Network & Communication

(CSE1004)
An Introduction to Network and Communication

-Nitin Singh Rajput

1
 Outline of the Lecture
 What is Data Communication ?
 What is Computer Networks ?
 Network Elements
 Types of Networks
 The Internet vs Internetworks
 Evolution of Networks
 Protocols Vs Standards
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for Computer Networking
 TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suit

2
 An Introduction

What do you mean by a network, in general?

3
 An Introduction

What do you mean by communication, in general?

4
 Data Communication
 The term telecommunication means communication
at a distance.
 The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.
 Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable or wireless channel.

5
 Data Communication Model

6
 Data Flow

7
 Network
 A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links.
 A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
 A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium
which can transport a signal carrying information.

8
 Why Networks are Required?
 They provide numerous advantages, such as:
 Resource sharing
 Exchange and sharing of information
 Interactions between people
 Parallel Computing

 Most people know about the Internet (a computer

network) through applications, such as:
 World Wide Web
 Email
 Online Social Network
 Streaming Audio Video
 File Sharing
 Instant Messaging
 …

9
 Application- Example
 We are using Teams to conduct this lecture session

10
 Application- Example
 We are using Teams to conduct this lecture session

11
 Application- Example
 We are using Teams to conduct this lecture session

12
 Elements of Networks
 Host (PCs, Laptop, etc.)
 Repeater
 Hub
 Switch
 Router
 Firewall
 Servers
 Communication medium

13
 Classification of Networks
Geographical PAN, LAN,
Span MAN, WAN

Inter- BUS, MESH,

Connectivity STAR, etc.

Networks Administration Public & Private

Client-Server,
Architecture Pear-to-Peer &
Hybrid

Communication Wired or
Type Wireless

14
 Classification of Networks
Geographical PAN, LAN,
Span MAN, WAN

Inter- BUS, MESH,

Connectivity STAR, etc.

Networks Administration Public & Private

Client-Server,
Architecture Pear-to-Peer &
Hybrid

Communication Wired or
Type Wireless

15
 Geographical Span of N/W

16
 Personal Area Network (PAN)

17
 Local Area Network (LAN)

18
 Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)

19
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

20
 Hybrid Scenario

A heterogeneous network
made of four WANs and
two LANs

21
 Classification of Networks
Geographical PAN, LAN,
Span MAN, WAN

Inter- BUS, MESH,

Connectivity STAR, etc.

Networks Administration Public & Private

Client-Server,
Architecture Pear-to-Peer &
Hybrid

Communication Wired or
Type Wireless

22
 Inter-Connectivity (Topology)
 Devices could be connected in verities of ways.

23
 Mesh Topology

24
 Star Topology

25
 Bus Topology

26
 Ring Topology

27
 Tree Topology

28
 Hybrid Topology

A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

29
 Hybrid Topology

30
 Hybrid Topology

31
 Topology

 There could be advantages and disadvantages of these

topologies.

 For example: Star topology has single point of failure

problem

32
 Topology

 There could be advantages and disadvantages of these

topologies.

Homework !

33
 Classification of Networks
Geographical PAN, LAN, MAN,
Span WAN

BUS, MESH,
Inter-Connectivity
STAR, etc.

Public &
Networks Administration
Private

Client-Server,
Architecture Pear-to-Peer &
Hybrid

Communication Wired or
Type Wireless

34
 Administration based
Classification of Network
 Public Network
 Private Network

35
 Classification of Networks
Geographical PAN, LAN,
Span MAN, WAN

Inter- BUS, MESH,

Connectivity STAR, etc.

Networks Administration Public & Private

Client-Server,
Architecture Pear-to-Peer
& Hybrid

Communication Wired or
Type Wireless

36
 Architecture Based
Classification of Networks

37
 Client Server Network

38
 Peer to Peer Network

39
 Hybrid Network

Pee to Peer and Client Server Hybrid Network

40
 Classification of Networks
PAN, LAN, MAN,
Geographical Span
WAN

BUS, MESH, STAR,

Inter-Connectivity
etc.

Networks Administration Public & Private

Client-Server, Pear-
Architecture
to-Peer & Hybrid

Communication Wired or
Type Wireless

41
 Connectivity based
Classification of Network
 Wired Computer Networks
 Internet
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

 Wireless Computer Networks

 Body Area Networks
 Ad hoc Networks
 Sensor Networks
 Mobile Networks

42
 Design Criteria of N/W
 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

43
 Evolution of Networks
 Telegraph and Telephone Networks:
 Before 1960
 Constant rate communication (connection has to be made
before sending the message)
 Not designed for bursty data.

 Packet-Switched Networks:
 first presented by Leonard Kleinrock in 1961 at MIT to deal
with bursty traffic.

 Cont …

44
 Evolution of Networks
 ARPANET
 Based on a concept first published in 1967
 The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switching
network with distributed control in 1967.
 Small network of connected computers- 4 Computer across
Universities.
 Computers from different manufacturers were unable to
communicate with one another.
 ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the
Internet.
 Cont …

45
 Evolution of Networks
 Birth of the Internet
 In 1972,Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, wanted to link dissimilar
networks so that a host on one network could
communicate with a host on another.
 Proposed the idea of a device called a gateway to serve as
the intermediary hardware to transfer data from one
network to another.
 The agency which played the major role, later, was Defense
Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA)

 Cont …

46
 Evolution of Networks
 Networked Systems
 Sensor Networks
 Wireless Networks
 Ad hoc Networks
 Body Area Networks
 Vehicular Networks
 Intelligent Transportation Systems
 Internet-of-Things
 Internet-of-Everything

47
 Evolution of Networks

48
 Evolution of Networks
Reference:
 https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/ARPANET
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
 https://theconversation.com/how-the-internet-was-born-from-
the-arpanet-to-the-internet-68072
 https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-
history-internet/

49
 The Internet Vs internetworks
 There is a huge difference between internetworks and the
Internet.

 The Internet is a type of inter-networks.

50
 Inter-networks
 When two or more networks are connected, they make
an inter-network

Office-1 Office-1I

51
 The Internet
 The Internet (or internet) is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between
networks and devices.
 It is a network of networks that consists of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.

52
 The Internet
 The Internet is a communication system (or Network)
that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips
and organized it for our use.
 The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
lives.
 It has affected the way we do business as well as the way
we spend our leisure time.

53
 The Internet

54
 Protocols Vs Standards
 Networking standards define the rules for data
communications that are needed for interoperability
of networking technologies and processes.
 Example: ISO-OSI Reference Model

 A network protocol is an established set of rules that

determine how data is transmitted between different devices
in a network.
 Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate with
each other, regardless of any differences in their internal
processes, structure or design.
 Example: HTTP, FTP, TCP, IP

55
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

56
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

ISO-OSI

57
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

ISO-OSI

International organization
of Standardization

58
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

ISO-OSI

International organization
of Standardization

Open System
Interconnection

59
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

ISO-OSI Reference Model

International organization
of Standardization

Open System
Interconnection

60
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
 Question: is there to organizer the network and
associated software?

 Answer:Yes by layering

61
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
 Question: Why layering ?

 Answer:
1. It helps in identification and categorization of components of
complex systems like Computer Networks
2. It eases the maintenance and updating of system i.e. changes
in implementation of one layer will not going to affect the
rest of system.

62
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Real World Example: Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (feedback)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing
63
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions and
 relying on services provided by adjacent layers

64
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

65
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

Data Data

66
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

67
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

68
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking

application
presentation
session
transport
network
link
physical

69
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 supporting network
applications application
presentation
session
transport
network
link
physical

70
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 supporting network
applications application
 allow applications to interpret presentation
meaning of data, e.g., session
translation, encryption,
compression transport
network
link
physical

71
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 supporting network
applications application
 allow applications to interpret presentation
meaning of data, e.g., session
translation, encryption,
compression transport
network
 session: session establishment,
synchronization link
physical

72
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 Transport: Service Point
Addressing, Segmentation, application
Error Control, Flow Control
presentation
session
transport
network
Data link
physical

73
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 Transport: Service Point
Addressing, Segmentation, application
Error Control, Flow Control
presentation
session
 Logical Addressing, Routing
transport
network
Data link
physical

74
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 Transport: Service Point
Addressing, Segmentation, application
Error Control, Flow Control
presentation
session
 Logical Addressing, Routing
transport
 DLL: Framing, Physical network
Addressing, Flow Control,
Error Control, Access Control Data link
physical

75
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Duties
 Transport: Service Point
Addressing, Segmentation, application
Error Control, Flow Control
presentation
session
 Logical Addressing, Routing
transport
 DLL: Framing, Physical network
Addressing, Flow Control,
Error Control, Access Control Data link
physical
 Physical Characteristics:
Interface, Medium, Data Rate,
Transmission Mode
76
 ISO-OSI Reference Model for
Computer Networking
Encapsulation

77
 TCP/IP Architecture

application

transport

network

link

physical

78
 TCP/IP Architecture
 application: supporting network
applications
application
 transport: process-to-process data
transfer transport

 network: routing of datagrams from network

source to destination
link
 link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical

 physical: bits “on the wire”

79
 TCP/IP Architecture
 application: supporting network
applications
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-to-process data
transfer transport
 TCP, UDP
 network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
 IP, routing protocols link
 link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
 Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi)
 physical: bits “on the wire”
 OFC, Twisted Cable, CAT 5 Cable
80
 ISO-OSI Reference Model Vs
TCP/IP Architecture

ISO-OSI
application
presentation
session
transport
network
Data link
physical

81
 ISO-OSI Reference Model Vs
TCP/IP Architecture

ISO-OSI TCP/IP
application application
presentation
transport
session
transport network
network
link
Data link
physical physical

82
 ISO-OSI Reference Model Vs
TCP/IP Architecture

ISO-OSI TCP/IP
application application
presentation
transport
session
transport network
network
link
Data link
physical physical

83
 TCP/IP Architecture:
Protocol Suit

84
 TCP/IP Architecture:
Addresses

85
 TCP/IP Architecture:
Addresses

URL

Port Numbers

IP Address

MAC Address

86
 TCP/IP Architecture:
Data Format

bit stream 01010010101100010

87
 About the Course

Any Query ???

88
 Thank you

89
90