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Stiffness Elements in Vibration Engineering

The document discusses different types of stiffness elements used in vibration engineering. It describes how stiffness elements are manufactured from various materials and shapes to minimize vibration transmission, isolate buildings from earthquakes, or absorb energy from impacts. Representative stiffness elements include cylindrical rubber bearings, wire rope isolators, air springs, steel coil springs, and steel cable springs, each with typical applications. Springs are also discussed as flexible mechanical links between particles, with linear springs following Hooke's law and potential energy proportional to the square of the displacement. Torsional springs similarly follow a linear relationship between moment and angular displacement.

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Sydney Olandria
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244 views12 pages

Stiffness Elements in Vibration Engineering

The document discusses different types of stiffness elements used in vibration engineering. It describes how stiffness elements are manufactured from various materials and shapes to minimize vibration transmission, isolate buildings from earthquakes, or absorb energy from impacts. Representative stiffness elements include cylindrical rubber bearings, wire rope isolators, air springs, steel coil springs, and steel cable springs, each with typical applications. Springs are also discussed as flexible mechanical links between particles, with linear springs following Hooke's law and potential energy proportional to the square of the displacement. Torsional springs similarly follow a linear relationship between moment and angular displacement.

Uploaded by

Sydney Olandria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vibration

Engineering
By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao
Stiffness Elements
• Stiffness elements are manufactured from different materials and they
have many different shapes. One chooses the type of element
depending on the requirements:
– to minimize vibration transmission from machinery to the
supporting structure,

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Stiffness elements are manufactured from different materials and they
have many different shapes. One chooses the type of element
depending on the requirements:
– to isolate a building from earthquakes,

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Stiffness elements are manufactured from different materials and they
have many different shapes. One chooses the type of element
depending on the requirements:
– or to absorb energy from systems subjected to impacts.

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Some representative types of stiffness elements that are commercially
available are shown in the figure along with their typical application.
a.) Building or highway base isolation for lateral motion using
cylindrical rubber bearings

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Some representative types of stiffness elements that are commercially
available are shown in the figure along with their typical application.
b.) wire rope isolators to isolate vertical motions of machinery

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Some representative types of stiffness elements that are commercially
available are shown in the figure along with their typical application.
c.) air springs used in suspension systems to isolate vertical
motions

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Some representative types of stiffness elements that are commercially
available are shown in the figure along with their typical application.
• d.) typical steel coil springs for isolation of vertical motions

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• Some representative types of stiffness elements that are commercially
available are shown in the figure along with their typical application.
• d.) steel cable springs used in a chimney tuned mass damper to
suppress lateral motions

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements
• A spring is a flexible mechanical link between two particles in a
mechanical system. In reality a spring itself is a continuous system.
However, the inertia of the spring is usually small compared to other
elements in the mechanical system and is neglected. Under this
assumption the force applied to each end of the spring is the same.
• Unstretched length is the length of a spring when it is not subject to
external forces.
– All springs are inherently nonlinear. However in many situations x
is small enough that the nonlinear terms of Taylor series equation
F =𝑘1 𝑥 +𝑘3 𝑥 3 + 𝑘5 𝑥 5 are small compared with 𝑘1 𝑥. A linear
spring obeys a force-displacement law of 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 where k is called
the spring stiffness or spring constant.

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao


Stiffness Elements

– Since the work depends upon the initial and final position of the
point of application of the spring force and not the path of the
system, the spring force is conservative. A potential energy
function can be defined for a spring a
1
𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2
• A torsional spring is a link in a mechanical system where application
of a torque leads to an angular displacement between the ends of the
torsional spring. A linear torsional spring has a relationship between an
applied moment M and the angular displacement 𝜃 of 𝑀 = 𝑘𝑡 𝜃 where
the torsional stiffness 𝑘𝑡 has dimensions of force times length. The
1
potential energy function for a torsional spring is 𝑉 𝜃 = 𝑘𝑡 𝜃 2 .
2
• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao
Stiffness Elements
• The helical coil spring is used in applications such as industrial
machines and vehicle suspension systems. Consider a spring
manufactured from a rod of circular cross section of diameter D. The
shear modulus of the rod is G. The rod is formed into a coil of N turns
of radius r. It is assumed that the coil radius is much larger than the
radius of the rod and that the normal to the plane of one coil nearly
coincides with the axis of the of the spring.

• By: Engr. Ray H, Malonjao

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