2014 Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE 2014)

An Analysis of Economic Load Dispatch with

Prohibited Zone and Ramp-rate limit constraints
using Different Algorithms
Koustav Oasgupta Sumit Banerjee
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Santiniketan Institute of Polytechnic Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College
Bolpur, India Durgapur, India
koustav2009@gmail.com sumit_9999@rediffmail.com

Abstract- The economic load dispatch (ELD) plays an Literature survey shows that particle swarm optimization
important role in power system operation and control. technique is very simple optimization technique and easier
Different techniques have been used to solve these problems. to understand from any other technique. So this algorithm
Recently, the soft computing techniques have widely used in
has drawn a wide attention in the world. This optimization
practical applications. This paper shows successful
technique has a faster convergence rate to global solution. It
implementation of four evolutionary algorithms, namely
particle swarm optimization (PSO), particle swarm
has highest potential of finding more nearly global solutions
optimization with constriction factor approach (PSOCFA), to the Economic load Dispatch Problems [21].
particle swarm optimization with inertia weight factor PSO has small number of free tunable parameters to
approach (PSOIWA) and particle swarm optimization with arrive desire goal. PSO has been applied in many field of
constriction factor and inertia weight factor approach power system to determine the optimum value of the
(PSOCFIWA) algorithms are used to economic load dispatch parameter of power system.
problem. Here prohibited zone and ramp-rate limit constraints This paper proposes particle swarm optimization (PSO),
are considered to solve this problem. Power output of each
particle swarm optimization with constriction factor
generating unit and optimum fuel cost obtained using all four
approach (PSOCFA), particle swarm optimization with
algorithms have been compared.
inertia weight factor approach (PSOIWA) and particle
Keywords- Economic Load Dispatch; Prohibited Zone; swarm optimization with constriction factor and inertia
PSO; PSOCFA; PSOIWA; PSOCFIWA; Ramp-rate limit. weight factor approach (PSOCFIWA) to solve ELD
problem with 15 thermal units with generator constraints.
I. INTRODUCTION The application of PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA and
PSOCFIWA algorithms to constrained fifteen-generator
Economic load dispatch (ELD) in power system is a task ELD problems has been successfully demonstrated with an
of allocating power generation among the committed example.
thermal units and satisfied the load demand such as that the
cost of production is minimized and constrained are II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
satisfied at the same time. Here prohibited zone and ramp-rate
The objective of the economic dispatch problem is to
limit constraints are considered to solve this problem.
minimize the total fuel cost while satisfying the constraints.
Traditionally in ELD problems, the cost function for
generating units has been approximated as a quadratic A. Objectivefunction
function. Practically these cost functions of modern power Fuel cost function of each thermal generating unit is
generation units are highly nonlinear, and discrete in nature. expressed as a quadratic function. In terms of real power
A bibliographical survey on ELD methods reveals that output, total cost can be expressed as the following
various numerical optimization techniques have been 11

ar +bP+c i= 1,2,3......,n
employed to solve the ELD problem. ELD is solved Ij ="
minI" �'l I I I (1)
traditionally using mathematical programming based on i::::1

optimization techniques such as evolutionary algorithms [1- Where n is the number of generating units, � is the real
6], simulated annealing [7-8], artificial neural networks [9- power output (MW) of /h generator and a;, hi' ci are cost
II], and taboo search [12-13].
coefficients .
ELD problems have recently been solved by Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) approaches [14-18]. The PSO B. Constraints
originally developed by Eberhart and Kennedy [19-20] in (i) Power balance constraints:
1995 is a population based stochastic algorithm.

978-1-4799-3421-8114/$3l.00 ©2014 IEEE

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 Generated power should be the same as the total load Position updating equation:
demand PD (in MW). In this case, the active power balance
is given by
x id
, ( k + l)

where
_
- x, ik
d
+ v i(dk + l)
x� 'X�+l are the posItIOn
(7)
of d'" dimension
(2)
(variable) of the ith particle at k'h and (k +l)ltl iteration,
i=l

The transmission and generator losses have been neglected. Vi�' v: 1 are+
the velocity of the d
l"
dimension of the il"
l"
(ii) Generation limits: particle at the k and the (k + 1 t iteration and C1, C 2 are the
The output power of each generating unit has a lower and cognitive and the social parameters; rl and r2 are random
upper bound so that it lies in between these bounds. numbers uniformly distributed within [0, I]; pbestld is the
pmin -s; p -s; pmax best position of the d I" dimension of the il" particle; gbest d
I I I (3)
Where p;min and p;max are the minimum and maximum is the group best position of the d th dimension and W is
the inertia weight factor.
output of generator i, respectively. ,
W max -w mm
W=W max xiter
iter
(iii) Ramp-rate limit constraints: max (8)
max(p;min, p;o - J p; � min(p;maX, p;o
DR � J
+ UR
(4) Where iter
is the maximum number of iterations and
Where �(t) is the present output power, �o is the max
iter is the current number of iterations.
previous output power, UI?, is the up-ramp limit of the ith
generator (in units of MW/time-period), and DR, is the
down-ramp limit of the ith generator (in units of MW/time­ IV. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH
period). CONSTRICTION FACTOR APPROACH (PSOCFA)
For particle swarm optimization with constriction factor
(iv) Prohibited Zones constraints:
approach (PSOCFA), the velocity of equation no. (6) IS
Prohibited operating zones constraints
manipulated in accordance with equation no. (9).
⎧Pi min ≤ Pi ≤ Pi l,1 xv )+C1xrand([ iJ )x(Pbestid-x�) l
⎪⎪
Pi ∈ ⎨Pi ,uk −1 ≤ Pi ≤ Pi ,lk k = 1,...., zo i
(5) vI �k+1)=CFax w (9)

⎪ u max
+C2xrand( )x(gbestid-x�)
⎩⎪Pi , zi ≤ Pi ≤ Pi ,
Constriction factor (CFa) varies from 0.60 to 0.73.
Where � I
k
and �:� are the lower and upper bounds of the
kth prohibited zone of unit i, respectively; k is the index of
prohibited zones (zo). V. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH
INERTIA WEIGHT FACTOR APPROACH(PSOIWA)

III. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION (PSO) For particle swarm optimization with inertia weight
factor approach (PSOIWA), the velocity of equation no. (6)
PSO, first developed by Eberhart and Kennedy (1995), is is manipulated in accordance with equation no. (II). In
a population based optimization algorithm. The population inertia weight factor approach (lWA), inertia weight ( Wk+1)
is called 'swarm'. Each potential solution is called particle
at (k+It cycle is given by
which is given a random velocity and is flown through the
W -(wmax - wmin) (10)
solution space (similar to the search process for food of a Wk+1= max X(k +l)
bird swarm) searching for the optimal position. Each kmax
particle keeps track of its previous best position, called Velocity updating equation:
pbest, and corresponding fitness in its memory. The best

( )
value of pbest is called gbest, which is the best position
discovered by the swarm. If promising new solution is v
(k+l)
id
_ , (k)
- H k+l x v id + C1 x rand ( ) x
k
pbest id -xid

( fd )
discovered by a particle then all other particles will move
closer to it. Based on PSO concept, mathematical equations + C2 x rand ( ) x gbest id - x

for the searching process are: (11)

Velocity updating equation: Where wmax =1; wmin =0.4; kmax maxImum no of
(k+1 _ (k
v id ) - W x v id) + C1 x rand()x (pbestid-xikd) (6)
iteration cycle.

+ C2 x rand()x (gbest id-x�)

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 VI. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION WITH VIII. SIMULATION RESULTS
CONSTRICTION FACTOR AND INERTIA WEIGHT The economic load dispatch (ELD) problem was solved
FACTOR APPROACH (PSOCFIWA) using the PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA and PSOCFIWA
For particle swarm optimization with constriction factor algorithms. To assess the efficiency of the proposed
and inertia weight factor approach (PSOCFIWA), the approaches, one case study (15 generators) of ELD problem
velocity of equation no. (6) is manipulated in accordance were applied in which valve point loading and losses were
with the following equation not considered in objective functions for simplicity.

( k + I )=(Fa
'
k+
[w 1 x v }j ) + C x rand ( )x
I
(Phest
id
- x�
(12) Prohibited zone and ramp-rate limit constraints were
v x
( gbest ) considered in ELD problem. In simulation, population
'..

ld k
+c2 x rand ( )x size=50, maximum iteration =500 were considered. Table I
id -xid

Here also, Constriction factor (CFa) varies 0.6 to 0.73 and shows Data for the fifteen thermal units of generating unit
the inertia weight factor approach (IWA) follows equation capacity and coefficients. Table II shows Data for the fifteen
(l0). thermal units of ramp-rate limits and prohibited zones of the
generating units. Table III shows the comparing results of
PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA and PSOCFIWA.
VII. IMPLEMENTATION OF PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA
AND PSOCFIWA METHODS IN ELD PROBLEM A. Case study 1: Fifteen-unit system
This paper presents a solution of economic dispatch This case study consists of fifteen thermal units [21]. All
problem using PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA and PSOCFIWA thermal units are within minimum and maximum generating
algorithm. Its implementation consists of the following limit. The data has shown in Tables I. In this case, the load
steps: demand is PD = 2630 MW.
TABLE I: DATA FOR THE FIFTEEN THERMAL UNITS OF
GENERATING UNIT CAPACITY AND COEFFICIENTS
Step 1 The particles are randomly generated between
the operating limits.
Unit plmn pmax
I I
ai bi ci

Step 2 The values of the fitness function of the 1 1 50 455 0.0003 1 0.1 000 671
particles are evaluated using objective function 2 1 50 455 0.0002 1 0.2000 574
3 20 1 30 0.001 1 8.8000 374
(equation 1) and the dimensions (variables) of
4 20 1 30 0.001 1 8.8000 374
the particles are initialized as pbest (s) . 5 1 50 470 0.0002 1 0.4000 461
6 1 35 460 0.0003 1 0.l000 630
Step 3 The best value of pbest(s) is represented as 7 1 35 465 0.0004 9.8000 548
gbest. 8 60 300 0.0003 1 l.2000 227
9 25 1 62 0.0008 1 1 .2000 1 73
10 25 1 60 0.001 2 1 0.7000 1 75
Step 4 The particles' velocities and positIOns are 11 20 80 0.0036 1 0.2000 1 86
updated using velocity and position updating 12 20 80 0.0055 9.9000 230
equations [equation nos. (6) and (7) for PSO 13 25 85 0.0004 1 3.1 000 225
technique, equation nos. (9) and (7) for 14 15 55 0.001 9 1 2.1 000 309
PSOCFA technique, equation nos. (11) and (7) 15 15 55 0.0044 1 2.4000 323

for PSOIWA technique and equation nos. (12)

TABLE II: DATA FOR THE FIFTEEN THERMAL UNITS OF RAMP­
and (7) for PSOCFIWA technique].
RATE LIMITS AND PROHIBITED ZONES OF THE GENERATING
UNITS
Step 5 The new fitness function values are evaluated
using the updated positions of the particles. If 0
unit URi DR, Prohibited Zone
p,
the current position of the particle is better Zone1 Zone2 Zone3
than its previous pbest, the pbest is updated by 1 400 80 1 20
the current particle, otherwise not updated. 2 300 80 1 20 [1 85 255] [305 335] [420 450]
The updated gbest is the best among all the 3 1 05 1 30 1 30
pbest(s) . 4 1 00 1 30 1 30
5 90 80 1 20 [1 80 200] [305 335] [390420]
6 400 80 1 20 [230 255] [365 395] [430 455]
Step 6 If the stopping criterion is satisfied, go to Step 7 350 80 1 20
7, otherwise, go to Step 2. 8 95 65 1 00
9 1 05 60 1 00
Step 7 The particle that generates the latest gbest 10 110 60 1 00
yields the optimal variables. 11 60 80 80
12 40 80 80 [30 40] [55 65]
13 30 80 80
14 20 55 55
15 20 55 55

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 4
x 10
3.255
TABLE III: COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS: BEST RESULT
FOR THE
CASE STUDY I 3.25

Unit of PSO PSOCFA PSOIWA PSOCFIWA

power output
3.245
455.0000 409.1 91 7 449.3242 408.7283
Pj
455.0000 455.0000 453.3263 389.0564
P2 3.24

P3 1 30.0000 1 29.9769 1 30.0000 1 25.2584

P4 1 30.0000 1 30.0000 1 30.0000 1 27.1 344

3.235

Ps 269.8497 1 68.9652 1 69.2737 1 61 .9051

Po 459.9985 440.4041 459.1760 441.0358

o0
3.23
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
P, 465.0000 465.0000 465.0000 428.2772
60.0000 60.0000 69.1907 73.4520 Fig. 3 Convergence Behavior of the PSOIWA Method for 1 5-Unit System
Ps
(PD=2630MW)
25.0039 37.7333 25.0000 1 01 .7855
P9
25.0009 1 1 8.7288 96.621 6 1 51 .3240
PIO
4
x 10
3.252

Pll 44.0430 80.0000 55.2023 75.0901

56.1 041 80.0000 64.1 294 79.9950 3.251
PI2
PI3 25.0000 25.0000 25.0000 27.6989 3.25

Pl4 1 5.0000 1 5.0000 23.7557 24.2590

3.249
1 5.0000 1 5.0000 1 5.0000 1 5.0000
PjS
Total 32,257 32,320 32,306 32,455 3.248
cost($/hr)
CPU 1 0.1 01 789 1 2.487380 1 0.647873 8.729563 3.247

Time(sec.)
3.246

4
x 10
3.255 3.245
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

3.25 Fig. 4 Convergence Behavior of the PSOCFIWA Method for 1 5-Unit

System (PD=2630MW)
3.245

3.24 IX. CONCLUSION

3.235
In this paper PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA and PSOCFIWA
were applied to solve ELD problem, The application of
3.23 PSO, PSOCFA, PSOIWA and PSOCFIWA algorithms to
constrained fifteen-generator ELD problem were
3.225
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 successfully demonstrated with an example. Here,
prohibited zone and ramp-rate limit constrains were
Fig. 1 Convergence Behavior of the PSO Method for 1 5-Unit System
(PD=2630MW)
considered in economic load dispatch problem. From the
x 10
4 results it is clear that PSO approach gives the best global
3.252
optimum solution with less computation time than the
3.25
PSOCFA, PSOIWA and PSOCFIWA techniques. The test
3.248
results show that PSO algorithm converge to optimal fuel
3.246
cost.
3.244

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3.24

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