Mathematical Analysis I

INSTRUCTOR: MAY VELUZ G. SALANSANG

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The following suggestions will be of great help in the drawing of
graphs of functions:

1. Find the derivatives f’(x), f’’(x), and the critical numbers of the f.
2. Determine if the critical numbers are maximum points or
minimum points (or neither). These are the points when the first
derivative changes sign.
3. Determine the intervals where f(x) is increasing or decreasing.
4. Find the intervals where their curve is concave upward,
concave downward and determine the points of inflection by
means of the change of signs of the second derivative.
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5. Plot the points of the relative extrema and connect the points by
arcs as implied by y’ and y’’.
6. Assign additional points, one on the right one on the left of the
extreme points.
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1. Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 4 by using the
properties of the derivative..

Step 1. Find y’ , y’’ , and the critical numbers.

y’ = 3x2 + 10x + 3
1
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0 , x = –
3
, –3
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1. Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 4 by using the
properties of the derivative..

Step 1. Find y’ , y’’ , and the critical numbers.

y’ = 3x2 + 10x + 3
1
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0 , x = –
3
, –3
y’’ = 6x + 10
5
6x + 10 = 0 , x=–
3
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Step 2. Divide the number line into regions determined by the
critical numbers.

5 5 1 1
x < –3 –3 < x < – – <x<– x>–
3 3 3 3

5 1
–3 – –
3 3

5 1
x = –3 x=– x=–
3 3
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Step 3. Construct the table, and determine the signs y’ and y’’
in the respective regions. Give the conclusions based on y’
and y’’.
Regions y y' y‘’ Remarks
x < –3 f increasing, curve
+ –
(ex. x = - 4) concave downward
(–3, 5) maximum
x = –3 y=5
point
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5
–3 < x < – f decreasing, curve
3 – –
(ex. x = –2) concave downward
5 7
5 7 − , point of
x=– y= 3 27
3 27
inflection
5 1
– <x<– f decreasing, curve
3 3 – +
(ex. x = -1 ) is concave upward
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1 121
5 –121 − ,−
x=– y= 3 27
3 27
minimum point
1
x>– f increasing, curve is
3 + +
(ex. x = 0) concave upward
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5 7
Step 4. Plot the critical points (–3, 5) , – , ,
3 27
1 121
– ,– , and apply the remarks to the graph.
3 27

Step 5. Plot additional points

1
One on the right of the critical number x = –
3
:{
1 121 x = 0 , y = –4
– ,– x=1,y=5
3 27
One on the left of the critical number x = –3
(–3, 5) : x = –4 , y = 0
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(-3, 5)

5 7
− ,
3 27

(-4, 0)

Note that the arrow indicates

that the graph tends to go up 1 121
or down indefinitely. − ,−
3 27
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2. Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 3x2 – 2 by using the properties
of the derivative.

Step 1. Find y’ and y’’, and the critical numbers.

y’ = 3x2 + 6x
3x (x + 2) = 0 , x = 0, –2
y’’ = 6x + 6 = 0 , x = –1
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Step 2. Form the regions with plotted critical numbers.

x < –2 –2 < x < –1 –1< x < 0 x >0

–2 –1 0

Step 3. Construct the table and determine the signs of y’ and

y’’ in the respective regions. Form the conclusions based on y’
and y’’.
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Regions y y' y'' Remarks
x < –2 f increasing, curve
+ –
(ex. x = -3) concave downward
(–2, 2) maximum
x = –2 y=2
point
–2 < x < –1 f decreasing, curve
– –
(ex. x = -1.5) concave downward
(–1, 0) point of
x = –1 y=0
inflection
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Regions y y' y'' Remarks
–1 < x < 0 f decreasing, curve
– +
(ex. x = -0.5) is concave upward
(0, –2) minimum
x=0 y = –2
point
f increasing, curve is
x>0 + +
concave upward
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Step 4. Plot the critical points (–2, 2), (–1, 0), (0, –2), and
apply the remarks to the graph.
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Step 4. Plot the critical points (–2, 2), (–1, 0), (0, –2), and
apply the remarks to the graph.

Step 5. Plot the additional points

One on the right of the critical point
(0, –2): x = 1, y = 2
One on the left of the critical number
(–2, 2): x = –3, y = –2
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(-2, 2)

(-1, 0)

Note that the arrow indicates (0, -2)

that the graph tends to go up
or down indefinitely.