Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E

Haryana
Haryana (/hʌriˈɑːnə/; Hindi:  [ɦəɾɪˈjɑːɳɑː]) is a state in
India located in the northern-part of the country. It was Haryana
carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1
State
November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in
terms of area, with less than 1.4% (44,212  km2 or
17,070 sq mi) of India's land area.[1][12] The state capital
is Chandigarh and the most populous city is Faridabad,
which is a part of the National Capital Region. The city of
Gurgaon is among India's largest financial and technology
hubs.[13] Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22
districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-
tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities
and towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages
panchayats.[12][14]

There are 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly

located within the industrial corridor projects connecting
the National Capital Region.[12][15] Cities like Gurgaon is
considered one of the major information technology and
automobile hubs of India.[16][17] Haryana is the 11th-
highest ranking among Indian states in human
development index.[10] The economy of Haryana is the
13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product
From top, left to right: Cyber City, Gurgaon,
(GSDP) of ₹7.65 trillion (US$100  billion) and has the
Pinjore Gardens, bronze chariot of Krishna and
country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹240,000 Arjuna at Kurukshetra, Lake in Surajkund.
(US$3,200).[9] Haryana has the highest unemployment
rate among Indian states.[18]

Rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna and

tourism, with a well developed economy, national
highways and state roads, it is bordered by Himachal
Pradesh to the north-east, by river Yamuna along its Seal
eastern border with Uttar Pradesh, by Rajasthan to the
west and south, and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its
northern border with Punjab. Since Haryana surrounds
the country's capital New Delhi on three sides (north,
west and south), consequently a large area of Haryana
state is included in the economically important National
Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and
development.

Contents
Etymology
History
Ancient period
Medieval period
Formation
Demographics
Religion
Languages
Culture
Music
Folk theatre and dances
Folk music and songs
Classical Haryanvi folk music
Desi Haryanvi folk music
Socially normative-cohesive impact Location of Haryana in India
Coordinates (Chandigarh): 30°44′N
Cuisine
76°47′E
Society
Country  India
Geography
Plains and mountains Statehood 1 November 1966
Hydrography Capital Chandigarh†
Climate Largest city Faridabad
Flora and fauna Smart cities Karnal and Faridabad
Districts 22
Forests
Wildlife Government
 • Body Government of Haryana
Environmental and ecological issues
 • Governor Bandaru Dattatreya
Administration  • Chief Manohar Lal Khattar
Divisions Minister (BJP)
Districts  • Deputy Chief Dushyant Chautala
Minister (JJP)
Law and order
 • Legislature Unicameral (90 seats)
Governance and e-governance  • Parliamentary Rajya Sabha (5 seats)

Economy constituency Lok Sabha (10 seats)

Agriculture Area[1]
Crops  • Total 44,212 km2
Fruits, vegetables and spices (17,070 sq mi)
Flowers and medicinal plants Area rank 21st
Livestock Population (2011)
Research  • Total 25,353,081
 • Rank 18th
Industrial sector
 • Density 573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)
Manufacturing
 • Density rank 10
Utilities
Demonym(s) Haryanvi
Services sector
Transport Languages[2][3]
Aviation  • Official Hindi
 • Regional Haryanvi · Ahirwati ·
Roads and Highways Mewati · Bagri
Railway [4][5][6][7][8]

Metro
 Sky Way GSDP (2020–21)[9]
 • Total ₹7.65 trillion
Communication and media
(US$100 billion)
Healthcare  • Per capita ₹239,535 (US$3,200)
Education Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
Literacy ISO 3166 code IN-HR
Schools Vehicle HR-xx
Universities and higher education registration

Sports HDI (2019) 0.708 [10] (High)

HDI rank 12th
See also Sex ratio 0.910♀/♂ [11]
References Literacy 83.78%
Sources Website haryana.gov.in (http://h
aryana.gov.in/)
External links
Symbols of Haryana
Emblem Emblem of Haryana
Etymology Mammal Black buck

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was

Bird Black francolin
known by this name because in the post- Mahabharata
period here lived the Abhiras.[19] who developed special
skills in the art of agriculture.[20] According to Pran Nath
Chopra Haryana got its name from Abhirayana- Flower Lotus
Ahirayana-Hirayana-Haryana.[21]

Tree Peepal
History
^† Joint Capital with Punjab

†† Common for Punjab, Haryana and

Ancient period
Chandigarh.
The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana
in Fatehabad district are home to the largest and one of the world's oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization
sites, dated at over 9,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater
collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze
and precious metals) have been uncovered. According to archaeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of
Harappan civilisation, which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the
Indus Valley.[23]

During the Vedic era, Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom, one of India's great Mahajanapadas.
The
south of Haryana is the claimed location of the Vedic Brahmavarta region.[24]

Medieval period

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli,
Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon (Ferozepur Jhirka), Hansi, Hisar, Kasan,
Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.[25]
 Pushyabhuti
dynasty ruled
parts of
northern India
in the 7th
century with
its capital at
Thanesar.
Harsha Ka Tila mound west of
Harsha was a
A skeleton from Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Sheikh Chilli's Tomb complex,
prominent king
Rakhigarhi, Kurukshetra, which is a war described with ruins from the reign of 7th
of the dynasty.
possibly the in the Indian epic poem Mahābhārata. century ruler Harsha.
Tomara
largest Indus The conflict arose from a dynastic dynasty ruled
Valley Civilisation succession struggle between two the south
site and dated at groups of cousins, the Kauravas and
Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal
over 9,000 years Pandavas, for the throne of
Tomar was a prominent king among the
old.[22] The Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom
Tomaras.[26]
skeleton is on called Kuru.
display in the After the sack of Bhatner fort during the
National Museum. Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur
attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa,
Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When
he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents, who were mostly non-Muslims, fled and were chased
by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From
there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town
were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and
many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose
Jat inhabitants were stated to be robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were
defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then
sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were
enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and
plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh whose residents
were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued
Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on
to Loni fort.[27][28]

Hemu claimed royal status after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi
and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya.
The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the
major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle
of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the
local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier
won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal, defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated
Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India
with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761),
the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[30]

Formation

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The
Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April
1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after
 consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The
commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-
districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal
were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of
Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh,
Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.[31]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, which

includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of
Haryana. However Kharar was given to Punjab.[32] The city of
Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of
both Punjab and Haryana.[33]

Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of

Haryana.[34]

Portrait of Hem Chandra

Demographics
Vikramaditya, who fought and won
across North India from the Punjab Historical population
to Bengal, winning 22 straight
Religion Year Pop. ±% p.a.
battles.[29] 1901 4,623,064 —    
According to the 2011 1911 4,174,677 −1.02%
census, of total 25,350,000
1921 4,255,892 +0.19%
population of Haryana, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of
1931 4,559,917 +0.69%
the state's population with Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meos) and
1941 5,272,829 +1.46%
Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.[36]
1951 5,673,597 +0.74%
Muslims are mainly found in the Nuh. Haryana has the second 1961 7,590,524 +2.95%
largest Sikh population in India after Punjab, and they mostly live in 1971 10,036,431 +2.83%
the districts adjoining Punjab, such as Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, 1981 12,922,119 +2.56%
Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala and Panchkula.[37][38] 1991 16,463,648 +2.45%
2001 21,144,564 +2.53%
2011 25,351,462 +1.83%
Languages source:[35]

The official language of Haryana is Hindi.[40]

Several regional
languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in the state. Predominant among them is
Haryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of
Haryana. Hindustani is spoken in the northeast, Bagri in the west, and Ahirwati, Mewati and Braj Bhasha
in the south.[8]

There are also significant numbers of speakers of Urdu and Punjabi,[40] the latter of which was recognised
in 2010 as a second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes.[3] After the
state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not
the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language
ultimately stopped being taught.[41] Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show the
state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time.[42] In 2010,
due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.[42]
There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of
neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like Bengali,
Bhojpuri, Marwari, Mewari, Nepali and Saraiki,[43] as well as smaller
communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger
regions, like Bauria, Bazigar, Gujari, Gade Lohar, Oadki, and
Sansi.[44]

Culture

Music
Religion in Haryana
Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music, folk dances, saang (2011)[36]
(folk theatre),[45] cinema,[46] belief system such as Jathera (ancestral
worship),[47][48] and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery.[48]    Hinduism (87.46%)
   Islam (7.03%)

Folk theatre and dances    Sikhism (4.91%)

   Jainism (0.21%)
Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying cultural    Christianity (0.20%)
needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.[49]    Buddhism (0.03%)
   Others (0.18%)
Haryanvi musical folk theatre main types are Saang, Rasa lila and
Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by
Lakhmi Chand.[49]

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three
popular categories of dance are: festive-seasonal, devotional, and
ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are
Gogaji/Gugga, Holi, Phaag, Sawan, Teej. The devotional dances and
songs are Chaupaiya, Holi, Manjira, Ras Leela, Raginis). The
ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types:
legendary bravery (Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female
Satis), love and romance (Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and
Ragini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhoomar (male),
Khoria, Loor, and Ragini).[47]
Languages of Haryana
(2011)[39]
Folk music and songs
   Hindi (47.96%)
Haryanvi folk music is based on day to day themes and injecting    Haryanvi (37.17%)
earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs.[47] Haryanvi music    Punjabi (7.36%)
takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music"    Bagri (2.11%)
(Country Music of Haryana),[50] and sung in the form of ballads and
   Mewati (1.66%)
love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of parting of
   Urdu (1.48%)
lovers.[49][50][51]
   Others (2.26%)

Classical Haryanvi folk music

Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music.[50] Hindustani classical ragas, learnt in
gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand
(1163–1202 CE) about the bravery of Alha and Udal, Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II),
Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near
Holi).[50][51] Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.[49]

Desi Haryanvi folk music

Desi Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based on Raag Bhairvi, Raag Bhairav, Raag Kafi,
Raag Jaijaivanti, Raag Jhinjhoti and Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing
seasonal songs, ballads, ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as
Puran Bhagat.[50][51] Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch.
Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch.[49] Young girls and women usually sing entertaining
and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship related songs such as Phagan (song for eponymous
season/month), Katak (songs for the eponymous season/month), Samman (songs for the eponymous
season/month), bande-bandi (male-female duet songs), sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among
female friends).[49] Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial
songs such as Bhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Sagai, Ban
(Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to
welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi
festival.[49]

Socially normative-cohesive impact

Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a great way of demolishing societal differences as folk singers are
highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for the events, ceremonies and special occasions
regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any
specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, dialects. These songs
do transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen from the adoption of tunes
of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature,
Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.[49]

With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon
(Gurugram) Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification.
Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive
ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.[52]

Cuisine

As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian.[53] The regional
cuisine features the staples of roti, saag, vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee, milk, lassi and
kheer.[54]

Society

Haryanvi people have a concept of inclusive society involving the "36 Jātis" or communities. Castes such
as Jat,Ahirs, Khatri,Aggarwal, Brahmin, Rajput, Tyagi, Saini, Gurjar, Mev, Vishnoi and Harijan are some
of the notable of these 36 Jātis.[55][56]
Geography
Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between
74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.[57] The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of
the geographical area of the country.[58] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600  ft (200
metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[59] Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area
under forests.[12] Karoh Peak, a 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the
greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is highest point in
Haryana.[60][61][62][63] Haryana[64] has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border - Punjab, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

Plains and mountains

Haryana has four main geographical features.[65]

The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab
consisting of Sutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in north in Punjab and Ghaggar river
flowing through northern Haryana), Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river and Hakra
or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River) and Hakra-
Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna). See also: Doab.
The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
The Bagar tract semi-desert dry sandy plain to the south-west. See also: Bangar and Khadir.
The Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south

Hydrography

The Yamuna, tributary of Ganges, flows along the state's eastern

boundary.[66]

Northern Haryana has several north-east to west flowing rivers

originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar-
Hakra (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),[67] Chautang
(paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of
Ghagghar),[68][69] Tangri river (tributary of Ghagghar),[68][69]
Yamuna River near the Haryana
Kaushalya river (tributary of Ghagghar),[70] Markanda River
Border
(tributary of Ghagghar),[68][69] Sarsuti,[68][69] Dangri,[68][69]
Somb river.[71] Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra,
known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,[67] rises in the
outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula
district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi)
before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.[72] The seasonal Markanda River, known as the Aruna in
ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into
a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the
Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[72]

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli
Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River[73][74][75][76] (called Najafgarh
drain in Delhi),[77][78][79][80][81] Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem
Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),[74][76]
Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh
district much before reaching Sahibi river)[74][76] and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River,
originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries
of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[82][83][84]

Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal,[85][86][87] Sutlej Yamuna

link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus),[86][87] and Indira
Gandhi Canal.[88]

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district,[89]

Hathnikund Barrage[85][90] and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in
Yamunanagar district,[85][90][91] Pathrala barrage on Somb river in
Yamunanagar district,[85][91] ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund
in Faridabad district,[92][93] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra
River in Sirsa district.[94][95][96] Kaushalya Dam

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in

Faridabad,[97][98] holy Brahma Sarovar[99][100] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[101] Blue Bird Lake
in Hisar,[102][103] Damdama Lake at Sohna in Gurgram district,[104][105] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar
district,[85][90] Karna Lake at Karnal,[106] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[92][107][108] and Tilyar Lake in
Rohtak.[109][110][111]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for rejuvenation of 14,000 Johads of
Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[112][113]

Only hot spring of Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district.[114][115]
Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur pond of religious significance that are revered for the healing
impact of sulphur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas
Kund.[116]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and
Pali village on outskirts of Faridabad.

Climate

Haryana is extremely hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are
May and June and the coldest December and January.[82] The climate is arid to semi-arid with average
rainfall of 354.5 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September, and the
remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February.[58]

Flora and fauna

State symbols of
Forests Haryana
1
Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586  km2 ) and the Tree November
Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282  km2 ), giving a total forest and tree Formation (Day of
cover of 6.49%.[118] In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree day separation
cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[12] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest from
and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a Punjab)
carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham State Black
and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in mammal buck[117]
the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, Black
State bird
jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found francolin
here.[119][120][121] State tree Peepal[117]
State
Lotus[117]
Wildlife flower

Haryana has thousand national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries,

two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding
centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by
the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of
Haryana.[122][123] Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park
located in Gurugram District

Environmental and ecological issues

Watercock
Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee
and Department of Environment, Haryana is the department
responsible for the administration of environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most
polluted. During smog of November 2017, Air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the
density of Fine particulates (2.5 PM diameter) was an average of 400 PM and monthly average of Haryana
was 60 pm. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and Brick Kiln.
Haryana has 7.5 million old vehicles, of which 40% are old more polluting vehicles, besides 500,000 new
vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar
and Yamunanagar.[124]

Administration

Divisions

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police Ranges and 3

Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).[125][126][127][128] Six
revenue divisions are: Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Karnal
and Faridabad.[125] Haryana has 11 municipal corporations
(Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak,
Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonepat, and Manesar), 18 municipal
councils and 52 municipalities.[129]

Within these there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50

sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,222
villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[14]

Districts
Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in
Haryana
 Divisions Districts
Ambala Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar
Faridabad Faridabad, Palwal, Nuh
Gurgaon Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Rewari,
Hisar Fatehabad, Jind, Hisar, Sirsa,

Rohtak Jhajjar, Charkhi Dadri, Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani[65]

Karnal Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal

Law and order

Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar,
Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.[130] Three Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon and
Panchkula.[125] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[131]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with next higher right of
appeal to Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.[132]

Governance and e-governance

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to
citizens, including applications of new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration
card member registration, result of HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for
government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and
HUDA plots status inquiry.[133] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth
registration in all the districts.[133] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services
are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India
initiative.[134][135]

Economy
Haryana's 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR[15] estimated 2017-
18 GSDP of US$95  billion[12] is split in to 52% services, 30%
industries and 18% agriculture.[12]

Services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and
professional services, 26% trade and hospitality, 15% state and
central govt employees, and 14% transport and logistics &
warehousing.[12] In IT services, Gurugram ranks number 1 in India
in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and number 2
A Shopping Mall in Gurugram
in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[136]

Industries sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28%

construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[12] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces India's 67% of
passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators.[12]
Services and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and additional 23 formally approved
SEZs (20 already notified and 3 in-principal approval) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai
Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Western Peripheral Expressway.[12]

Agriculture sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2%
fisheries.[12] Agriculture sector of Haryana, with only less than 1.4% area of India, contributes 15% food
grains to the central food security public distribution system,[12] and 7% of total national agricultural
exports including 60% of total national Basmati rice export.[12]

Agriculture

Crops

Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars (owner-

cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged
in agriculture.[137] The Green Revolution in Haryana of the
1960s[138] combined with completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963[139]
and Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s
resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.[138]
As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the
second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains [140]
In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: Green farms in Haryana
13,352,000 tonne wheat, 4,145,000 tonne rice, 7,169,000 tonne
sugarcane, 993,000 tonne cotton and 855,000 tonne oilseeds
(mustard seed, sunflower, etc.).

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was: potato 853,806 tonnes, onion 705,795 tonnes, tomato 675,384 tonnes,
cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, leafy vegetables 370,646 tonnes, brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793
tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[12]

Fruits production was: citrus 301,764 tonnes, guava 152,184 tonnes, mango 89,965 tonnes, chikoo 16,022
tonnes, aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[12]

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840
tonnes.[12]

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million
and other 691,300 million.[12]

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.[12]

Livestock

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo.[141][142][143][144] Other breeds of cattle native to
Haryana are Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[145]
Research

To support its agrarian economy, both central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes,
Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, Central Institute of Fisheries,
National Dairy Research Institute, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley
Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and state government (CCS HAU, LUVAS,
Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and
Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[146][147][148]

Industrial sector

Manufacturing
Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial cities of
Haryana as well as North India.[149] The city is home to
large-scale MNC companies like India Yamaha Motor
Pvt. Ltd., Havells India Limited,[150] JCB India Limited,
Escorts Group, Indian Oil (R&D),[151] and Larsen &
Toubro (L&T).[152] Eyewear e-tailer Lenskart and
healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Larsen & Toubro Office at Faridabad.
Faridabad. [153][154]

Hissar, a NCR Counter Magnet city known as steel and

cotton spinning hub as well as upcoming integrated
industrial aerocity and aero MRO hub at Hisar
Airport,[155][156][157] is a fast developing city and the
hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee
TV fame. Savitri Jindal, Navin Jindal's mother, has been
listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in the
world.[158]
Panipat has heavy industry, including a refinery operated
by the Indian Oil Corporation, a urea manufacturing plant
operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National
Thermal Power Corporation power plant. It is known for
its woven modhas or round stools.[159]
Sonipat: IMT Kundli, Nathupur, Rai and Barhi are The headquarters of DLF Limited,
industrial areas with several Small and medium-sized India's largest real estate company,
enterprises, including come large ones such as Atlas in Gurgaon, Haryana.
cycles, E.C.E., Birla factory, OSRAM[160][161][162]
Gurgaon: IMT Minesar, Dundahera and Sohna are
industrial and logistics hubs,[163][164][165] that also has National Security Guards, Indian
Institute of Corporate Affairs, National Brain Research Centre and National Bomb Data
Centre.[166]

Utilities

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the
most important inputs for the development of the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve
100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads
and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[167]
Power in the state are:

Renewable and non-polluting sources

Hydroelectricity
Bhakra-Nangal Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant
WYC Hydro Electric Station, 62.4 MW, Yamunanagar[168]
Solar power stations

Faridabad Solar Power Plant: being set up by HPGCL Faridabad (c.2016).[169]

Nuclear power stations
Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant, 2800MW, Fatehabad, Phase-I 1400MW by
2021[170][171]
Coal-fired thermal power stations
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station, 600MW, Yamunanagar[168]
Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project, 1500MW, Jhajjar[168]
Jhajjar Power Station, 1500MW[168]
Panipat Thermal Power Station I, 440MW[168]
Panipat Thermal Power Station II, 920MW[168]
Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station, 1200MW, Hisar[168]

Services sector

Transport

Aviation

Roads and Highways

Haryana has a total road length of 26,062 kilometres (16,194 mi),

including 2,482 kilometres (1,542 mi) 29 national highways, 1,801
kilometres (1,119  mi) state highways,[172] 1,395 kilometres
(867  mi) Major District Roads (MDR) and 20,344 kilometres
(12,641 mi) Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).[173]
A fleet of 3,864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of
1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to
introduce luxury video coaches.[174]
Admin map of Haryana with RTO
Ancient Delhi Multan Road and Grand Trunk Road, South Asia's codes
oldest and longest major roads, pass through Haryana. GT Road
passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal,
Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of
Faridabad on its way. The 135.6 kilometres (84.3  mi) Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP) will
provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat, Gurgaon, and
Faridabad.[175]
The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from
current four lanes.[176] It will further boost Faridabad's connectivity with Delhi.

Railway

Rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones. Diamond Quadrilateral
High-speed rail network,[177] Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (72  km)[178] and Western Dedicated
Freight Corridor (177 km)[179] pass through Haryana.

Bikaner railway division of North Western Railway zone manages rail network in western and southern
Haryana covering Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line, Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line, Hisar-
Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.[180][181] Jaipur railway division of North Western
Railway zone manages the rail network in south-west Haryana covering Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line,
Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.[182]

Delhi railway division of Northern Railway zone manages the rail network in north and east and central
Haryana covering Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line, Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line, Rewari–Rohtak line, Jind-
Sonepat line and Delhi-Rewari line.[183][184][185][186][187] Agra railway division of North Central Railway
zone manages another very small part of the network in south-east Haryana covering Palwal-Mathura line
only.[188][189]

Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone manages a small part of the rail network in north-east
Haryana covering Ambala-Yamunanagar line, Ambala-Kurukshetra line and UNESCO World Heritage
Kalka–Shimla Railway.[190]

Metro

Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with NCR cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh.
Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and track length
being 17 km.[191]

Sky Way

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5-

kilometre (2.8 mi) international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway,
the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and
Faridabad.[192]

Communication and media

Delhi Faridabad Skyway
Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities.
Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which
all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus
making it the first SWAN of the country.[193][194][195] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the
leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone
Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Two biggest cities of Haryana, Faridabad
and Gurgaon which are part of National Capital Region come under the local Delhi Mobile
Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana comes under Haryana Telecommunication
System.
Electronic media channels include, MTV, 9XM, Star Group, SET Max, News Time, NDTV 24x7 and Zee
Group. The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations.

Panipat, Hisar, Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed
and circulated throughout Haryana, in which Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Punjab Kesari, The Tribune,
Aaj Samaj, Hari Bhoomi[196] and Amar Ujala are prominent.

Healthcare
The total fertility rate of Haryana is 2.3. The infant mortality rate is
41 (SRS 2013) and maternal mortality ratio is 146 (SRS 2010–
2012).[197] The state of Haryana has various Medical Colleges
including Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of
Medical Sciences Rohtak, Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College in
District Sonipat, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad along with
notable private medical institutes like Medanta, Max Hospital,
ESIC Medical College, Faridabad
Fortis Healthcare

Education

Literacy

Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per 2011 population census.
Male literacy stands at 85.38 per cent, while female literacy is at 66.67 per cent. In 2001, the literacy rate in
Haryana stood at 67.91 per cent of which male and female were 78.49 per cent and 55.73 per cent literate
respectively.[198] As of 2013, Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by
Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 per cent.[199] In terms of districts, as of 2012 Rewari had
the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was
79%, and female 67%.[200]

Schools

Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981,
conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over
700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary
examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior
and senior secondary levels twice a year.[201] The Haryana government provides free education to women
up to the bachelor's degree level.

In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi
Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary
school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior
secondary schools),[202] 7,635 private schools (200 aided,[203] 6,612 recognised unaided,[204] and 821
unrecognised unaided private schools[205]) and several hundred other central government and private
schools such as Kendriya Vidyalaya, Indian Army Public Schools, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and DAV
schools affiliated to central government's CBSE and ICSE school boards.

Universities and higher education

Haryana has 48 universities and 1,038 colleges,[206] including 115
government colleges, 88 government-aided colleges and 96 self-
finance colleges.[207] Hisar has three universities: Chaudhary
Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University - Asia's largest
agricultural university,[208] Guru Jambheshwar University of
Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary
& Animal Sciences); several national agricultural and veterinary
research centres (National Research Centre on Equines),[209]
MRIU
Central Sheep Breeding Farm,[210] National Institute on Pig
Breeding and Research,[211] Northern Region Farm Machinery
Training and Testing Institute[212] and Central Institute for
Research on Buffaloes (CIRB);[213] and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical
College, Agroha.[214]

Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher
education. There are more 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.[206]

Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics
and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to
youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula's existing HSIIDC IT
Park in Sector 23.[215] Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit
and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.[216]

Sports
In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold
medals that India won came from Haryana.[217] During the 33rd
National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the
nation[218] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver
and 28 bronze medals.

The 1983 World Cup winning captain Kapil Dev made his
domestic-cricket debut playing for Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium
was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket.
This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as
spectators.[219] Tejli Sports Complex is an ultra-modern sports
complex in Yamuna Nagar. Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a Saina Nehwal, Badminton player
multi-sport complex.[220] from Hisar, Haryana

Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the

"Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015
with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."[221][222]

Haryana is home to Haryana Gold, one of India's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the
country's UBA Pro Basketball League.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the
first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from
the country.

Notable Badminton Player, Saina Nehwal is from Hisar in Haryana.[223]

Notable Athlete, Neeraj Chopra , who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold
medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana.
Wrestling is also very
prominent in Haryana as 2 medals won in wrestling at 2020 Tokyo Olympics were from Haryana.

Notable Athlete, Ravi Dahiya, who was born in Nahri village of Sonipat District. Won Silver Medal in
2020 Tokyo Olympics for India.

Bajrang Punia-Bronze Medal. Ravi Kumar,[2] is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the
2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling
Championships and a two-time Asian champion.

See also
List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana
List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana
List of people from Haryana
Outline of Haryana
Politics of Haryana
Tourism in Haryana
Haryanvi cinema
List of highways in Haryana

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Singh, Chander Pal (2003). Early medieval art of Haryana (https://books.google.com/books?
id=L7ifAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana). Koshal Book Depot. p. 168. ISBN 81-86049-07-X.
Retrieved 11 July 2012.
Handa, Devendra (2006). Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and style (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=dfDVAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana). Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
p. 286. ISBN 81-7305-307-3. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
Journal of Haryana Studies (https://books.google.com/books?id=aFVuAAAAMAAJ&q=harya
na). Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
 Harvey, Bill; Harvey, William; Devasar, Nikhil; Grewal, Bikram; Oriental Bird Club (2006).
Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2cQAQAAMA
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External links
Government

The Official Site of the Government of Haryana (http://www.haryana.gov.in/)

Official Tourism Site of Haryana, India (http://haryanatourism.gov.in/)

General information

Haryana (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Haryana) at Curlie

haryana.com (https://haryana.com/)
Geographic data related to Haryana (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1942601) at
OpenStreetMap

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This page was last edited on 8 February 2022, at 08:51 (UTC).

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