CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

Mechanical Engineering Department

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

Ronnel T. Lucero, ME
Instructor
 PHYSICS &
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
MECC 481 Module 5

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 PHYSICS
MECC 481 Topic 9

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Topic 9: Physics
•ILO1. Differentiate vector and scalar quantities
•ILO2. Solve problems involving work, energy
and power, momentum, impulse, and heat
•ILO3. Evaluate worded problems in Physics

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Vector quantities are quantities whose
measurement is specified by magnitude and
direction. Examples: weight, momentum,
torque, velocity, displacement, acceleration,
electric field intensity, etc.
Scalar quantities are those quantities which
have only magnitudes. Examples: speed, mass,
volume, energy, length, temperature, pressure,
voltage, time etc.
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Work refers to the process of changing the
energy of a particle, body or system. Work is a
scalar quantity. The typical units of work are
joules, foot-pound and inch-pound. It is the
product of the force and the distance traveled.

𝐖 = 𝐅𝐝

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Energy is the property of the body or system of
bodies by virtue of which work can be done.
Units: joules, calories, BTU.
Two forms of energy:
Potential energy
𝐄𝐏 = 𝐦𝐠𝐡
Kinetic Energy
𝟏 𝟐
𝐄𝐤 = 𝐦𝐯
𝟐
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 The Law of Conservation of Energy "Energy
can neither be created nor destroyed; it merely
changes from one form to another.”
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
𝟏 𝟐
𝐦𝐠𝐡 = 𝐦𝐯
𝟐
Work and Kinetic Energy
𝟏 𝟐
𝐅𝐝 = 𝐦𝐯
𝟐
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Power is the time rate of doing work or the
amount of work done per unit time. Power is a
scalar quantity.
𝐖
𝐏=
𝐭
1 watt = 1 joule per second
1 hp = 746 watts

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Momentum is the product of the mass and
velocity of a body. Momentum is a vector
quantity.
𝐩 = 𝐦𝐯
The Law of Conservation of Momentum is
stated as follows: "If there is no net external
force acting upon a system of bodies, the
momentum of the system does not change."
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Impulse is the product of the force and the time
during which it acts. Impulse is equal to the
change in momentum.

𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐬𝐞 = 𝐅∆𝐭 = 𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟏 = 𝐦𝐯𝐟 − 𝐦𝐯𝐢

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Coefficient of Restitution

∆𝐯𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭
𝐞=
∆𝐯𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭

If 𝐞 = 𝟏 , the collision is perfectly elastic while

if 𝐞 = 𝟎, the collision is completely Inelastic.

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 1
A 10 g block slides with a velocity of 𝑣1 =20 cm/s on a smooth level surface and makes a collision
with a 30 g block moving in the opposite direction with a velocity of 𝑣2 = 10 cm/s. If the collision is
perfectly elastic, what is the velocity of the 30 g block after the collision, 𝑣2,𝑓 ? Ans. 5 cm/s

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
From the conservation of momentum,
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1,𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2,𝑓
For perfectly elastic collision (e=1),
∆vafter impact 𝑣2,𝑓 − 𝑣1,𝑓
e= = =1
∆vbefore impact 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
STEP 2: Substitute
For perfectly elastic collision the balls will move in opposite direction before and after collision,
10 20 + 30 −10 = 10 −𝑣1,𝑓 + 30𝑣2,𝑓 → −100 = −10𝑣1,𝑓 + 30𝑣2,𝑓 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝑣2,𝑓 − (−𝑣1,𝑓 )
= 1 → 𝑣2,𝑓 + 𝑣1,𝑓 = 30 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
20 − (−10)
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Sample Problem No. 1
A 10 g block slides with a velocity of 𝑣1 =20 cm/s on a smooth level surface and makes a collision
with a 30 g block moving in the opposite direction with a velocity of 𝑣2 = 10 cm/s. If the collision is
perfectly elastic, what is the velocity of the 30 g block after the collision, 𝑣2,𝑓 ? Ans. 5 cm/s

SOLUTION:
STEP 3: Solve the simultaneous equation,
−100 = −10𝑣1,𝑓 + 30𝑣2,𝑓
𝑣2,𝑓 + 𝑣1,𝑓 = 30
STEP 4: Finalize
𝑐𝑚
𝑣2,𝑓 = 5
𝑠

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 2
If a 10 kg piece of copper falls 100 m, how much heat might be produced? Ans. 9810 J

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
STEP 2: Substitute
𝑚 𝑚
𝐸𝑝 = 10 𝑘𝑔 9.81 2 100𝑚 = 9810𝑘𝑔 2 − 𝑚 = 9810 𝑁 − 𝑚 = 9810 𝐽
𝑠 𝑠

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 3
A 10 Ibm object is acted upon by a 4.4 lbf force. What acceleration in 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 does the object
𝒇𝒕
possess? Ans. 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐
𝒔𝟐
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑎 =
𝑚
STEP 2: Substitute
𝑓𝑡
𝐹 4.4 𝑙𝑏𝑓 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑎= = 𝑥 𝑠2
𝑚 10 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝒇𝒕
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 4
A 50 kN truck traveling with a speed of 50 kph hits a lamp post and is brought to rest in 0.1 s. What
is the average force of the truck? Ans. −𝟕𝟎𝟕. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
mvf − mvi
Impulse = F∆t = p2 − p1 = mvf − mvi → 𝐹 =
∆t
STEP 2: Substitute
50 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 ℎ𝑟
𝑚 [0 − 50 ( 𝑥 )
9.81 2 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠
m(vf − vi ) 𝑠
𝐹= = = −707.89 𝑘𝑁
∆t 0.1 𝑠

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 5
A tennis ball moving horizontally to the left at 40 m/s hits a racket and rebounds horizontally to the
right at 30 m/s. If the mass of the ball is 100 grams, find the impulse of the force (in kg-m/s) exerted
𝒎
on the ball by the racket. Ans. 𝟕 𝒌𝒈 −
SOLUTION: 𝒔
STEP 1: Establish working equation
Impulse = p2 − p1 = mvf − mvi
STEP 2: Substitute
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Impulse = mvf − mvi = 0.1 𝑘𝑔 30 − −40 = 7 𝑘𝑔 −
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 6
What is most nearly the kinetic energy of a 3924 N motorcycle traveling at 40 kph? Ans.
𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑱
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
1
𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
STEP 2: Substitute
2
1 3924 𝑁 40 𝑚
𝐸𝑘 = = 𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑱
2 9.81 𝑚 3.6 𝑠
𝑠2

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 7
A lead hammer weighs 45 N. In one swing of the hammer, a nail is driven 1.5 cm into a
wood block. The velocity of the hammer’s head at impact is 4.5 m/s. What is most nearly
the average resistance of the wood block? Ans. 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 𝑵
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
Since energy is conserved, the kinetic energy of the hammer before impact is equal to the work
done by the resistance force of the wood block.
1 2
1 𝑚𝑣
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣 2 → 𝐹 = 2
2 𝑥
STEP 2: Substitute
1 45 𝑁 𝑚 2
1 ( 𝑚 )(4.5 )
𝑚𝑣 2 2 9.81 2 𝑠
𝐹= 2 = 𝑠 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 𝑵
𝑥 0.015 𝑚

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 8
An automobile uses 74.6 kW to maintain a uniform speed of 96 kph. What is
the thrust force provided by the engine? Ans. 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝑃
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 → 𝐹 =
𝑣
STEP 2: Substitute
𝑃 74.6 𝑘𝑊
𝐹= = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑣 96 𝑚
3.6 𝑠

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 9
A 900 N object is initially suspended on a 180 m long cable. The object is them
raised 100 m. If the cable weighs 16 N/m, how much is work done? Ans.
𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝑊 = 𝐸𝑝2 − 𝐸𝑝1
STEP 2: Solve unknowns
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿
𝑁 180 𝑚
𝐸𝑝1 = 900 𝑁 −180 𝑚 + 16 𝑥 180 𝑁 − = −421, 200 𝐽
𝑚 2
𝑁 80 𝑚
𝐸𝑝2 = 900 𝑁 −80 𝑚 + 16 𝑥 80 𝑁 − = −123, 200 𝐽
𝑚 2
STEP 3: Substitute
𝑊 = −123, 200 𝐽 − −421, 200 𝐽 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
MECC 481 Topic 10

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Topic 10: Statics of Rigid Bodies
• ILO1. Recall principles of vectors, equilibrium of
forces, parabolic cables, and catenary friction
• ILO2: Solve problems involving vectors, equilibrium
of forces, parabolic cables, and catenary friction
• ILO3. Evaluate worded problems in statics of rigid
bodies.
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 EQUILIBRIUM
Graphical Condition
Under this condition, the forces or
vectors are transformed into a force
polygon. For equilibrium, the force
polygon must close.

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Directional Condition
If three or more non-parallel forces
or vectors are in equilibrium, then
they must be concurrent

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Analytical Condition
forces or vectors are in equilibrium,
then it must satisfy the three static
equations; namely

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Friction is defined as the limited
amount of resistance to sliding
between the surfaces of two bodies
in contact

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 PARABOLIC CABLE
A cable is analyzed as a parabolic
cable when the loading is uniformly
distributed horizontally throughout
the cable.

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 a) Tension at the lowest point, H:
𝝎𝑳𝟐
𝑯=
𝟖𝒅

b) Tension at the support, T:

𝟐 𝟐
𝝎𝑳
𝑻= 𝑯𝟐 +
𝟐

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 c) Length of the parabolic cable, S
𝟖𝒅𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝒅𝟒
𝑺=𝑳+ −
𝟑𝑳 𝟓𝑳𝟑

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 CATENARY
A cable is analyzed as a catenary when
the loading is distributed along and
throughout the cable. It is a graph of the
equation 𝑦 = cosh 𝑥.

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 a) Distance from the x-
axis to a point on the
catenary, y:

𝒚 𝟐 = 𝑺 𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐

b) Maximum Tension, T:

𝑻 = 𝝎𝒚

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 c) Minimum Tension, H:

𝑯 = 𝝎𝒄

d) Span, L:

𝑳 = 𝟐𝒙

𝑺+𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝒄

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 d) Length, S:

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟐𝑺

𝟖𝒅𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝒅𝟒
𝑺=𝑳+ −
𝟑𝑳 𝟓𝑳𝟑

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 d) Length, S:

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟐𝑺

𝟖𝒅𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝒅𝟒
𝑺=𝑳+ −
𝟑𝑳 𝟓𝑳𝟑

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 CENTROIDAL MOMENT
OF INERTIA
Centroidal moment of inertia is the moment of inertia of the
figure with respect to an axis passing through the centroid.

𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝑰𝒙 =
𝟏𝟐
𝟑
𝒃 𝒉
𝑰𝒚 =
𝟏𝟐
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 𝟑
𝒃𝒉
𝑰𝒙 =
𝟑𝟔

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 𝟒
𝝅𝑫
𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒚 =
𝟔𝟒

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 𝝅𝒂𝒃𝟑
𝑰𝒙 =
𝟒
𝝅𝒂𝟑 𝒃
𝑰𝒚 =
𝟒

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 MOMENT OF INERTIA
WITH RESPECT TO BASE

𝟑
𝒃𝒉
𝑰𝒃 =
𝟑

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝑰𝒃 =
𝟏𝟐

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 TRANSFER FORMULA
For composite figures and for axis not at the centroid nor at
the base, moment of inertia may be calculated using the
transfer formula, which is as follows;

𝟐
𝑰 = 𝑰𝒈 + 𝑨𝒅

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 MASS MOMENT OF
COMMON SOLIDS

𝟐 𝟐
𝑰 = 𝒎𝒓
𝟓

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 𝟐
𝑰 = 𝒎𝒓𝟐
𝟑

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 𝟏
𝑰 = 𝒎𝒓𝟐
𝟐

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 10
Two forces of 20 units and 30 units act at right angle. What is the magnitude of
the resultant force? Ans. 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Create a Free-Body Diagram
Shown in the right side
STEP 2: Use trigonometric relationship to solve for R
𝑅 = 202 + 302 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 11
A load of 100 lb is hung from the middle of a rope, which is stretched between
two rigid walls 30 ft. apart Due to the load, the rope sags 4 feet in the middle.
Determine the tension in the rope. Ans. 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒇
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Create a Free-Body Diagram
Shown in the right side
STEP 2: Use trigonometric relationship to solve for T
By summing all vertical forces and equating to 0
100
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 2 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 100 = 0 → 𝑇 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Solve 𝜽
−1
15
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 75.07°
4
STEP 3: Substitute
100
𝑇= = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒇
2 cos 75.07°
ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1
 Sample Problem No. 12
A 100 kg weight rest on a 30° incline plane. Neglecting friction, how much pull must one
exert to bring the weight up the plane? Ans. 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑔

SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Create a Free-Body Diagram
Shown in the right side
STEP 2: Use trigonometric relationship to solve for T
By summing all vertical forces and equating to 0
෍ 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 − 100 sin 30° = 0

𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑔

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 13
A 600 N block rests in a surface inclined at 30°. Determine the horizontal force P required to
prevent the block from sliding down. Angle of friction between the block and the inclined
plane is 15°. Ans. 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎.𝟕𝟕 𝑵
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Create a Free-Body Diagram
Shown in the right side
STEP 2: Use trigonometric relationship to solve for T
By summing all vertical and horizontal forces and equating to 0
෍ 𝐹𝑥−𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑃 cos 30 + 𝜇𝑁 − 600 sin 30° = 0

300 − 0.866 𝑃 300 − 0.866𝑃

→𝑁= =
𝜇 tan 15°
෍ 𝐹𝑦−𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑁 − 600 cos 30° − 𝑃 sin 30 = 0

→ 𝑁 = 519.62 + 0.5𝑃

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 13
A 600 N block rests in a surface inclined at 30°. Determine the horizontal force P required to
prevent the block from sliding down. Angle of friction between the block and the inclined
plane is 15°. Ans. 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎.𝟕𝟕 𝑵
SOLUTION:
STEP 3: Equate two equations of N and solve for P
300 − 0.866𝑃
= 519.62 + 0.5𝑃
tan 15°

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 𝑵

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 14
A cable supported at two points of same level has a unit weight, 𝜔 of 0.02 kg per meter of horizontal distance.
The allowed sag is 0.02 m and a maximum tension at the lowest point of 1200 kg and a factor of safety of 2.
Calculate the allowable spacing of the poles assuming a parabolic cable. Ans. 69.28 𝑚
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝐻
𝜔𝐿 2
8𝐻𝑑 8(𝐹𝑆)𝑑
𝐻= →𝐿= =
8𝑑 𝜔 𝜔
STEP 2: Substitute
1200 𝑘𝑔
8( )(0.02𝑚)
𝐿= 2 = 69.28 𝑚
0.02

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 15
A cable weighing 60 N/m is suspended between two supports on the same level at 300 m
apart. The sag is 60 m. Compute the distance of the lowest point of the cable from the
ground level. Ans. 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔.𝟖 𝒎
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝑆+𝑦 𝑆 + (60 + 𝑐)
𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛
𝑐 𝑐
Where,
𝑦 2 = 𝑆 2 + 𝑐 2 → 𝑆 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑐 2 = (60 + 𝑐)2 −𝑐 2
STEP 2: Substitute
𝑦 2 − 𝑐 2 + (60 + 𝑐)
𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛
𝑐
(60 + 𝑐)2 −𝑐 2 + (60 + 𝑐)
150 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛
𝑐
𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟖 𝒎

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 16
A circle has a diameter of 20 cm. Determine the moment of inertia of the circular area
relative to the axis perpendicular to the area through the center of the circle in 𝑐𝑚4 .
Ans. 𝑱 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟒
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
𝜋𝑑 4
𝐽=
32
STEP 2: Substitute
𝜋(20)4
𝐽=
32
𝐽 = 15707.96 𝑐𝑚4

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1

 Sample Problem No. 17
What is the moment of inertia of a cylinder of radius 5 m and mass of 5 Kg?
𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝑰 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎𝟐
SOLUTION:
STEP 1: Establish working equation
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2
STEP 2: Substitute
1
𝐼 = (5 𝑘𝑔)(5𝑚)2
2
𝐼 = 62.5 kg − m2

ME Comprehensive Evaluation Course 1