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New ISO 10723
Advances and new concepts in the
performance evaluation and benchmarking
of on‐line natural gas analysers.
Dr Paul Holland
BD Director, EffecTech Group
Natural gas quality measurement
composition (content) of natural gas
• inert gases
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, (argon & hydrogen)
• hydrocarbons
methane, ethane, propane, iso‐butane, n‐butane,
pentanes, hexanes + ......
properties (characteristics) of natural gas
• calorific value, Wobbe number, standard density (ISO 6976)
• compression factor, line density (ISO 12213)
• hydrocarbon dew point (ISO 23874)
• emission factors
Energy determination
Risks in energy metering
Annual Value / €
4,500,000
Typical gas fired power station
4,000,000 Power output : 500 MW
Energy Price : €60 / MWh
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
Typical
1,000,000
500,000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
U(Energy) / %
Gas quality measurement
instruments
Legal / commercial
legislation
requirements
• customer protection (example in UK law)
Public Gas Transporters (PGTs) shall carry out performance evaluations of
gas quality metering instruments in accordance with ISO 10723 following
installation or maintenance. Provided that the results of the procedure
show that the error on the calculated calorific value of transmission gas
will not exceed 0.10 MJ.m‐3 for gas compositions allowed in the system,
the PGT may then use that instrument for the determination of calorific
values for the purposes of section 12 of the Gas Act 1986.”
• control of GHG emissions (example in EU directive)
commercial gas contracts
• sales gas agreements / contracts (end‐users)
• allocation agreements (upstream)
Revision of ISO 10723 : 1995
revision to existing standard required for
• inclusion of measurement uncertainties
instrument precision, instrumental errors
working calibration gas
• compliance with GUM
• more rigorous assessment of errors and uncertainties of
measurement of
composition (gas content amount fraction)
gas properties (calculated from composition)
revision by
• ISO/TC193/WG15 (with liaison from ISO/TC158)
• Drafting by G Squire (EffecTech, UK) and D Lander (NGG,
UK)
ISO/DIS 10723 : 2011 ‐ Scope
Determine E(x), E(P) Determine a range of
and U(x), U(P) over a compositions for each
pre‐defined range of specified component
compositions for each which satisfy pre‐
specified component defined maximums in
E(x), E(P) and U(x), U(P)
using a specified calibration gas
composition and uncertainty
calibration gas redesign
composition and uncertainty
Instrument errors
y=Fass(x)
xcal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
content / (% mol/mol)
Instrument errors
y=Fass(x)
y=Ftrue(x)
xcal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
content / (% mol/mol)
Instrument errors
y=Fass(x)
y=Ftrue(x)
xcal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
content / (% mol/mol)
Instrument errors
y=Fass(x)
y=Ftrue(x)
xcal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
content / (% mol/mol)
Challenge
measurement of TRUE (actual) response functions for
the instrument for all components (i=1..q)
• calibration functions
y = Fi,true(x)
• analysis functions
x = Gi,true(y)
function types for F & G
• polynomials of order 1, 2 or 3
yi = Fi,true(xi) = a0 + a1xi + a1xi2 + a3xi3
xi= Gi,true(yi) = b0 + b1yi + b2yi2 + b3yi3
Design of reference gases
a series of reference gases is measured by the
instrument being calibrated
components included in reference gases
• depends on application
range of composition
• equal or greater than that expected to be measured by the
instrument (no extrapolation)
number of mixtures
• dependent upon expected order of F and G
3 (1st order), 5 (2nd order), 7 (3rd order)
• approximately equally spaced within the range
ISO 10723 ‐ Performance evaluations of on‐line
analytical systems
• ISO 17025 accredited calibration
gases
• well established reference values &
uncertainties
• 7 ‐10 cylinders each containing 10,11
or 12 components
• wide range natural gas compositions
Experimental replicate measurements
design
reference gases
Batch‐wise calibration
simplest / manual / most practical (p gas changes)
temporal drift has more significance
Experimental replicate measurements
design
reference gases
Drift compensation calibration
compensates for temporal drift (due to sample size effects)
automation required
Drift correction
Samples are injected at (or with reference to)
ambient pressure.
response effective sample size ambient pressure
Batch‐wise calibration Drift compensation
calibration
measure ambient pressure at time of
sample injection (Pijk)
response functions validated for each component
and in each domain F and G using ISO 6143
Calibration
results
Errors
content / amount fraction & properties
• assumed x i Gi ,ass (y i )
• true y i Fi ,true (x i )
• measured amount following calibration
(where functions coincide)
Gi ,ass (Fi ,true ( x i ,true ))
x i*,meas x i ,cal .
Gi ,ass (Fi ,true ( x i ,cal ))
• normalise
x i*,meas
x i ,meas
xi*,meas
• errors
x i ,meas x i ,meas x i ,true
Pmeas Pmeas Ptrue
Uncertainties in errors
contributions from
• calibration gas u( x i ,cal )
• instrument precision u ( y i ,cal ) & u ( y i ,meas )
properties
• any property / characteristic calculated from composition
produce a off‐line model of instrument
• errors as a function of amount fraction
• repeatability as a function of amount fraction
• uncertainties as a function of amount fraction
use Monte Carlo simulation
• generate 10,000 different gas compositions
• for each composition calculate
errors in physical properties
uncertainties in physical properties
Errors and uncertainties on errors
E(CVSUP) / MJ.m-3
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
methane content / (% mol/mol)
Error distribution
E(CVSUP) / MJ.m-3
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
methane content / (% mol/mol)
Mean error (bias)
E(CVSUP) / MJ.m-3
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00 Maximum Permissible
mean error = bias ‐ B(P) Bias (MPB)
-0.02
-0.04 P MPB
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
-0.14
-0.16
78 83 88 93 98
methane content / (%mol/mol)
Uncertainty on mean error
E(CVSUP) / MJ.m-3
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
Maximum Permissible
0.00 uncertainty on the mean error Error (MPE)
P Uc P MPE
-0.02 ≈ uncertainty on bias ‐ U(B(P))
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
-0.14
-0.16
78 83 88 93 98
methane content / (%mol/mol)
Errors and uncertainties ‐ summary
Example – design of calibration gas
Example – design of calibration gas
xC1,cal = 0.88
mean E(CV) = 0.001 ± 0.061 MJ.m‐3
Example – design of calibration gas
xC1,cal = 0.88
mean E(CV) = 0.001 ± 0.061 MJ.m‐3
xC1,cal = 0.81
mean E(CV) = 0.000 ± 0.028 MJ.m‐3
Analysis function correction ‐ superior CV
Instrument errors
y=Fass(x)
y=Ftrue(x)
xcal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
content / (% mol/mol)
Dove House
Dove Fields
Uttoxeter
Staffordshire
ST14 8HU
United Kingdom
tel : +44 (0)1889 569229
e‐mail : paul.holland@effectech.co.uk
web‐site : www.effectech.co.uk
ISO9001:2008 FS 554539