Biofuels + Biofuels in the form of liquid are used to substitute petroleum derived transportation fuels. + India had begun its action to install a techno- ae | commercially viable plant to produce ethanol from ' i biomass. It is possible to produce about 19 billion 7 liters of ethanol using the one third of surplus i“ biomass. + The feedstock for the biodiesel production includes nonedible oilseeds, nonedible oil waste, animal fat, BPe «Hh and used cooking oil. The use of microalgae as - feedstock is currently under a exploration state and % A cB ay = | has a significant potential in India. % Examples of biofuels are bi jo-alcohols (bio-ethanol, biomethanol, biobutanol), biogas, syngas, and solid biofuels like wood, charcoal, and sawdust. 12Biomass Biomass is a complex mixture of organic materials such as carbohydrates (hemicellulose, cellulose, and starch), lignin, fats, and proteins. It is important to explore various techniques to convert biomass into liquid fuel. Direct combustion of biomass into liquid biofuel is not a greener and safer method as it can lead to poor air quality, secondary pollutants and undesired illness. Among several conversion pathways, thermochemical processes provide both commercial and sustainable energy solution! 13eu Biological/biochemical 1, Effectively applied to all kinds of biomass feedstock. 2. Relatively the productivity is high. 3. Independent of climate conditions as it operates at much higher temperature range. 4, No waste generation as the biomass is utilized almost completely. Biomass conversion 1. Applied to limited range of biomass as it involves the use of microbes/ enzymes for the conversion. 2. Limited productivity due to biological conversion. 3. Effect of ambient temperature can not be ruled out as most of the enzymes and microbes are susceptible to ambient temperature. 4, Secondary waste generation such as biomass sludge results from the production. 14Thermochemical conversion of biomass Liquefaction produces liquid and some amounts of gaseous components. ‘Temperature and pressure ranges are 250- 350°C and 700-3000 psi. Catalyst used is alkali metal salts. CO and H, are the reactants. Two step process. C+ H20 + CO + Hz (Hydrothermal cracking) catalyse CO + 2H," cH,0H Symes Methenet Carbonization and Torrefaction are closely related processes, Torrefaction is the partial decomposition of the biomass A pitt 1 osrtanestn Gasification is used to convert biomass into syngas. The final products of gasification are syngas, CO,, NO, , SO, and ashimetal slag. 45oeytenane al : a Production of low-energy yield Carbonization and Torrefaction scores) cuvoun eaeBiomass +Air ae Heat + GHGs 800 - 1200°C Biomass + partial air +Steam+Catalyst | Gasification |Meat + Svngas+ GHGs 800 - 1200°C ‘Wet Biomass sat + GHGs + Hydrochar Carbonization 170- 250°C Dry Biomass " Torrefaction _| Heat + GHGs + Biochar (pellets) 200-250°¢ | | 7Combustion and Gasification Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Greater than _— ao an 7 - Oxidizing Agent | stoichiometric supply | “To"tvomeltic onyeen a of oxygen* : oxidizing agent Typical ‘Temperature 800°C to 1200°C 800°C to 1200°C 350°C to 600°C Range with (1430°F to 2200°F) | (1450°F to 2200°F (60°F to 1100°F) Biomass Fuels eee Heat and eae Principle Products Heat Cugusines Combustible liquid 8 and Combustible gas Principle Components of CO and Hy CO and Hy Gas 18BIOMASS Drying <10 wt water Grinding Short hot vapour residence time <5 mm Rapid char removal GAS Cylcones ESP BIO-OIL. cHAR process heat or export 19Pyrolysis It involves heating of biomass to temperatures between 400-600°C in an inert or oxygen-less atmosphere to produce bio-oil, bio-char, and non-condensable gases with high calorific value rich in CO, CH,,Hp. Bio-oil: liquid that can be integrated into refineries as a raw material. Bio-char: solid material similar to high-ranked coal. It can be integrated into the pyrolysis process for producing heat for the reactor or sold for other purposes. Non-condensable gases: can be recirculated into the reactor to provide the heat. 20Yield of char, with dat Pyroly: 2 Olive husk —2—Comeod —a— Tea waste 454 0 35 0 2 20 1s 10 s4 450 650 850 1030. 130 Temperature, K Increase in temperature reduces bio-char yield Increase in particle size increases the bio-char yield. : effect of temperature and particle size Olive husk ~o- Comsab —a—Tea waste 38 .? 3 é su ma (2 08 08 tk ty 22s Paiele 8 ee 2Fl ed Bed Pyrolysis Reactor cm viper + Biomass enters the bed using screw conveyor. oa cat and — + Fluidizing gas enters the reactor at velocity above u,, so that the bed is fluidized. + Condensable gases, char, and non-condensable gases leave along with fluidizing gas. feed po + Particles are collected in cyclone separator and gases pass through the condenser. Fld gs pres t Fuidisng an 22po Air lap PRESSURE DROP AND BED HEIGHT SUPERFICIAL VELOCITY, Vo 23