquid into a
30. An iron bar 20 m long is bent to form a conical vessel 15 feet deep and 7.5 feet in
closed plane area. What is the largest area diameter at the top. Water is rising at the rate
possible? of 2 feet per minute when the water is 4 feet
A. 21.56 m2 B. 25.68 m2 deep. What is the rate of inflow in cu. ft. per
C. 28.56m2 D. 31.83 m2 minute?
31. A rectangular box having a square base and A. 8.14 B. 7.46 C. 9.33 D. 6.28
open at the top is to have a capacity of 16,823
40. (ECE November 1995) The rate of change
cc. Find the height of the box to use the least
of a function of y with respect to x equals 2-
amount of the material.
y, and y=8 when x=0. Find y when x= In (2).
A. 16.14 cm B. 32.28 cm
A. 2 B. –5 C. 5 D. –2
C. 18.41 cm D. 28.74 cm
32. (ECE Board March 1996, November 1998) 41. Water is pouring into a swimming pool.
The altitude of a cylinder of maximum
After t hours, there are t + t gal. in the
volume that can be inscribed in a right
circular cone of radius r and height h is: pool. At what rate in gpm is water pouring
A. h/3 B. 2h/3 C. 3h/2 D. h/4 into the pool when t=9hrs.?
a. 1.17 b. 0.7 c. 0.2 d. 0.02
33. (CE May 1997) What is the least amount of
tin sheet, in sq. meter, that can be made into a d2
closed cylindrical can having a volume of 42. 2
(ln x 2 ) is equal to
108 cu. meter?
dx
A.125 square meter B. 137 square meter 1 −2 2
C. 150 square meter D. 120 square meter a. 2x b. c. d.
34. A van is 5 km due north of a bus at 2:00 p.m. x2 x2 x2
If the van is traveling northward at the rate of
1 dy
60 kph and the bus is traveling westward at 43. If y = , what is ?
the rate of 75 kph, how fast will the two be ln x dx
separating at 5:00 p.m.?
A. 85.36 kph B. 96.04 kph 1 −1
a. 2
b.
C. 98.65 kph D. 102.54 kph x ln x x(ln x) 2
35. (CE May 1997) A car drives east from point
A at 30 kph. Another car starting from B at
1
c. d. xlnx-x
the same time, drive S 300 W toward A at 60 x(ln x)
kph. B is 30 km away from A. How fast in 44. Determine the altitude of the largest circular
kph is the distance between the two cars cylinder that can be inscribed in a right circular
changing after one hour? cone
A. 76.94 kph B.78.94 kph of radius 6 inches and of height 15 inches.
C. 75.94 kph D. 77.94 kph a.12 inches b. 8 inches
36. (CE November 1996) A car starting at 12:00 c. 5 inches d. 10 inches
noon travels west at a speed of 30 kph. 45. A balloon is rising vertically over a point A on
Another car starting from the same point at the ground at the rate 15 ft/sec. A point B on
2:00 PM travels north at 45 kph. Find how the ground level is with the same horizontal
fast the two are separating at 4:00 PM? plane as A and 30 ft from it, when the balloon
A. 55 B. 57 C. 51 D. 53 is 40 ft from A, at what rate is its distance from
37. (ECE April 1998) A balloon is rising B changing?
vertically over a point A on the ground at the a. 12 ft/sec b. 15 ft/sec
rate of 15 ft/sec. A point B on the ground is c. 18 ft/sec d. 21 ft/sec
level with and 30 ft from A. When the 46. Find the equation of the line tangent to the
balloon is 40 ft from A, at what rate is its circle x 2 + y 2 − 34 = 0 at point (3,5).
distance from B changing?
a. 3x + 5 y + 34 = 0 b. 3x + 5 y − 34 = 0
A. 10 ft/s B. 12 ft/s
C. 13 ft/s D. 15 ft/s c. 3x − 5 y − 34 = 0 d.- 3x + 5 y − 34 = 0

9
47. A light is placed on the ground 4 feet from a
point path leading up to a building. The light is
20ft from the building. A man 6ft tall walks
along the path towards the building at the rate
of 6ft/s. How fast is his shadow on the building
shortening when he is 8ft from the building?
a. -2fps b. -3fps
c. -4fps d. -5fps
48. An ideal gas is compressed isothermally in a
cylinder 4” in diameter and 6” long at an initial
pressure 15psia by a piston moving at 3fps. At
what rate is the pressure changing when the
piston is halfway through the cylinder.
a. 260psia/sec b. 360psia/sec
c. 460psia/sec d. 560psia/sec
49. If y = x ln x , find y”:
a. -1/x b.) -1/x2 c.) 1/x d.) 1/x2
50. Three sides of a trapezoid are each 8cm long.
How long is the fourth side when the area of the
trapezoid has the greatest value?
a.) 15 cm b.) 16 cm
c.) 12 cm d.) 10cm
51. Water running out a conical funnel at the rate of
1in3/s. If the radius of the base of the funnel is 4
in and the altitude is 8 in., find the rate at which
the water level is dropping when it is 2 in from
the top.
a.) -3/2pi ips b.) 2/3pi ips
c.) -4/9pi ips d.) 1/9pi ips
1
52. Evaluate lim (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)2 .
𝜃→0
a.1 b) 0 c) 2 d) 3
𝑥 2 −16
53. Evaluate: lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
a.3 b) 1 c) 2 d) 8

10
 5
6. Given f(x) = 𝑥−2 and g(x) = 2x +1. Find (f •
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
g)(3)
1. The domain and range of the function y= x2 a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−4
a.D(-∞, ∞), R[0, +∞) b) D(∞, 0), R[2, +∞) 7. For the rational function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ,
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
c) D(3, 3), R[5, +∞) d) D(-3, 3), R[2, +∞) I. Determine the x-intercepts;
2. Let f(x) be defined by f(x) =
𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3 a. ½, -4 b. ¼, -4 c. 1/3, 2 d. 2, -4
{ 5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3. Determine the domain
2𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 3 < 𝑥 II. Determine the y-intercepts;
and range.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
a)𝐷[(−∞, +∞) , 𝑅 [(−∞, 2) ∪ (7, ∞)]
b) 𝐷(∞, −∞), 𝑅[(∞ − 3) ∪ (−5, ∞)] III. Determine the equation of vertical
asymptotes;
𝑐)𝐷(∞, +∞), 𝑅 [ ( ∞, 3) ∪ (7, ∞)]
d) 𝐷(∞, −∞), 𝑅[(∞, +5) ∪ (6, ∞)] a. x = 1 and x = -2 b. x =2 & x = 3
c. x = 4 & x = 6 d. x =3 & x = 7
3. Given the function f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 4, find. IV. Determine the equation of horizontal
I. f(0) a) -4 b) -5 c) 6 d) 7 asymptotes;
II. f(2) a) 16 b) 12 c) 18 d) 14 a.y = 2 b. y = 5 c. y = 8 d. y =
III. f(h) a) h3+ 3h2 – 4 b) h +h -2 10
2
c) h - 3h +6 d) h4 + 2h +5 8. Determine the vertical and slant asymptotes of
IV. f(2x) 3 2
a) 8x + 12x - 4 b) 4x + 12x -6 𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5
the rational function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = .
𝑥−3
c) 3x2 + 43 -2 d) 6x + 2x3 +4
a.x = 3 & y = x – 1 b. x = 1 & y = x +2
V. f(x + h) a) ( x+ h)3 +3 (x+h)2 – 4
c. x = 4 & y = x -5 d. x = 4 & y = 2x + 1
b) (x+ h) + 3(x +h) -4 𝑥 5 −3
9. Find the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = .
c) (2x +h) +(x+ h) -3 2
1/5 1/5
d) 3(x +h) + (x –h)3 – 5 a. (2x + 3) b. a. (3x + 3)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) c. a. (2x + 2)1/5 d. a. (5x + 3)1/5
4. Find where h ≠0 if f(x) =√𝑥.
ℎ 10. Evaluate lim (4𝑥 − 5) =?
𝟏 2 𝑥→2
a) b)
√𝒙+𝒉+ √𝒙 √𝑥+√𝑥 a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 5
4 5
c) d) 𝑥 2 −49
√𝑥−ℎ+√𝑥 √𝑥+ℎ+√ℎ 11. Evaluate lim
𝑥→7 𝑥−7
5. Given that f and g are the functions defined by a) 14 b) 21 c) 8 d) 28
f(x) = √𝑥 + 1 and g(x) = √𝑥 − 4 . Determine: 1/𝑥
12. Evaluate lim 2
I. (f+g)(x) a) √𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 − 4 𝑥→∞ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

b) √𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 − 4 a) ½ b) 2/3 c) ¾ d) 4/5
5𝑥
c) √𝑥 − √4𝑥 13. Evaluate lim [𝐼𝑛 (2−𝑒 𝑥 )]
𝑥→0
d)√2𝑥 − √4𝑥 a) -5 b) -6 c) -4 d) -3
−1
II. (f – g)(x) a) √𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 − 4 14. Evaluate lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
𝑥→0
b) √𝑥 + √−4𝑥 a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
c) √𝑥 + √−2𝑥 15. Determine the type of discontinuity in the
d) √𝑥 − 1 − √4𝑥 𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
function: f(x) = { }.
3 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥
III. (f · g)(x) a) √𝑥 + 1 ∙ √𝑥 − 4
[Link] b. infinite c. zero d. point
b) √𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 5 16. Find the derivative of the function 2x2 + 8x + 9
c) √𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 − 4 with respect to x.
d) √𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 − 4 a) Df(x) = 4x + 8 b) Df(x) = 2x +9
√𝑥+1 c) Df(x) = 2x + 8 d) Df(x) = 4x - 8
IV. (f/g)(x) a)
√𝑥−4
17. Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛√𝑥
b) √𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 − 4
a) 1/2x ` b) x/ In x
√𝑥−4
c) c) √𝑥/ 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 d) 2/x
√𝑥−1
d) √𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 − 4 18. What is the first derivative of y = arcsin 3x.

11
 3 3 supply water for the two cities. Where should
a) b) 1+9𝑥 2
√1−9𝑥 2
3 3
the station be located so that the amount of pipe
c) − 1−9𝑥 2 d) is minimum?
√1+9𝑥 2
−2 a)6 km east of A b) 4 km east of
19. Find the second derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 at x= 2
a) 0.375 b) 96 A
c) -0.25 d) -0.875 c) 9 km east of A d) 3 km east of
20. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x4 A
– 2x2 + 8 through point (2, 16). 27. A statue 3m high is standing on a base of 4 m
a)24 b) 1/24 high. If an observer’s eye is 1.5 m above the
c) 20 d) 1/20 ground, how far should he stand from the base
21. Find the first derivative of the function xcos y in order that the angle subtended by the statue is
+ y cos x – 1 = 0. a maximum?
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 a)3.71 m b) 3.51 m
a.𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 b. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
c) 3.41 m d) 4.41 m
c. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 d. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 28. An open tank of rectangular shape with square
22. Find the second derivative of the parametric bases is to have a volume of 10 cubic meters.
equations x = 4 – t2 and y = t2 + 4t. The material for its bottom cost P 150.00 per
−1
a. 3 b. 1/t3 c. -2/t3 d. 3/t2 square meter, and that for the sides is P 60.00
𝑡
23. What is the slope of the curve x + y2 – 6x +
2 per square meter. The most economical height
10y + 5 =0 at (1, 0) is:
a) 2/5 b) 5/2 a)n2.5 m b) 2 m
c) -2/5 d) -5/2 c) 3 m d) 3.5 m
24. What is the radius of curvature, curvature and 29. The distance traveled by a train is given by the
center of curvature at point (1, 2) of the curve equation x = 3 t2 + 2t +4 where x is the distance
4x – y2 = 0? in km. and t is the time in hours. Determine the
a) 5.66, 0.176, (5, -2) velocity of the train after traveling 10 km.
b) 5.21, 0.289, (3, -1) a) 8.72 kph b) 18.72 kph
c) 6.21, 0.234, (2, -2) c) 23.5 kph d) 75.3 kph
d) 6.66, 0.361, (-2, 4) 30. A van is 5 km due north of a bus at 2:00 p.m. If
𝑥4 2𝑥 3 the van is traveling northward at the rate of 60
25. For the given function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − −
4 3
kph and the bus is travelling westward at the
5𝑥 2
+ 6𝑥 + 1; rate of 75kph, how fast will the two be
2
i. Determine the critical points; separating at 5:00 p.m.?
a. 3, 1, -2 b. 2, 1, 3 a)96.04 kph b) 85.36 kph
c. 3, 5, 1 d. 3, 2, 5 c) 75.94 kph d) 102.54 kph
ii. Determine the maximum points; 31. An airplane is flying horizontally at an altitude
a. 1, 49/12 b. 3, 49/12 of 9000 m. An observer on the ground noticed
c. -2, 49/12 d. 5, 49/12 that when the angle of elevation of the plane is
iii. Determine the minimum points; 60o, the angle decreases at the rate of 0.15
a. -2, 35/3 b. 1, -35/3 radians/second. What is the velocity of the
c. 3, -35/3 d. 4, -35/3 airplane?
iv. Determine the inflection points; a)1800 m/s b) 900 m/s
a. 2.12, -0.79 b. 1.21, -.032 c) 1400 m/s d) 600 m/s
c. 2.35, -0.65 d. 6.35, -0.48 32. The height of the right circular cylinder is 50
v. Determine the concavity at x = 1; inches and decreases at the rate of 4 inches per
[Link] downward b. concave second, while the radius of the base is 20 inches
upward c. straight d. not and increases at the rate of one inch per second.
existing At what rate is the volume changing?
26. Two cities A and B are 8 km and 12km, a)1257 [Link]./sec
respectively, north of a river which runs due b) 1275 [Link]/sec
east. City B being 15 km east of A. A pumping c) 11130 [Link]./sec
station is to be constructed (along the river) to d) 11310 [Link]./sec

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