Vibration Engineering

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Translational Linear Springs

Single spring If a force F is applied to a linear spring as

Configuration shown, this force produces a deflection x
such that

Where the coefficient k is called the

spring constant and there is a linear
relationship between the force and the
displacement, the potential energy V
stored in the spring is given by

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Translational Linear Springs

Two springs When there are two springs in parallel as

connected in shown and the bar on which the force F
parallel acts remains parallel to its original
Configuration position then the displacements of both
springs are equal and, therefore, the total
force is

where Fj(x) is the resulting force in spring

kj, j= 1, 2, and ke is the equivalent spring
constant for two springs in parallel.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Translational Linear Springs

Two springs When there are two springs in series, as

connected in shown, the force on each spring is the
series same and the total displacement is
Configuration

where the equivalent spring constant ke is

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Translational Linear Springs

In general, for N springs in The potential energy for the

parallel, we have, spring combination shown in
parallel is given by

for N springs in series, we

have. The potential energy for the
spring combination shown in
series is given by

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Torsional Linear Springs

Two springs For two torsion springs parallel

connected in combinations, the rotation 𝜃 of each
parallel spring is the same and, therefore,
Configuration

where tj is the resulting moment in spring

ktj,j = 1,2,and kte is the equivalent
torsional stiffness given by

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Torsional Linear Springs

Two springs For torsion springs in series, as shown,

connected in the torque on each spring is the same,
series but the rotations are unequal. Thus,
Configuration

where the equivalent stiffness kte i,

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Torsional Linear Springs

The potential energy for the torsion-spring combination

shown in parallel is given by,

The potential energy for the torsion-spring combination

shown in series is given by,

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Equivalent Spring Constants of Common
Structural Elements Used in Vibration
Models
1. Axially loaded rod or 3. Hollow circular rod in
cable, torsion

2. Axially loaded tapered rod 4. Cantilever beam

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Equivalent Spring Constants of Common
Structural Elements Used in Vibration
Models
5. Pinned-pinned beam 7. Two circular rods in
(Hinged, simply supported) torsion

6. Clamped-clamped beam 8. Two circular rods in

(Fixed-fixed beam) torsion

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Equivalent Spring Constants of Common
Structural Elements Used in Vibration
Models
9. Coil spring 10. Clamped rectangular
plate, constant thickness,
force at center

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Equivalent Spring Constants of Common
Structural Elements Used in Vibration
Models
11. Clamped circular plate,
constant thickness, force at
center.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Equivalent Spring Constants of Common
Structural Elements Used in Vibration
Models
12. Cantilever plate,
constant thickness, force at
center of free edge.

By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao

Terminologies
• Linear and Nonlinear
Vibration
If all the basic components of a
vibratory system the spring, the
mass, and the damper behave
linearly, the resulting vibration is
known as linear vibration. If,
however, any of the basic
components behave
nonlinearly, the vibration is
called nonlinear vibration.
• Deterministic and Random
Vibration
If the value or magnitude of the
excitation (force or motion)
By: Engr. Ray H. Malonjao
acting on a vibratory system is
known at any given time, the
excitation is called
deterministic. The resulting
vibration is known as
deterministic vibration.
• Continuous or Discrtee
Vibration
Vibrations of systems that have
a finite number of degrees of
freedom are called discrete
systems. A system with an
infinite number of degrees of
freedom is called a continuous
system or distributed parameter
system