ENGLISH

PROJECT
PRINCE SRIVARI SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL

Name: LOKESH.E
Class: XII
Section: ‘B’
 Roll Number: 11

JOHN
KEATS
GERMANIAN WRITER
BIRTH
APRIL 20, 1889
AUSTRIA
GERMANY
EUROPE

OCCUPATION
RULER OF GERMANY
WRITER

RULER OF GERMANY

ADOLF HITLER
LIFE SPAN : 20 April 1889 – 30 April
 

1945
EARLY LIFE
After his father’s retirement from the state customs service, Adolf Hitler
spent most of his childhood in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. It
remained his favourite city throughout his life, and he expressed his wish
to be buried there. Alois Hitler died in 1903 but left an
adequate pension and savings to support his wife and children. Although
Hitler feared and disliked his father, he was a devoted son to his mother,
who died after much suffering in 1907. With a mixed record as a student,
Hitler never advanced beyond a secondary education. After leaving
school, he visited Vienna, then returned to Linz, where he dreamed of
becoming an artist. Later, he used the small allowance he continued to
draw to maintain himself in Vienna. He wished to study art, for which he
had some faculties, but he twice failed to secure entry to the Academy of
Fine Arts. For some years he lived a lonely and isolated life, earning a
precarious livelihood by painting postcards and advertisements and
drifting from one municipal hostel to another. Hitler already showed traits
that characterized his later life: loneliness and secretiveness, a bohemian
mode of everyday existence, and hatred of cosmopolitanism and of the
multinational character of Vienna.

In 1913 Hitler moved to Munich. Screened for Austrian military

service in February 1914, he was classified as unfit because of
inadequate physical vigour; but when World War I broke out, he
petitioned Bavarian King Louis III to be allowed to serve, and one
day after submitting that request, he was notified that he would be
permitted to join the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. After
some eight weeks of training, Hitler was deployed in October 1914
to Belgium, where he participated in the First Battle of Ypres. He
served throughout the war, was wounded in October 1916, and was
gassed two years later near Ypres. He was hospitalized when the
conflict ended.
CONTEMPORARY WRITERS DURING ADOLF
HITLERS PERIOD
CHARLES DICKENS LEO TOLSTOY
 MARK TWAIN JANE AUSTEN

NOTABLE WORKS OF ADOLF HITLER

 Mein Kampf. by Adolf Hitler.

 Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished... by Adolf

Hitler.

 Hitler's Table Talk. by Adolf Hitler.

  The Racial Conception of the World.

 Adolf Hitler Speaks: Excerpts from.

 Hitler's War Directives, 1939-1945.

 Hitler's Greatest Speeches.

 Mein Side of the Story: Key World.

THE MEIN KAMPF

Mein Kampf  My Struggle or My Battle) is a 1925 autobiographical

manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the
process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political
ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was
published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited first
by Emil Maurice, then by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess.
Hitler began Mein Kampf while imprisoned following his failed coup
in Munich in November 1923 and a trial in February 1924 for high
treason, in which he received the very light sentence of five years.
Although he received many visitors initially, he soon devoted himself
entirely to the book. As he continued, he realized that it would have
to be a two-volume work, with the first volume scheduled for release
in early 1925. The governor of Landsberg noted at the time that "he
[Hitler] hopes the book will run into many editions, thus enabling him
to fulfill his financial obligations and to defray the expenses incurred
at the time of his trial." After slow initial sales, the book became a
bestseller in Germany following Hitler's rise to power in 1933.
After Hitler's death, copyright of Mein Kampf passed to the state
government of Bavaria, which refused to allow any copying or
printing of the book in Germany. In 2016, following the expiration of
the copyright held by the Bavarian state government, Mein
Kampf was republished in Germany for the first time since 1945,
which prompted public debate and divided reactions from Jewish
groups. A team of scholars from the Institute for Contemporary
History in Munich published a German-language two-volume almost
2,000-page edition annotated with about 3,500 notes.

CRITICISM

Mein Kampf, in essence, lays out the ideological program Hitler

established for the German revolution, by identifying the Jews and
"Bolsheviks" as racially and ideologically inferior and threatening,
and "Aryans" and National Socialists as racially superior and
politically progressive. Hitler's revolutionary goals included expulsion
of the Jews from Greater Germany and the unification of German
peoples into one Greater Germany. Hitler desired to restore German
lands to their greatest historical extent, real or imagined.
Due to its racist content and the historical effect of Nazism upon
Europe during World War II and the Holocaust, it is considered a
highly controversial book. Criticism has not come solely from
opponents of Nazism. Italian Fascist dictator and Nazi ally Benito
Mussolini was also critical of the book, saying that it was "a
boring tome that I have never been able to read" and remarking that
Hitler's beliefs, as expressed in the book, were "little more than
commonplace clichés".
The German journalist Konrad Heiden, an early critic of the Nazi
Party, observed that the content of Mein Kampf  is essentially a
political argument with other members of the Nazi Party who had
appeared to be Hitler's friends, but whom he was actually
denouncing in the book's content – sometimes by not even including
references to them.
The American literary theorist and philosopher Kenneth Burke wrote
a 1939 rhetorical analysis of the work, The Rhetoric of Hitler's
"Battle", which revealed an underlying message of aggressive intent.
The American journalist John Gunther said in 1940 that compared to
the autobiographies such as Leon Trotsky's My Life or Henry
Adams's The Education of Henry Adams, Mein Kampf  was "vapid,
vain, rhetorical, diffuse, prolix." However, he added that "it is a
powerful and moving book, the product of great passionate feeling".
He suggested that the book exhausted curious German readers, but
its "ceaseless repetition of the argument, left impregnably in their
minds, fecund and germinating".
In March 1940, British writer George Orwell reviewed a then-recently
published uncensored translation of Mein Kampf  for The New
English Weekly. Orwell suggested that the force of Hitler's
personality shone through the often "clumsy" writing, capturing the
magnetic allure of Hitler for many Germans. In essence, Orwell
notes, Hitler offers only visions of endless struggle and conflict in the
creation of "a horrible brainless empire" that "stretch[es]
to Afghanistan or thereabouts". He wrote, "Whereas Socialism, and
even capitalism in a more grudging way, have said to people 'I offer
you a good time,' Hitler has said to them, 'I offer you struggle,
danger, and death,' and as a result a whole nation flings itself at his
feet." Orwell's review was written in the aftermath of the
1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, when Hitler made peace with USSR
after more than a decade of vitriolic rhetoric and threats between the
two nations; with the pact in place, Orwell believed, England was
now facing a risk of Nazi attack and the UK must not underestimate
the appeal of Hitler's ideas.
In his 1943 book The Menace of the Herd, Austrian scholar Erik von
Kuehnelt-Leddihn described Hitler's ideas in Mein Kampf and
elsewhere as "a veritable reductio ad absurdum of 'progressive'
thought” and betraying "a curious lack of original thought" that shows
Hitler offered no innovative or original ideas but was merely
"a virtuoso of commonplaces which he may or may not repeat in the
guise of a 'new discovery.'" Hitler's stated aim, Kuehnelt-Leddihn
writes, is to quash individualism in furtherance of political goals:
When Hitler and Mussolini attack the "western democracies" they
insinuate that their "democracy" is not genuine. National Socialism
envisages abolishing the difference in wealth, education, intellect,
taste, philosophy, and habits by a leveling process which
necessitates in turn a total control over the child and the adolescent.
Every personal attitude will be branded—after communist pattern—
as "bourgeois," and this in spite of the fact that the bourgeois is the
representative of the most herdist class in the world, and that
National Socialism is a basically bourgeois movement. In Mein
Kampf, Hitler repeatedly speaks of the "masses" and the "herd"
referring to the people. The German people should probably, in his
view, remain a mass of identical "individuals" in an enormous sand
heap or ant heap, identical even to the color of their shirts, the
garment nearest to the body.
In his The Second World War, published in several volumes in the
late 1940s and early 1950s, Winston Churchill wrote that he felt that
after Hitler's ascension to power, no other book than Mein
Kampf deserved more intensive scrutiny.