Justice, Rights and Values

Special Eurobarometer 514
March 2021
Justice, Rights and

Values
Report Fieldwork: March -April 2021
Survey conducted by Kantar on behalf of Kantar Belgium
at the request of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers
Survey coordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication
(DG COMM “Media monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit))
Project title Special Eurobarometer 514
“Justice, Rights and Values”
Language version EN
Catalogue number DS-09-21-136-EN-N
ISBN 978-92-76-19885-7
doi: 10.2838/3
© European Union, 2021
https://www.europa.eu/eurobarometer
Photo credit: Getty Images

Justice, Rights and Values
March - April 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4
KEY FINDINGS 7
I. EUROPEANS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE EU’S FUNDAMENTAL VALUES 10

1.1 Perceived level of information on the rule of law in the EU 11
1.2 Europeans’ agreement on the protection of EU core values 14
1.3 Europeans’ participation in social and political activities 16
1.4 Awareness of recent history shared with other European countries 21
II. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF EU LEGISLATION ON JUSTICE, RIGHTS AND VALUES 23
III. EUROPEANS' LEVEL OF INFORMATION ON AWARENESS-RAISING EVENTS AT EU LEVEL 41
IV. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF DIFFERENT EU INITIATIVES AND TOOLS 51
V. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF EU FUNDS 63

5.1 Under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme 64
5.2 Under the Justice programme 66
CONCLUSION 68
INTRODUCTION
March - April 2021
The European Union aims at promoting peace and the well-being and the rule of law, respondents were asked about their
of its people. It is founded on common values encompassing in involvement in various civic duties like voting in local, national, or
particular fundamental rights, non-discrimination and equality, EU elections, seeking information about and speaking out on
anti-racism and tolerance, the respect for human dignity, the rule current issues, in particular through social media, volunteering and
of law and the independence of the judiciary, a vibrant civil society involvement in local initiatives, NGOs, civil society organisations,
and citizen participation in democratic life. To promote rights and trade unions, or political parties.
Union values, the EU has used several instruments combined in a
policy mix: legislation, policy development and implementation as The next section of the report explores another indicator of social
well as funding. Thanks to this policy mix progress is visible across cohesion: the awareness of the recent history a country shares
Europe: increased awareness among people about their rights, with other European countries, either within or outside the
their common history, increased female employment rate, European Union.
promotion and protection of the rights of the children, enhanced The report investigates the extent to which EU citizens are aware
democratic and civic participation of citizens at Union level. As a of certain pieces of EU legislation on justice, rights, and values,
result of EU legislation, people can rely on a set of rights all across such as the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Work-life
the EU and can count on an independent and effective justice balance legislation, Equal treatment in employment and
system and the respect of the rule of law. occupation legislation, the Racial equality framework, Victims’
rights legislation, GDPR, the Rights of EU citizens to freely reside
Despite all these achievements and progress, the past years, have
anywhere within the EU, and the Framework Decision on
shown that our societies are experiencing persistent inequalities,
combating certain forms and expressions of racism and
growing intolerance, racism and discrimination. Our democracies
xenophobia by means of criminal law.
are facing new challenges ranging from rising extremism and
polarisation, election interference, the spread of manipulative Respondents were also asked about their knowledge of EU events
disinformation and threats against minorities, journalists and civil promoting justice, rights, and fundamental values, such as the
society. To live up to its vocation, the European Union needs to annual Europride event, the EU Roma week, the Access City Award
remember and learn from its history and to involve people in for people with disabilities, and Equal Pay Day to promote gender
strengthening democratic societies. Yet emerging movements equality in remuneration.
challenge the idea of open, inclusive, cohesive and democratic
societies and threaten the enjoyment of rights and civic The report further explores EU citizens’ awareness of various tools
participation. There is a strong demand from the ground to support and initiatives that have been developed by the EU in the
civil society organisations, rights defenders and other stakeholders furtherance of justice, rights, and fundamental values. In
active at all levels, in promoting a culture of values in the EU, based particular, they were asked to what extent they were aware of the
on fundamental rights, democracy and the rule of law. Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online, the
European Disability Card to ensure equal access to services for
As part of the EU long-term budget for 2021 – 2027, the Citizens, people with disabilities, the e-Justice portal, the EU Justice
Equality, Rights and Values programme and the Justice Scoreboard, and the European Citizens’ Initiative.
programme were adopted on 28 April 2021 with a total budget of
1.8 billion Euros. The Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values Finally, respondents were asked about their knowledge of the
programme aims to promote the EU’s core values and rights, such Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values funding programme aimed at
as non-discrimination, equality, children’s rights, and the promoting the EU’s core values and rights, supporting citizen
prevention and combating of violence against women and other participation in democratic and civic endeavours, and projects
vulnerable groups. It will also support citizen’s participation in raising awareness on European history and culture. Finally, EU
democratic and civic life and in projects that raise awareness of citizens were asked whether they knew about funding
European history and culture. The Justice programme aims at opportunities through the Justice programme, which is aimed at
developing an integrated European justice area based on the rule developing an integrated European justice area based on the rule
of law, mutual recognition and mutual trust. of law, mutual recognition and mutual trust.
This Eurobarometer aims at giving a snapshot of EU citizen’s

perception of the values promoted by these programmes and of
EU citizen’s awareness of the different instruments used to
promote and protect rights and values.
The first part of this report focuses on the extent to which EU

citizens feel informed about the rule of law, both in their own
country, and other EU Member States, and the extent to which
they think the rule of law and other core values of the EU, such as
fundamental rights and democracy are protected.
Given the important role of citizen participation in social and

political activities in the upkeep of democracy, fundamental rights,
5
March - April 2021
This survey was carried out by the Kantar network in the 27 EU We would like to thank all respondents in Europe who took
Member States between 16 March and 12 April 2021. Some the time to take part in this survey.
26,669 respondents from different social and demographic groups
were interviewed in their mother tongue. This survey was Without their active participation, this survey would not
commissioned by the European Commission, Directorate General have been possible.
for Justice and Consumers (DG JUST) in the framework of the
Justice programme and the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values
programme (2021-2027) .
The methodology used is that of Eurobarometer surveys as carried

out for the Directorate-General for Communication (“Media
monitoring and analysis” Unit). However, in order to run fieldwork
during the COVID pandemic, it was necessary to change the
methodology in some countries (total or partial online interviews
in some countries). A technical note on the way the interviews were
conducted by the institutes within the Kantar network is annexed
to this report. Also included are the interview methods and
confidence intervals.
Note: In this report, Member States are referred to by their official

abbreviation, as listed below:
Belgium BE Lithuania LT
Bulgaria BG Luxembourg LU
Czechia CZ Hungary HU
Denmark DK Malta MT
Germany DE Netherlands NL
Estonia EE Austria AT
Ireland IE Poland PL
Greece EL Portugal PT
Spain ES Romania RO
France EN Slovenia SI
Croatia HR Slovakia SK
Italy IT Finland FI
Republic of CY* Sweden SE
Cyprus*
Latvia LV
European Union - weighted average for the 27

Member States of the European Union EU27
* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 European Union Member

States. However, the “acquis communautaire” has been suspended
in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government
of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews
carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government
of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the “CY” category and in
the EU27 average.
6
KEY FINDINGS
7
March – April 2021
One in two respondents feels well-informed about the rule A majority of EU citizens have heard, read or seen something
of law in their country, while nearly three in ten feel well- about the various pieces of EU legislation mentioned on
informed about the rule of law in other EU MS. justice, rights and values.
 More than half of the EU citizens interviewed (54%) say they  Between 65% and 82% of respondents indicate being aware
feel well-informed about the rule of law in their own country. of various pieces of EU legislation, with the highest level of
In 18 EU Member States, more than half of respondents think awareness of: rights of EU citizens and their families to reside
that they are well-informed about the rule of law in their freely anywhere within the EU (82%), equal treatment in
country. employment and occupation regardless of the religion or
belief, disability, age or sexual orientation (78%) and the EU
 Close to one in three respondents (29%) feels well-informed
General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR - (77%).
about the rule of law in other EU countries. Only in Poland do
the majority of respondents (54%) state that they feel  Although most EU citizens have heard of the above legislation,
informed about the rule of law in other EU Member States. around a third are aware but do not really know what they
entail.
About two thirds of EU citizens agree that the core values of

the EU are well protected in their own country. EU citizens are less well-informed about EU-level
awareness-raising events.
 Nearly two thirds of Europeans (65%) agree that the core
values of the EU, such as fundamental rights, democracy and  Just above half of Europeans have heard of Equal Pay Day
the rule of law, are well protected in their own country. (51%), with highest shares in (more than seven in ten
respondents) in Belgium (77%), Portugal (74%) and
 In ten countries, over seven in ten respondents agree with this
Luxembourg (73%).
statement.
 Half of Europeans have heard of Europride (50%), reaching at
 Disparities among Member States are notable: particularly high
least seven in ten respondents in 11 Member States.
levels of agreement are found among respondents in Sweden
(91%), Luxembourg (90%) and Denmark (87%). Notably low  Close to four in ten respondents (39%) have heard of the
agreement levels are found in Bulgaria (34%) and Slovenia Access City Award and nearly a third of them (32%) indicate
(36%). having heard of EU Roma week.
EU citizens participate substantially in voting in local, The code of conduct for countering illegal hate speech in
national or European election and much less in other social online social networks is known by the majority of
and political activities. Europeans.
 Three quarters of respondents (75%) indicate voting in local,  More than half of the respondents (56%) indicate having heard
national or European elections. of the Code of conduct for countering illegal hate speech on
online social networks, although only about one in four also
 About a third of respondents (35%) confirm they obtain
knows what it is.
information on current issues through social media and one in
five respondents (20%) indicate taking part in volunteering  Slightly less than half of the EU respondents (48%) have heard
activities or community projects. of the European Disability Card and 41% of them have heard
of the European Citizens’ Initiative.
 Around one in ten EU citizens indicates being involved in NGOs,
civil society organisations (10%) or in trade unions, political  Less than a third of respondents confirm they are aware of the
movements or parties (9%). European e-Justice portal (31%) and of the EU Justice
Scoreboard (30%).
A large majority of EU citizens are aware of the recent

history their country shares with other European countries. Almost one third of Europeans have heard, read or seen
something about funds available under the Citizens,
 Close to eight in ten respondents (78%) indicate being aware Equality, Rights and Values programme.
of their country’s recent history in relation to that of other EU
Member States.  Close to one in three respondents (32%) across the EU indicate
having heard of the funds that are available under the Citizens,
 In all Member States, more than seven in ten respondents
Equality, Rights and Values programme. Nearly one in ten
indicate they are aware of this subject, except in Italy (60%),
respondents (8%) also knows what these funds entail.
Malta (61%), and Cyprus (65%).
 In 16 Member States, at least a quarter of respondents indicate
having heard of the funds available under the Justice
programme.
8
Just above a quarter of Europeans have heard, read or seen

something on the funds available under the Justice
programme.
 26% of Europeans have heard, read or seen something on the

funds available under the Justice programme. At least four in
ten respondents in Croatia (47%), Malta (45%), Cyprus (41%)
and Italy (40%) were familiar before this interview with the
funds available under the Justice programme.
9
I. EUROPEANS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE
EU’S FUNDAMENTAL VALUES
1. Attachment to the European

Union
a. Support for membership and
perceived benefits of membership
(candidate countries)
10
Europeans’ perceptions on the EU’s fundamental values
The first chapter examines Europeans’ views on fundamental

values at the European level. It explores the extent to which
respondents feel informed about the rule of law, both in their own
country and in other EU Member States, and the extent to which
they think the rule of law and other core values of the EU, such as
fundamental rights and democracy, are protected.
Respondents were also asked about their involvement in various

civic activities such as voting in local, national, or EU elections,
seeking information about and speaking out on current issues, in
particular through social media, volunteering and involvement in
local initiatives, NGOs, civil society organisations, trade unions, or
political parties. Respondents’ awareness of the recent history their
country shares with other European countries, within or outside the
European Union is also captured in this chapter.
1.1 Perceived level of information

on the rule of law in the EU
More than half of Europeans feel well-informed about the
rule of law in their own country, while nearly three in ten
feel well-informed about the rule of law in other EU
countries.
When asked to what extent they feel well-informed or not about

the rule of law in their own country and other EU Member States 1,
respondents provided the following answers:
 More than half of Europeans (54%) say they feel well-
informed about the rule of law in their own country, with
12% feeling very well-informed and 42% feeling fairly well-
informed.
 Around a third (35%) of EU citizens do not feel very well-
informed about the rule of law in their own country, while one
in ten do not feel informed about this subject at all.
 Awareness about the rule of law in other EU countries is
markedly lower. Close to a third of respondents (29%) feel
well-informed about the rule of law in other EU countries,
including 5% who feel very well-informed and around one in
four (24%) who feel fairly well-informed in this regard.
 A majority of respondents (68%) do not feel well-informed
about this subject, including just above one in five (21%) who
do not feel informed at all.
1
QC1. To what extent do you feel well-informed or not about the
rule of law in … (OUR COUNTRY)/… other EU Member States?
11
In 18 EU Member States, more than half of the respondents In five countries, more than 20% of respondents indicate feeling
indicate feeling well-informed about the rule of law in their very well-informed about the rule of law in their own country, most
own country. In six countries, more than seven in ten feel well- notably Denmark (26%), Austria (23%), as well as the Netherlands,
informed, with the highest scores recorded in Finland and the Sweden and Ireland (20%)
Netherlands (both 78%), Denmark (76%), and Ireland (75%), and
the lowest in Bulgaria (38%), Lithuania (39%), and France (41%).
Respondents in Poland (54%), Ireland (42%) and Austria (37%) are In two EU Member States, just over one in ten respondents
most likely to respond that they feel well-informed about the indicates feeling very well-informed about the rule of law in other
rule of law in other Member States. Respondents in France EU countries, notably Austria and Poland (both 11%).
(15%), Latvia (17%), Belgium and Bulgaria (both 21%) are least .
likely to indicate feeling informed about the rule of law in their own
country.
12
An analysis of the socio-demographic data shows the

following:
 Men feel better-informed than women (59% vs 49%) about
the rule of law in their own country, and slightly better-
informed than women (32% vs 26%) about the rule of law in
other EU countries.
 Respondents aged 40-54 are slightly most likely (56%) to feel
well-informed about the subject versus 48% of those aged 15
to 24.
 Respondents who completed their education aged 20 or older
are more likely (65%) to feel informed about the rule of law.
For instance, they are more likely (65%) to feel informed about
the rule of law in their own country than those who completed
their education aged 19 (50%) or 15 (34%). They are also more
likely (36%) to feel informed about the rule of law in other
countries than those who completed their education aged 19
(27%) or 15 (17%).
 Among socio-professional categories, managers (72%) and
other white-collar workers (58%) are the most likely to feel
informed about the rule of law in their own country (compared
to 38% of house persons). Managers are also more likely
(40%) to say that they are well-informed about the rule of law
in other countries than other white-collar workers (34%), the
self-employed (33%), manual workers (28%), students (26%),
the retired (25%), the unemployed (24%), and house persons
(21%).
 The analysis also shows that a respondent’s financial situation
has an impact on their opinion: the less difficulty they have in
paying their bills, the more likely they are to think that they are
well-informed about the rule of law in their country. For
example, 58% of those with the least financial difficulties say
they are well-informed, compared to 35% of those who
experience difficulties most of the time.
 Class has a considerable impact. Respondents who consider
themselves as belonging to the upper class are more than
twice as likely (84%) than those claiming to pertain to the
working class (39%) to think that they are well-informed about
the rule of law in their own country. Similar differences, albeit
at a lower level, are found in terms of the rule of law in other
countries: 49% vs 23%.
 57% of those who go online every day consider themselves to
be well-informed about the rule of law in their own country,
against only 35% of those who never use the Internet.
Regarding the rule of law in other EU countries, the difference
is 31% vs 19%.
 Respondents who have a strong political interest are much
more likely (72%) to consider themselves well-informed about
the rule of law in their own country than those who have
medium (58%) or low (45%) interest, or no interest at all
(28%). Regarding the rule of law in other EU countries, there
are comparable differences but at lower levels: respondents
who have a strong political interest are much more likely (44%)
to consider themselves well-informed about the subject versus
those who have medium (32%), low (18%), or no interest at all
(17%).
 Regarding respondents’ awareness on the rule of law in their
own country, little to no variation was found in terms of
subjective urbanisation or political affiliation. The same can be
said in terms of the rule of law in other EU countries, plus no
differences between the age groups.
13
1.2 Europeans’ agreement on the

protection of EU core values
About two thirds of EU citizens agree that the core values of
the EU are well protected in their own country
Respondents were asked about their confidence in the protection

of core values of the EU, such as fundamental rights, democracy
and the rule of law, in their country2. Across the EU, 65% of
respondents agree that the core values of the EU are well
protected, with 15% of them totally in agreement. Half of all
respondents tend to agree with this statement. Close to one in four
(24%) tends to disagree that the core values of the EU are well
protected in their own country, while 8% disagree entirely.
A national level analysis reveals that large disparities exist

among different EU countries. In 20 countries, at least half of all
respondents agree that the core values of the EU are well
protected in their own country, while in ten countries, more than
70% feel that way, with the highest levels of agreement noted In seven countries more than 30% of respondents totally agree
among respondents in Sweden (91%), Luxembourg (90%), and with the proposed statement, with the highest levels noted in
Denmark (87%). Respondents in Bulgaria (34%), Slovenia (36%), Finland (40%), the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden (36% all),
and Greece (42%) are least likely to support this statement. and Luxembourg (31%).
2
QC2. To what extent do you agree or not with the following democracy and the rule of law are well protected in (OUR
statement: the core values of the EU, such as fundamental rights, COUNTRY)?
14
The socio-demographic analysis shows the following:

 Respondents who completed their education aged 20 or older
are more likely (72%) to think that the core values of the EU
are well protected in their own country than those who
completed their education at age 19 (60%) and at age 15
(55%).
 Among socio-professional categories, managers are most
likely (74%) to agree to the proposed statement; the
unemployed the least (50%).
 69% of respondents who never have difficulty paying their bills
think that the core values of the EU are well protected in their
own country, whereas only 40% of those who face financial
difficulties most of the time do.
 Respondents who consider themselves as belonging to the
upper middle class are more likely (78%) than those who see
themselves as belonging to the middle class (68%), the upper
class (65%), the lower middle class (58%), and the working
class (55%).
 Respondents who consider themselves as living in a large town
are slightly more likely (67%) to agree to the proposed
statement than those living in rural villages (61%).
 67% of those who go online every day agree that the core
values of the EU are well protected in their own country
whereas only 56% of those who never use the Internet do.
 Respondents who have a strong political interest are much
more likely (70%) to agree with the proposed statement as
opposed to those who have medium (68%), low (64%), or no
interest at all (51%).
In addition, respondents who are satisfied with democracy in their

own country are more than twice as likely (85%) to think that the
core values of the EU are well protected there than those who are
not satisfied (40%). The figures are comparable to those who
believe that things in their country are going in the right direction
(86%) versus those who think they’re going in the wrong direction
(52%).
Gender, age, or political affiliation was shown to have little impact

on respondents’ agreement on the proposed statement.
15
1.3 Europeans’ participation in One in ten EU citizens mention getting involved in NGOs and
civil society organisations, while close to the same percentage
social and political activities (9%) mention getting involved in trade unions, political
movements or parties. 7% mention engaging in none of the
Three quarters of EU citizens indicate voting in local,
national or European elections above-mentioned activities.
Respondents are as a whole more than twice as likely to obtain

Respondents were asked to select the social and political activities information on current issues on online social networks than they
they engage in. Choosing any number of items from a list of are to post opinions on current issues on social media networks
seven 3, respondents provided the following answers: (35% vs 15%).
Across the EU, voting in local, national, or European elections
The overall high level of voting in local, national or European
is the top most frequently mentioned activity by respondents. elections is noteworthy, despite compulsory voting being limited to
Three quarters of respondents mention this. As second most six EU Member States, namely Belgium, Austria, Cyprus, Greece,
frequently selected activity, more than a third (35%) mention Italy, Luxembourg. Equally of note is that the average proportion
obtaining information on current issues on online social
of respondents indicating voting in local, national or European
networks, followed by taking part in volunteering activities
elections in these countries is 75%. The average in countries where
or local community projects, mentioned by one in five EU
voting is not compulsory is 78%.
citizens.
Close to a fifth of respondents (17%) mention making politically

motivated consumer choices. 15% mention posting opinions
on current issues on online social media networks.
3
QC3. Do you do any of the following? Please select all that apply.
(MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
16
A national analysis shows some interesting differences among Engagement with trade unions or political movements or parties is
EU Member States. Most likely to vote in local, national or European highest in Belgium and Sweden (both 18%), the Netherlands and
elections are respondents in Estonia (91%), Czechia and Denmark Austria (both 17%), and Ireland (16%), and lowest in Bulgaria and
(both 89%), and Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands, and Sweden Slovakia (4%), Spain and Hungary (5%), and Croatia (6%).
(88% all). In only four Member States less than seven in ten
indicate voting in local, national or European elections, with the
lowest proportions found in Poland (60%), Austria (64%), and Italy
and Romania (both 68%).
Respondents are more likely to obtain information on current

issues on online social media in Portugal (59%), Lithuania and
Estonia (both 57%), and the Netherlands and Czechia (both 55%),
and least likely to do so in Romania (13%), Poland (18%), and
Croatia and Bulgaria (both 19%).
The highest proportions of EU citizens taking part in volunteering

activities or local community projects are found in Portugal (46%),
Ireland (44%), and Belgium (35%), with respondents less likely to
participate in these sorts of activities in Bulgaria and Hungary
(both 7%), Romania (8%), and Spain (9%).
Respondents in Denmark (40%) are most likely to indicate making

politically motivated consumer choices, followed by Portugal
(35%), and the Netherlands and Ireland (both 34%). Respondents
are least likely to do so in Spain (6%), Bulgaria and Slovakia (both
7%), and Romania, Slovenia, and Hungary (8% all).
Most likely to post opinions on current issues on social networks

are citizens of Czechia (27%), Austria (26%), and Portugal and
Ireland (both 22%). Least likely to do so are those in Romania,
Spain, and Denmark (11% all), Cyprus (12%), and Germany (14%).
Involvement in NGOs and civil society organisations is highest in

Sweden (20%), Luxembourg and Portugal (both 17%), and Ireland
(16%), and lowest in Bulgaria (2%), Romania (4%), and Slovakia,
Hungary and Lithuania (5% all).
17
The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following:  Respondents who consider themselves as living in a large town
are more likely (21%) to make politically motivated consumer
 Respondents aged 55 and over are more likely (82%) to vote choices than those living in rural villages (14%).
in local, national or European elections than those aged 40-54
(77%), and those aged 25-39 (73%), and 15-24 (55%).  EU citizens who use the Internet every day are slightly more
Regarding the youngest demographic, we must note that a likely (76%) to vote in local, national or European elections
large portion has not attained the legal voting age. Citizens than those who never go online (71%). Daily Internet users are
aged 15 to 24 are twice as likely (50%) to obtain information also more likely than those who never go online to get involved
on current issues on online social networks than those aged 55 in trade unions, political movements or parties (10% vs 3%), in
and up. Those aged 55 and over are less likely (10%) to post NGOs and civil society organisations (11% vs 5%), to post
opinions on current issues on online social media than those opinions on current issues on online social networks (17% vs
aged 40-54 (16%), 25-39 (18%), and 15-24 (23%). 2%), to obtain information on current issues online (41% vs
4%), to make politically motivated consumer choices (19% vs
 Respondents who completed their education aged 20 or older 7%) and take part in volunteering activities or local community
are more likely (84%) to vote in local, national or European projects (22% vs 8%).
elections than those who completed their education at age 19
or at age 15 (both 17%). Those who continued their education  Respondents who have a strong political interest are slightly
past the age of 20 are also more likely to obtain information more likely (85%) to vote in local, national or European
on current issues on online social media (43%) than those elections than those who have a low political interest (76%).
educated to the age of 19 (30%) and than those who stayed Those who have a strong political interest are also more likely
in school until the age of 15 (14%). Longer education also than those who have a low political interest to get involved in
correlates with increased involvement in trade unions, political trade unions, political movements or parties (17% vs 5%), in
movements or parties, NGOs and civil society organisations, NGOs and civil society organisations (16% vs 6%), to post
with a higher likelihood of making politically motivated opinions on current issues on online social networks (22% vs
consumer choices, and with taking part in volunteering 13%), to obtain information on current issues online (46% vs
activities or local community projects. 34%), to make politically motivated consumer choices (29% vs
12%), and take part in volunteering activities or local
 Among socio-professional categories, managers are more community projects (29% vs 16%).
likely (85%) to vote in local, national or European elections
than the self-employed or retired (both 82%), other white-  There are no big differences among those who identify as
collar workers (79%), house persons (70%), manual workers politically left-leaning or on the right, although those on the
and the unemployed (68%), and students (58%). Managers are left are slightly more likely to vote than those on the right (80%
also more likely (14%) to get involved in trade unions, political vs 76%), get involved with trade unions, political movements
movements or parties, than other categories. Students are or parties (12% vs 10%), in NGOs and civil society
most likely to post opinions on current issues on online social organisations (14% vs 9%), obtain information on current
media (25%), followed by managers, self-employed, and the issues on social media (40% vs 34%), make politically
unemployed (18% all), other white-collar workers (17%), motivated consumer choices (23% vs 17%) and take part in
manual workers (14%), and the retired (8%). Students are also volunteering activities or local community projects (25% vs
more likely than others (54%) to obtain information on current 20%).
issues on online social networks.
Gender has little influence on the proposed questions.
 Those who never experience difficulties paying bills are more
likely (79%) to vote in local, national or European elections,
than those who have difficulties most of the time (63%).
 Respondents who identify as belonging to the upper middle
class are more likely (85%) to vote than those who consider
themselves as part of the upper class (82%), the middle class
(77%), the lower middle class (74%), and the working class
(69%). Those identifying as upper middle class are also more
likely than other groups to get involved in trade unions, political
movements or parties, NGOs and civil society organisations,
and volunteering activities or local community projects.
18
19
20
1.4 Awareness of recent history

shared with other European
countries
A large majority of EU citizens indicate being aware of the
recent history their country shares with European countries,
either within or outside the EU
Respondents were asked about their awareness of the recent

history that their country shares with other European countries,
within or outside the EU 4. Close to eight in ten of Europeans (78%)
indicate being aware of this history, including around a fifth of
respondents (22%) who indicate being definitely aware and over
half of respondents (56%) who indicate being aware to some
extent. 21% of respondents say that they are not aware of it..
A national analysis highlights that in 17 EU countries, 80% or In five EU Member States, close to a third (30%) or more
more respondents indicate being aware of their country’s shared respondents indicate being definitely aware of their country’s
history with other European countries, either within or outside the shared history with other European countries, either within or
EU, with respondents in Czechia (96%) indicating the highest level outside the EU, with the highest proportions found in Germany
of awareness, followed by Germany (92%), and Finland and (41%), Czechia and Ireland (both 38%), and Sweden (35%).
Sweden (both 91%). The lowest proportion of EU citizens indicating
awareness on this subject are in Italy (60%), Malta (61%), and
Cyprus (65%).
4
QC4. Are you aware of the recent history your country shares with
European countries, either within or outside the EU? By recent
history we mean the history of the 20th and 21st centuries.
21
The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following:

 Men feel better-informed about recent shared European
history than women (83% vs 74%).
 Respondents aged 55 and up (77%), feel slightly better
informed about the subject than respondents aged 15-24
(75%), but on the other hand they feel slightly less informed
about the subject than those aged 25-54 (80%).
 The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely
they are to be aware of their country’s shared history with
other European countries, either within or outside the EU. 88%
of respondents who completed their education aged 20 or
older indicate doing so, versus 76% of those who completed
their education at age 19 and 58% of respondents who left
school at 15.
 Managers (90%) and the self-employed (85%) are most likely
to indicate awareness on this topic, particularly compared to
house persons (60%), the unemployed (70%), and manual
workers (75%).
 The fewer difficulties a respondent has to pay their bills, the
more likely they are to be aware of their country’s shared
history with other European countries, either within or outside
the EU. 84% of those who never face financial difficulties do,
compared to 63% of those who experience difficulties most of
the time.
 The higher a respondent places themselves on the social scale,
the more likely they are to show awareness on this topic,
although the upper middle class score higher (91%) than the
upper class (85%), and much higher than the working class
(70%).
 Regular Internet users are more likely to indicate awareness on
this topic (82%) than those who sometimes (71%) or never go
online (60%).
 Political interest is also a good indicator, with 91% of those
who have a strong political interest likely to indicate being
aware of their country’s shared history with other European
countries, either within or outside the EU, versus only 73% of
those who have a low and 55% of those who have no political
interest at all.
Subjective urbanisation and political affiliation seem to have little

impact on respondents’ awareness of the recent history shared
between their own country and other European countries.
22
II. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF EU
LEGISLATION ON JUSTICE, RIGHTS
AND VALUES
23
Europeans’ awareness of EU legislation on Justice, Rights and Values
This chapter examines EU citizens’ awareness of some pieces of More than three in four respondents across the EU (77%, +10
legislation related to justice, rights, and values in the EU. It explores percentage points since 2019) indicate having heard of the ‘EU
whether respondents recognise EU legislations such as the Charter General Data Protection Regulation’, including almost half
of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Equal treatment in the workplace, (47%, +11 percentage point since 2019) who know what it is.
the framework establishing racial equality, the right to free
movement, GDPR, etc. Respondents were asked whether they had
 Three in four respondents indicate being aware of legislation
heard, read or seen anything about different EU legislations 5. on ‘Racial equality establishing a framework for
combatting discrimination in the Member States’,
including 41% of EU respondents who also know what it
More than six in ten Europeans indicate having heard, read entails. Less than a quarter of Europeans (23%) indicate never
or seen something about each of the eight EU legislations having heard of this legislation.
tested6; Rights of EU citizens to reside freely within the EU
 Close to three in four (74%) respondents indicate having heard,
(82%), Equal treatment in employment (78%) and GDPR
read or seen information about legislation concerning ‘Work
(77%) are the most commonly recognised legislations.
life balance for parents and carers, including the right
to paternity leave’, with more than four in ten (41%) of
When asked whether they have heard, read, or seen anything about respondents indicating they know what it is.
each of the eight EU legislations, respondents provided the
 Close to three in four (74%) respondents indicate having heard
following answers:
of the EU Framework Decision combating certain forms
 More than eight in ten respondents (82%) across the EU and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of
indicate having heard of legislation concerning ‘the Rights of criminal law, including 38% who also know what it is. Over
EU citizens and their families to reside freely anywhere one in three (36%) EU respondents have heard of the
within the EU’, including more than half (54%) who also know Framework Decision, but do not really know what it is.
what it is.
 Across the EU, a majority (65%) of respondents indicate having
 More than three-quarters of Europeans (78%) indicate being heard of legislation on ‘Victims’ rights, establishing
aware of legislation concerning the ‘Equal treatment in minimum standards for the rights, support and
employment and occupation regardless of the religion protection of victims of crime’, including 37% of all
or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation’, including respondents who have heard of it, but do not really know what
close to half of respondents (47%) who indicate they know it is.
what it is.
 Close to two thirds (65%, +23 percentage points since 2019)
of respondents indicate being aware of ‘the Charter of
Fundamental Rights of the EU’ including close to four in ten
(38%, +8 pp) of all respondents who have heard of the Charter,
but do not really know what it is.
5
QC5. Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about the 6
More than six in ten (65%) is the lowest values among the 8 pieces
following EU legislation? of legislation tested. The average value is 74%.
24
A large majority of respondents (82%) across the EU indicate 77% of respondents in Czechia, 75% in Cyprus and Sweden, and
having heard of the Rights of EU citizens and their families 74% in Ireland indicate awareness on this topic and also know
to reside freely anywhere within the EU, including more than what it entails, while respondents in Hungary (39%), Italy (38%),
half (54%) who also know what it entails. Over one in four (28%) and France (42%) are least likely to indicate also knowing what
EU citizens have heard of the Rights of EU citizens and their this right entails.
families to reside freely anywhere within the EU, but do not really
know what it is, while 17% indicate not being aware of it at all.
The national analysis shows that in 21 EU Member States more

than eight in then respondents indicate awareness on this topic,
with respondents in Sweden (96%) most likely to be aware of it,
followed by Ireland (95%), and Luxembourg and Czechia (both
94%), while respondents in Italy (73%) are least likely to have
heard of the Right of EU citizens and their families to reside freely
anywhere within the EU, followed by France and Bulgaria (both
74%), and Poland (76%).
25
The socio-demographic analysis shows the following:

 Men (84%) are slightly more likely to have heard of the Rights
of EU citizens and their families to reside freely anywhere
within the EU, than women (79%).
 Education plays is a considerable role. 88% of those who
completed their education aged 20 or older indicate being
aware of these rights versus 79% of those who finished their
education at 19, and 69% of those who finished school aged
15.
 Managers (91%) are most likely to indicate being aware of the
Rights of EU citizens and their families to reside freely
anywhere within the EU, followed by the self-employed (89%),
and other white-collar workers (83%). House persons (69%),
the unemployed (77%), and the retired (79%), and are least
likely to have heard of it.
 EU citizens who never have trouble paying bills are more likely
(84%) to indicate awareness on this topic than those who face
financial difficulties most of the time (75%).
 91% of EU citizens who consider themselves as belonging to
the upper middle class indicate being aware of this legislation,
followed by those who identify as upper class (87%), middle
class (74%).
 85% of respondents who go online every day indicate being
aware of the Rights of EU citizens and their families to reside
freely anywhere within the EU versus 60% of those who never
do.
 People with a strong political interest are most likely (92%) to
indicate awareness on this topic versus 64% of those who have
no political interest at all.
Age, political affiliation and subjective urbanization have limited

influence on respondents’ awareness on this topic.
26
A majority of EU citizens are aware of EU legislation on 83% of respondents in Czechia, 73% in Finland, and 72% in Ireland
Equal treatment in employment and occupation regardless have heard of EU legislation on Equal treatment in
of the religion or belief, disability, age or sexual employment and occupation regardless of the religion or
orientation. 78% of respondents across the EU indicate being belief, disability, age or sexual orientation and also know
aware of it, including close to half (47%) who know what it entails. what it is. Respondents in Bulgaria (26%), Hungary (30%), and
Close to one in three (31%) respondents indicate having heard of Romania and Italy (both 33%) are least likely to indicate having
EU legislation on Equal treatment in employment and heard of EU legislation on Equal treatment in employment
occupation regardless of the religion or belief, disability, and occupation regardless of the religion or belief,
age or sexual orientation, but do not really know what it is, while disability, age or sexual orientation and also knowing what it
one in five have not heard of it at all. entails.
A national analysis highlights that in all EU countries, more than

half of all respondents are aware of EU legislation on Equal
treatment in employment and occupation regardless of the
religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. In
seven countries, more than nine in ten do so, with (96%) in
Portugal, 92% in Ireland, Czechia, and Luxembourg, and 93% in
Finland. Respondents in Bulgaria (58%), Italy and Poland (both
68%), and Romania (74%) are least likely to have heard of it.
27
An analysis of the socio-demographic data reveals the

following:
 Respondents aged 25-39 are most likely to have heard of EU
legislation on Equal treatment in employment and
occupation regardless of the religion or belief,
disability, age or sexual orientation, versus 74% of the
55+ age group.
 82% of those who completed education aged 20 or older
indicate being aware of it versus 76% of those who finished
their education at 19, and 61% of those who went to school
until the age of 15.
 Among different socio-professional categories, managers
(88%) are most likely to indicate being aware of EU
disability, age or sexual orientation, followed by other
white-collar workers (84%), and the self-employed (82%).
Least likely to have heard of this are house persons (69%), the
retired (72%) and the unemployed (76%).
 Respondents who never have trouble paying bills are slightly
more likely (80%) to indicate awareness on this topic, than
those who face financial difficulties most of the time (74%).
 Social stature plays a considerable role. 89% of those who
consider themselves as belonging to the upper middle class,
81% of the upper and middle class indicate awareness on EU
disability, age or sexual orientation, versus 71% of
respondents who consider themselves as part of the working
class.
 83% of respondents who go online every day indicate
awareness on this topic versus 50% of those who never do.
 EU citizens who score strongly in the political interest index are
more likely (88%) to have heard of EU legislation on Equal
treatment in employment and occupation regardless of
the religion or belief, disability, age or sexual
orientation, versus 62% of those who have no interest at all.
Gender, political affiliation, and subjective urbanisation have little

influence regarding awareness of this topic.
28
In all Member States, more than three in four (77%, +10 pp) most likely to indicate awareness on this topic, followed by Ireland
respondents across the EU indicate having heard of the GDPR (95%) and Sweden (95%), and Portugal (94%), while respondents
legislation, including almost half (47%, +11 pp) who know what in Bulgaria (64%) are least likely to have heard of the GDPR
it is. Almost one in three (30%, -1 pp) EU respondents have heard legislation, followed by Italy (66%), and France (67%).
of it, but do not really know what it is, while over one in five (21%,
-11 pp) indicate never having heard of the GDPR legislation. 82% of respondents in Czechia, 75% in Ireland, and 72% in
Sweden have heard of the GDPR legislation and also know what it
A national analysis highlights that in 24 Member States, more entails, while respondents in Hungary (29%), Bulgaria (32%), and
than seven in ten respondents indicate being aware of the GDPR France (33%) are least likely to indicate also knowing what it is.
legislation, with respondents in Czechia (97%) being the
Across the EU, awareness of the GDPR legislation has The most significant increase of awareness is found among
increased by an average of ten percentage points since respondents in Belgium (86%, +33 pp), Estonia (89%, +31 pp), and
2019, when in 13 countries less than 70% of respondents was Portugal (95%, +23 pp) and Finland (89%, +23 pp).
aware of it. Since then, in 16 countries more than 80% of
respondents indicate they are aware of this piece of legislation.
29

 Men are slightly more likely (79%) to have heard of the GDPR
legislation than women (74%).
 25–39-year-olds are most likely (83%) to indicate awareness
on this topic, followed by the 40–54-year-olds (81%), the 15–
24-year-olds (77%), and those aged 55 and up (71%).
indicate being aware of the GDPR legislation versus 74% of
those who finished their education at 19, and 56% of those
who finished school aged 15.
 Managers (90%) are most likely to indicate being aware of the
GDPR legislation, followed by other white-collar workers (86%),
and the self-employed (84%). House persons (63%), the retired
(68%), and the unemployed (72%) are least likely to have
heard of it.
 EU citizens who never have trouble paying bills are more likely
(80%) to indicate being aware of this legislation than those
who face financial difficulties most of the time (69%).
the upper middle class indicate awareness on this topic,
class (67%).
aware of the GDPR legislation versus 48% of those who never
do.
 People with who score strongly in the political interest index
are most likely (87%) to have heard of the GDPR legislation
versus 59% of those who have no interest at all.
Political affiliation and subjective urbanisation have limited

influence on the likelihood of EU citizens awareness of GDPR
legislation.
30
A large majority of EU citizens are aware of EU legislation 70% of respondents in Czechia, 59% in Portugal, and 57% in
on Racial equality establishing a framework for combatting Luxembourg show awareness on this topic and also know what it
discrimination in the Member States. Three in four is, while respondents in Bulgaria (26%), Italy (29%) and Romania
respondents indicate being aware of the legislation on Racial (30%) are least likely to indicate having heard of EU legislation on
equality, establishing a framework for combatting discrimination Racial equality, establishing a framework for combatting
in the Member States, including 41% of EU respondents do also discrimination in the Member States and also knowing what it
know what it entails. 34% of EU respondents have heard of it, but entails.
do not really know what it is, while 23% of respondents indicate
never having heard of the legislation on Racial equality,
establishing a framework for combatting discrimination in the
Member States.
A national analysis shows that in ten Member States eight in ten

or more respondents indicate being aware of EU legislation on
Racial equality, establishing a framework for combatting
discrimination in the Member States, with respondents in Czechia
(92%) most likely to be aware of it, followed by Luxembourg (91%)
and Belgium (88%). Respondents in Bulgaria (59%), Italy (66%),
and Poland (68%) are the least likely to have heard of it.
31

indicate being aware of EU legislation on Racial equality,
establishing a framework for combatting discrimination in the
Member States versus 73% of those who finished their
education at 19 and 59% of those who went to school until the
age of 15.
 Managers (84%) are among the most likely respondents to
indicate awareness on this topic, followed by other white-collar
workers (79%) and the self-employed (77%). Least likely to
have heard of this are house persons (62%), the unemployed
(70%), and the retired (71%).
 EU citizens who never have trouble paying bills are slightly
more likely (78%) to indicate being aware of the legislation on
Racial equality, establishing a framework for combatting
discrimination in the Member States, than those who face
financial difficulties most of the time (69%).
 Respondents who consider themselves as belonging to the
upper middle class are most likely (88%) to indicate awareness
on this topic, followed by those who identify as middle class
(78%), the upper class (76%), the lower middle class (75%),
and the working class (65%).
aware of EU legislation on Racial equality, establishing a
framework for combatting discrimination in the Member States
versus 49% of those who never do.
 People with a strong political interest are more likely (87%) to
have heard of EU legislation on Racial equality, establishing a
framework for combatting discrimination in the Member
States, versus 57% of those who have no interest at all.
Gender, age, political affiliation, and subjective urbanisation have

little influence on respondents’ awareness of this topic.
32
The majority of EU citizens (74%) are aware of EU legislation on In addition to being aware of the legislation, 63% of respondents
Work life balance for parents and carers including the right in Portugal, 62% in Czechia, and 59% in Finland also indicate
to paternity leave, including 41% who know what it is. A third knowing what the legislation entails, versus only 20% of
of EU citizens have heard of this legislation, but do not really know respondents in Hungary, 25% in Bulgaria, and 28% in Denmark.
what it is. One in four respondents indicate never having heard of
this legislation.
Respondents in Portugal (94%) are most likely to have heard of

the Work life balance for parents and carers legislation, followed
by Ireland (92%) and Luxembourg (88%). Least likely to have
heard of it are respondents in Bulgaria (58%), Poland (63%), and
Italy (64%).
33
An analysis of the socio-demographic data shows the

following:
 79% of those aged 40-54 are aware of EU legislation on the
Work life balance for parents and carers, including the right to
paternity leave, versus 76% of 25- to 39-year-olds, 73% of
15–24-year-olds and 70% of those aged 50 and up.
 80% of respondents who completed their education aged 20
or older indicate being aware of the EU legislation on the Work
life balance for parents and carers, including the right to
paternity leave, followed by 73% of those who finished their
education at 19 and 60% of those who went to school until
the age of 15.
 Managers (82%) are most likely to indicate having heard of
EU legislation on the work life balance for parents and carers,
including the right to paternity leave, followed by other white-
collar workers (79%) and the self-employed (77%). Least
aware are house persons (65%) and the retired (68%).
 Respondents who never have trouble paying bills are slightly
more likely (76%) to indicate being aware of EU legislation on
the Work life balance for parents and carers, including the
right to paternity leave, than those who face financial
difficulties most of the time (70%).
the more likely they are to show awareness on this topic. 80%
of those who consider themselves as belonging to the upper
class and the upper middle class indicate doing so, versus 67%
of those in the working class.
 Of respondents who go online every day, 77% indicate being
aware of the EU legislation on the Work life balance for
parents and carers, including the right to paternity leave
versus 48% of respondents who never go on the Internet.
 People with a strong political interest are more likely (84%) to
have heard of it versus 60% of those who have no interest at
all.
Gender, political affiliation and subjective urbanisation hardly

affect respondents’ awareness on this topic.
34
Close to three in four Europeans (74%) indicate having heard of 59% of respondents in Czechia, 55% in Belgium, and 50% in
the Framework Decision on combating certain forms and Luxembourg are aware of this EU legislation on combating racism
expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal and xenophobia, and also know what it entails, while respondents
law, including 38% who also know what it is. Over one in three in Bulgaria (17%), Hungary (24%), and Romania (25%) are least
(36%) EU respondents have heard of this decision, but do not really likely to also know what it means.
know what it is, while close to one in four (24%) indicate that they
have not heard of this at all.
A national analysis shows that in 17 Member States, three in

four or more respondents are aware of this piece of EU legislation
on combating racism and xenophobia, with respondents in
Luxembourg (90%) the most likely to be aware of it, followed by
Belgium (88%) and Ireland (87%), while respondents in Bulgaria
(49%) are least likely to have heard of this decision, followed by
Latvia, Poland, and Romania (66% all), and Italy (67%).
35

 Men are slightly more likely (76%) to have heard of the
Framework Decision on combating certain forms and
expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal
law than women (72%).
 Respondents aged 25-39 and 40-54 are most likely (both
78%) to be aware of this framework decision, followed by
respondents aged 15-24 (76%), with respondents 55 and up
least likely (70%) likely to be aware of this decision.
indicate awareness on this topic versus 72% of those who
finished their education at 19 and 58% of those who finished
school aged 15.
 Among different socio-economic categories, managers (84%)
are most likely to indicate being aware of this EU legislation
on combating racism and xenophobia, followed by the self-
employed (79%) and other white-collar workers (78%). House
persons (61%), the retired (68%) and the unemployed (72%)
are least likely to have heard of it.
 EU citizens who never have trouble paying bills are slightly
more likely (76%) to indicate being aware of this decision
than those who face financial difficulties most of the time
(70%).
the upper middle class indicate being aware of this EU
legislation on combating racism and xenophobia, followed by
those who identify as upper class (79%), middle class (77%),
the lower middle class (74%) and the working class (65%).
 Respondents who identify as living in large towns are more
likely (75%) to indicate awareness on this topic than those
living in rural areas (71%).
aware of the EU Framework Decision on combating racism
and xenophobia versus 44% of those who never do.
 EU citizens who have a strong political interest are most likely
(87%) to have heard of this legislation versus 58% of those
who have no interest at all.
Political affiliation has a limited influence on awareness of the EU

Framework Decision on combating racism and xenophobia.
36
A majority of EU citizens (65%) are aware of EU legislation 48% of respondents in Czechia, 40% in Portugal and 38% in Spain
on Victims’ rights, establishing minimum standards for the have heard of the legislation on Victims’ rights, establishing
rights, support and protection of victims of crime, including minimum standards for the rights, support and protection of
28% of respondents who have heard of it and also know what it victims of crime and also know what it is, while respondents in
is. 37% of EU respondents have heard of it, but do not really know Denmark (14%), Bulgaria (17%), and France (18%) are least likely
what it is. One in three respondents indicate never having heard of to indicate also knowing what it entails.
EU legislation on Victims’ rights, establishing minimum standards
for the rights, support and protection of victims of crime.
A national analysis shows that in 23 countries, at least six in ten

respondents have heard of the legislation on Victims’ rights,
establishing minimum standards for the rights, support and
protection of victims of crime, while in ten countries, more than
seven in ten have. Respondents in Portugal (91%) are most likely
to show awareness on this topic, followed by Ireland and Czechia
(both 81%), and Finland (80%), while respondents in Bulgaria
(50%), France (58%) and Denmark (59%) are least likely to have
heard of it.
37

indicate being aware of the legislation on Victims’ rights,
protection of victims of crime versus 63% of those who
school aged 15.
(72%) are most likely to indicate awareness on this topic,
followed by other white-collar workers (72%) and the self-
employed (68%). Least likely to have heard of it are house
persons (58%), the retired (62%) and the unemployed (61%).
 EU citizens who never have trouble paying bills are more
likely (67%) to indicate being aware of the legislation on
Victims’ rights, establishing minimum standards for the
rights, support and protection of victims of crime than those
who face financial difficulties most of the time (59%).
the upper middle class indicate being awareness on this topic,
class (68%), the lower middle class (62%) and the working
class (58%).
aware of this legislation versus 42% of those who never do.
 EU citizens who have a strong political interest are most likely
(77%) to have heard of the legislation on Victims’ rights,
protection of victims of crime, versus 51% of those who have
no interest at all.
Gender, age, political affiliation, and subjective urbanisation have

little influence on respondents’ awareness of this legislation.
38
Nearly two thirds of respondents (65%) indicate being aware of (86%). At the other end of the scale, more than half of the
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, including more respondents recognise the Charter in Bulgaria (51%), France
than a quarter of them (27%) who have heard of it and know what (54%), Hungary (54%) and Romania (58%).In Czechia (72%) the
it is. Close to four in ten (38%) of all respondents have heard of majority of respondents who have heard, read or seen something
the Charter, but do not really know what it is. about the Charter know what it is. In the other Member States the
proportion of those respondents who know the legislation ranges
A national analysis shows that the majority of respondents in all from four in ten to one in ten. Less than one fifth of respondents
Member States indicate being aware of the Charter of have heard, read or seen anything about the Charter and know
Fundamental Rights of the EU. Nine in ten or more recognize the what it is in Hungary (13%), Bulgaria (14%), France (15%), the
Charter in Czechia (95%) and Portugal (90%), while more than Netherlands (17%) and Romania (19%)
eight in ten recognise the Charter in Slovakia (81%), Estonia and
Sweden (82% in both countries), Ireland (83%) and Luxembourg
Across the EU, recognition of the Charter has increased by an Most significant increase of awareness is found among
average of +23 percentage points since 2019, when no country’s respondents in Portugal (90%, +47 pp), Ireland (83%, +41 pp),
respondents who indicated awareness of the Charter exceeded Belgium (76%, +39 pp), Cyprus (69%, +36 pp), Denmark (65%, +35
Seven in ten. Since then, more than seven in ten respondents have pp), Czechia (95%, +32 pp) and Greece (68%, +32 pp).
heard of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU in 14
Member States.
39
The socio-demographic analysis reveals that age and political

affiliation has a very slight influence on awareness of this topic.
More substantial differences can be found among the following
demographics:
 Men feel slightly better-informed about the Charter of
Fundamental Rights of the EU (68% vs 62% of women). 30%
of men also know what it is, versus 23% of women.
 68% of respondents aged 25-39 are aware of this legislation,
versus 61% of those aged +55.
 Education levels play a substantial role. 76% of those who
completed education aged 20 or older are aware of this
legislation, whereas only 60% of those who finished their
education at 19 and 45% who went to school until the age of
15 do.
 Among socio-professional categories, managers (79%) are
most likely to indicate awareness of this legislation, followed
by the self-employed (75%), other white-collar workers (73%)
and manual workers (60%).
 Respondents who never have trouble paying bills are more
likely (68%) to indicate that they have heard of the Charter of
Fundamental Rights of the EU than those who face financial
difficulties most of the time (55%).
the more likely they are to show awareness on this legislation.
83% of those who consider themselves as belonging to the
upper class do, versus 51% of those in the working class.
 Respondents living in large towns are more likely (69%) than
those living in rural areas (61%) to have heard of the Charter.
 Internet use plays a substantial role. Of those who go online
every day, 69% indicate being aware of the legislation versus
34% of respondents who never go on the Internet.
 Large disparities exist according to respondents’ political
interest. Citizens who score strongly in the political interest
index are much more likely (81%) to have heard of the Charter
40
III. EUROPEANS' LEVEL OF
INFORMATION ON AWARENESS-
RAISING EVENTS AT EU LEVEL
41
Europeans' level of information on awareness-raising events at EU level
This part of the report focuses on EU citizens’ awareness of Half of respondents indicate have heard of Europride, a pan-
different awareness-raising events and initiatives related to European event dedicated to LGBTQI+ pride, hosted by a
justice, rights, and values in the EU. Respondents were asked different European city each year, while almost half (48%)
whether they had heard, read or seen anything about Europride 7, haven’t. More than one in four (27%) respondents have heard
of Europride and know what it entails, while close to one in four
EU Roma week 8, the Access City Award 9 and Equal Pay Day 10.
(23%) have heard of it, but do not really know what it is.
 39% of respondents indicate having heard of the Access City
At least three in ten Europeans (32%) have heard, read or Award, which celebrates cities that allow persons with
seen something about each of the four awareness-raising disabilities and elderly people easier access in the urban
events tested 11; Just over half of respondents (51%) indicate environment. A majority (59%) of respondents are not aware
having heard of Equal Pay Day. About the same percentage of it. 16% have heard of it and also know what it is, while close
(50%) are aware of Europride. The Access City Award and EU to one in four (23%) respondents have heard of it, but do not
Roma week are less well known with respectively 39% and really know what it is.
32% of respondents indicating that they have heard of them.  Nearly a third (32%) indicate that they have heard of EU Roma
week, during which a series of events is devoted to
When asked whether they have heard, read, or seen anything about promoting the integration of Roma people. Two thirds of
each of the four awareness-raising events, respondents answered EU respondents indicate that they have not heard of it. About
the following: one in ten (11%) have heard of EU Roma week and also know
what it is. More than one in five (21%) have heard of it, but do
 Of the four awareness-raising events, Equal Pay Day, a not really know what it is.
symbolic day to raise awareness of the fact that female
workers in Europe still earn less on average than their
male colleagues, is the best known among correspondents.
About half (51%) of EU citizens indicate having heard of it,
while slightly less than half (47%) are not aware of it. More
than one in four (28%) have heard of Equal Pay Day and also
know what it is, whereas slightly less than one in four (23%)
have heard of it, but do not really know what it is.
7
QC6.1. Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about the which celebrates cities that allow persons with disabilities and
following awareness-raising events? Europride, a pan-European elderly people easier access in the urban environment
event dedicated to LGBTQI+ pride, hosted by a different European 10
QC6.4. Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about the
city each year following awareness-raising events? Equal Pay Day, a symbolic
8
QC6.2. Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about the day to raise awareness of the fact that female workers in Europe
following awareness-raising events? EU Roma week during which still earn less on average than their male colleagues
a series of events is devoted to promoting the integration of 11
32% is the lowest value among the four awareness-raising
Roma people events tested. The average value is 43%.
9
QC6.3. Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about the
following awareness-raising events? The Access City Award,
42
Just above half of the Europeans (51%) indicate having heard of Respondents in Belgium (77%) are most likely to have heard of
Equal Pay Day, a symbolic day to raise awareness of the Equal Pay Day, followed by Czechia (68%), and Cyprus and
fact that female workers in Europe still earn less on Lithuania (both 66%). Respondents in Bulgaria (24%) are least
average than their male colleagues, while slightly less than likely to have heard of this event, followed by Poland and Romania
half (47%) indicate that they have not heard of this event. More (both 39%), and Hungary (42%). Belgium is the only country where
than one in four (28%) respondents indicate that they have heard more than half of respondents (55%) indicate having heard of
of Equal Pay Day and also know what it is, whereas slightly less Equal Pay Day and also know what it is, followed by 48% in
than one in four (23%) have heard of it, but do not really know Luxembourg, and 45% in Cyprus and Portugal, whereas only 7%
what it is. of respondents in Bulgaria, 12% in Romania and 14% in Hungary
indicate the same.
A national analysis highlights some interesting variations. In
eight countries around two thirds of respondents or more have
heard about Equal Pay Day, while in ten countries, less than half
have heard of it.
43

indicate having heard of Equal Pay Day versus 49% of those
who finished their education at 19 and 33% of those who
finished school aged 15.
 Managers are most likely (62%) to indicate being aware of the
Equal Pay Day, house persons the least (41%).
 60% of respondents who consider themselves as belonging to
the upper middle class indicate being aware of Equal Pay Day,
class (55%), lower middle class (49%) and working class
(40%).
aware of Equal Pay Day versus 27% of those who never do.
have heard of the Access City Award versus 36% of those who
have no interest at all.
Gender, age, financial difficulties, subjective urbanization and

political affiliation have limited influence on respondents’
awareness of Equal Pay Day.
44
Across the EU, 50% of respondents indicate being aware of Respondents in Malta (82%) are most likely to be aware of
Europride, a pan-European event dedicated to LGBTQI+ Europride, followed by Portugal (77%), and Slovakia, Latvia, and
pride, hosted by a different European city each year, while Czechia (75% all), whereas respondents in Bulgaria (25%) are least
almost half (48%) of respondents indicate that they have not likely to have heard of these events, followed by Germany (34%)
heard of these events. More than one in four (27%) respondents and Romania (40%).
has heard of Europride and know what it entails, while almost one
in four (23%) respondents have heard of it, but do not really know 61% of respondents in Malta have heard of Europride and also
what it is. know what it entails, followed by 52% in Czechia and Latvia, and
48% in Estonia, while only 8% of respondents in Bulgaria, 14% in
Looking at country-specific patterns reveals some interesting Romania, and 16% in Germany have heard of Europride and also
differences. In eight countries, less than half of respondents have know what it is.
heard of Europride. Bulgaria (25%) is the only country where less
than a third of respondents have heard of it.
45

 Younger respondents are more aware. Those aged 15-24 are
most likely (60%) to be aware of these events, followed by
55% of those aged 25-39 and 52% of the 40-54 age group.
indicate having heard of Europride versus 45% of those who
school aged 15.
(59%) are most likely to indicate being aware of Europride,
followed by the self-employed (58%) and other white-collar
workers (55%). House persons and the retired (both 41%), and
the unemployed (54%) are least likely to have heard of it.
 EU citizens who never have trouble paying bills are slightly less
likely (50%) to indicate being aware of Europride events than
those who face financial difficulties most of the time (55%).
the upper class indicate being aware of Europride, followed by
those who identify as upper middle class (58%), middle class
(54%), lower middle class (49%) and working class (43%).
 Respondents who identify as living in large towns are slightly
more likely (55%) to be aware of Europride than those living in
rural areas (47%).
aware of Europride versus 22% of those who never do.
 People who score high in the political interest index are most
likely (60%) to have heard of Europride versus 38% of those
Gender and political affiliation have limited influence on

awareness of Europride.
46
More than one in three EU citizens have heard, read or seen Respondents in Finland (61%) are most likely to be aware of the
anything about the Access City Award, which celebrates Access City Award, followed by Czechia (58%) and Hungary (56%),
cities that allow persons with disabilities and elderly people while respondents in Denmark (24%) are least likely to have heard
easier access in the urban environment (39%), while 59% of of this award, followed by Bulgaria (25%) and the Netherlands
them indicate that they haven’t heard of these awards. 16% have (27%).
heard of it and also know what it is, while close to one in four
respondents (23%) has heard of it, but do not really know what it 33% of respondents in Portugal and Finland, 32% in Czechia, and
is. 27% in Cyprus have heard of the award, and also know what it is,
while this is the case for only 6% of respondents in Denmark, 7%
A national analysis highlights some notable differences. In only in Sweden and 8% in Hungary.
five countries, more than half of respondents indicates that they
have heard of the Access City Award.
47

indicate having heard of the Access City Award versus 40% of
those who finished their education at 19 and 27% of those
(45%) are most likely to indicate being aware of the Access
City Award, house persons the least (29%).
the upper class indicate being aware of the Access City Award,
followed by those who identify as middle class (42%), upper
middle class (41%), lower middle class (40%) and working
class (32%).
 Respondents who identify themselves as living in large towns
are slightly more likely (42%) to be aware of the Access City
Award than those living in rural areas (37%).
aware of the Access City Award versus 21% of those who
never do.
 EU citizens indicating that they have a strong political interest
are most likely (49%) to have heard of the Access City Award
Gender, age, financial difficulties, subjective urbanization, and

political affiliation have limited influence on awareness of the
Access City Award.
48
Across the EU, nearly a third of respondents (32%) indicate that A national analysis shows wide disparities between Member
they have heard of EU Roma week during which a series of States. Respondents in Croatia (66%) are most likely to be aware
events is devoted to promoting the integration of Roma of EU Roma week, followed by Czechia (61%) and Portugal (53%),
people, including 11% of Europeans who have heard of it and while respondents in France (17%) are least likely to have heard
know what it is. Over one in five of EU respondents (21%) have of these events, followed by the Netherlands (19%) and Denmark
heard of it, but do not really know what it is. Two thirds of (20%).
Europeans indicate they have not heard of EU Roma week.
37% of respondents in Czechia, 34% in Croatia and 24% in
Slovakia have heard of Roma week and also know what it is,
whereas this is the case for only 3% of respondents in Denmark,
4% in France and 5% in the Netherlands.
49

indicate having heard of EU Roma week versus 33% of those
who finished their education at 19 and 25% of those who
(37%) are most likely to indicate being aware of EU Roma
week, house persons the least (28%).
the upper class indicate being aware of EU Roma week,
followed by those who identify as middle class (36%), upper
middle class (34%), lower middle class (30%) and working
class (27%).
 Respondents who identify themselves as living in large towns
are slightly more likely (36%) to be aware of EU Roma week
than those living in mid-size towns or rural areas (both 31%).
aware of EU Roma week versus 21% of those who never do.
have heard of EU Roma week versus 22% of those who have
no interest at all.
Gender, age, financial difficulties, and political affiliation have

limited influence on awareness of EU Roma week.
50
IV. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF
DIFFERENT EU INITIATIVES AND
TOOLS
51
Europeans’ awareness of different EU initiatives and tools
March - April 2021
This part of the report focuses on EU citizens’ awareness of When asked whether they have heard, read, or seen anything about
different EU initiatives and tools aimed at promoting justice, rights, each of the five EU initiatives and tools, respondents provided the
and values in the EU, like the Code of conduct for countering illegal following answers.
hate speech online, the European Disability Card, the European e-
 Across the EU, 56% of respondents indicate having heard of
Justice portal, the EU Justice Scoreboard, or the European Citizens’ the Code of conduct for countering illegal hate speech
Initiative. Respondents were asked whether they had heard, read online, including close to one in four (24%) who have heard of
or seen anything about these different EU initiatives, and if so, if it and also know what it is.
or not they also knew what it was 12.
 Close to half of respondents (48%) are aware of the European
Disability Card, which ensures equal access to services
within the EU for people with disabilities (e.g.: in the
At least tree in ten Europeans have heard, read or seen areas of culture, leisure, sport and transport). Just over
something about each of the five EU initiatives and tools one in five EU citizens (22%) have heard of the European
mentioned13. More than half of EU citizens (56%) are aware Disability Card and also know what it is.
of the Code of conduct for countering illegal hate speech
online. Nearly half (48%) have heard of the European  41% of respondents indicate having heard of the European
Disability Card. 41% of EU citizens are aware of the Citizens' Initiative, which allows one million citizens to
European Citizens' Initiative. Close to one in three EU citizens directly call on the European Commission to consider an
have heard of the European e-Justice portal (31%) and of initiative of interest to them. 15% indicate having heard of
the EU Justice Scoreboard (30%). it and also know what it is.
 Close to a third of respondents (31%) indicate having heard of
the European e-Justice portal, which offers a range of
services in the area of justice.
 30% of Europeans indicate having heard of the EU Justice
Scoreboard, which provides data on the independence,
quality, and efficiency of national justice systems. More
than two thirds (68%) indicate that they have not heard of this
tool.
12
QC7 Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about the 13 Tree in ten (30%) is the lowest values among the five initiative
following initiatives and tools? tested. The average value is 41%.
52
March - April 2021
56% of Europeans indicate having heard of the Code of conduct A national analysis shows that in nine countries, around two
for countering illegal hate speech online. Close to one in four thirds or more of respondents have heard of the Code of conduct
(24%) have heard of it and also know what it is. Around a third of for countering illegal hate speech online, while in six countries, less
respondents (32%) are aware of the Code of conduct for than half of respondents have heard of it.
countering illegal hate speech online, but do not really know what
it is, while less than half (42%) of respondents indicate that they Respondents in Portugal (70%) are most likely to be aware of the
have not heard of this Code of conduct. Code of conduct for countering illegal hate speech online, followed
by Malta, Hungary, and Luxembourg (67% all) and Slovenia (66%),
while respondents in Bulgaria (33%) are least likely to have heard
of it, followed by Sweden (39%) and Denmark (44%).
One in three respondents in Portugal, 32% in Czechia and 27% in

Cyprus indicate having heard of the Code of conduct for countering
illegal hate speech online social and also knowing what it is,
whereas only 11% of respondents in Bulgaria indicate the same,
followed by 12% in Denmark and 15% in Sweden.
53
March - April 2021

 The youngest respondents, aged 15-24 are most likely (63%)
to have heard of the Code of conduct for countering illegal hate
speech online, followed by 60% of those aged 40-54, 57% of
those aged 25-39 and 52% of those aged 55 and up.
indicate having heard of this Code of conduct versus 55% of
those who finished their education at 19 and 38% of those
 Among different socio-professional categories, managers are
most likely (64%) to indicate being aware of the Code of
conduct for countering illegal hate speech online, house
persons the least (45%).
the upper middle class indicate being aware of the Code of
conduct for countering illegal hate speech online, followed by
those who identify as middle class (60%), upper class (59%),
lower middle class (56%) and working class (46%).
aware of this Code of conduct versus 24% of those who never
do.
 EU citizens who score strongly in the political interest index are
most likely (70%) to have heard of the Code of conduct for
countering illegal hate speech online versus 38% of those who
have no interest at all.
Gender, financial difficulties, subjective urbanization, and political

affiliation appear to have limited influence on respondents’
awareness of the Code of conduct for countering illegal hate
speech online.
54
March - April 2021
Close to half of the respondents (48%) indicate having heard of A national analysis highlights some notable differences among
the European Disability Card, which ensures equal access to EU Member States. In 13 countries, more than half of respondents
services within the EU for people with disabilities (e.g.: in indicate having heard of the European Disability Card, while in 14
the areas of culture, leisure, sport and transport). More than countries less than half indicate the same.
one in five (22%) have heard of the European Disability Card and
also know what it is, whereas around one in four (26%) Respondents in Cyprus (73%) are most likely to be aware of the
respondents indicate that they have heard of it, but do not really European Disability Card, followed by Malta (67%) and Portugal
know what it is. The same proportion of respondents have not (65%), while respondents in Sweden (29%) are least likely to have
heard of this tool. heard of it, followed by Denmark (30%) and Bulgaria (37%).
48% of respondents in Cyprus, 33% in Austria and 31% in Belgium

indicate that they have heard of the European Disability Card, and
also know what it is, whereas respondents in Denmark (10%),
Hungary (11%) and Bulgaria (11%) are least likely to have heard
of it and also know what the initiative entails.
55
March - April 2021

to have heard of the European Disability Card, followed by 51%
of those aged 25-39, 49% of those aged 40-54 and 43% of
those aged 55 and up.
indicate having heard of this initiative versus 48% of those
who finished their education aged 19 and 36% of those who
 Among different socio-professional categories there are slight
differences. Managers (51%) are most likely to indicate being
aware of the European Disability Card, house persons the least
(38%). The difference between managers and other categories
is negligible.
 EU citizens who consider themselves as belonging to the
middle class are most likely (51%) to indicate being aware of
the European Disability Card, versus 42% of their working-
class peers.
aware of the European Disability Card versus 27% of those
who never do.
 EU citizens with a strong political interest are most likely (59%)
to have heard of the European Disability Card versus 36% of
those who have no interest at all.
Gender, financial difficulties, subjective urbanization, and political

affiliation have limited influence on awareness of the European
Disability Card.
56
March - April 2021
41% of respondents indicate having heard of the European 27% of respondents in Finland, 23% in Austria, and 21% in the
Citizens' Initiative, which allows one million citizens to Netherlands and Luxembourg indicate having heard of the
directly call on the European Commission to consider an European Citizens' Initiative, while also knowing what it is. Only 9%
initiative of interest to them. 15% indicate having heard of it of respondents in Sweden, 10% in Denmark and Bulgaria, and 12%
and also know what it is, while about one in four (26%) in Italy, Hungary, Malta, and Romania indicate the same.
respondents have heard of European Citizens' Initiative, but do not
really know what it is. Over half (57%) indicate that they have not
heard of this tool.
A national analysis shows some interesting differences among

Member States. In five countries, more than half indicate being
aware of the European Citizens' Initiative, with the highest
proportions in Portugal (56%), followed by Austria and Finland
(both 54%), and the Netherlands (51%). In seven countries, less
than 40% of respondents are aware of the initiative, with
respondents in Sweden least likely (31%) to have heard of it,
followed by Denmark (33%) and Bulgaria (34%).
57
March - April 2021

 Men are slightly more likely (44%) to have heard of the
European Citizens' Initiative than women (38%).
 The youngest respondents, aged 15-24, are most likely (44%)
to have heard of the European Citizens’ Initiative, followed by
43% of those aged 25-39, 42% of those aged 40-54 and 38%
of those aged 55 and up.
indicate having heard of it versus 39% of those who finished
their education at 19 and 27% of those who finished school
aged 15.
 Managers are most likely (50%) to indicate being aware of the
European Citizens' Initiative, followed by the self-employed
and students (47%), other white-collar workers (46%), manual
workers (39%), the unemployed (37%), those who are retired
(36%) and house persons (29%).
the upper class indicate being aware of the European Citizens'
Initiative, followed by those who identify as upper middle class
(50%), middle class (44%), lower middle class (39%) and
working class (31%).
aware of the European Citizens' Initiative versus 20% of those
who never do.
 People who score strongly in the political interest index are
most likely (54%) to have heard of the European Citizens'
Initiative versus 25% of those who have no interest at all.
Respondents’ financial situation, subjective urbanisation, and

political affiliation barely affects awareness of the European
Citizens' Initiative.
58
March - April 2021
31% of Europeans indicate having heard of the European e- Respondents in Sweden and Denmark are least likely (both 16%)
Justice portal, which offers a range of services in the area to have heard of it, followed by 20% in the Netherlands and 23%
of justice. One in ten have heard of the European e-Justice portal in France.
and also know what it is. Around one in five EU respondents (21%)
have heard of it, but do not really know what it is, whereas over 15% of respondents in Austria, Czechia, and Portugal, 16% in
two thirds of respondents (67%) indicate that they have not heard Luxembourg and Malta, and 17% in Cyprus, Hungary, and Slovenia
of this tool. indicate having heard of it this tool, while also knowing what it is,
whereas only 3% of respondents in Denmark, 4% in Sweden, and
A national analysis highlights some interesting differences. In 6% in the Netherlands (6%) indicate the same.
ten countries, a third or less respondents indicate having heard of
the European e-Justice portal. Portugal is the only country where
more than half of respondents (56%) indicate being aware of the
European e-Justice portal, followed by Croatia (49%), and Malta
(47%).
59
March - April 2021

to have heard of the European e-Justice portal, followed by
34% of those aged 25-39 and 40-54, and 28% of those aged
55 and up.
indicate having heard of this tool versus 31% of those who
finished their education at 19, and 23% of those who finished
school aged 15.
most likely (38%) to indicate being aware of the European e-
Justice portal, house persons the least (25%).
the upper class indicate being aware of the European e-Justice
portal, followed by those who identify as upper middle class
and middle class (both 35%), lower middle class (32%), and
more likely (34%) to be aware of the European e-Justice portal
than those living in rural areas (28%).
aware of the European e-Justice portal versus 15% of those
who never do.
 Respondents who identify politically as left leaning are slightly
less likely (32%) to be aware of the portal than those on the
right (37%).
have heard of this tool versus 23% of those who have no
interest at all.
Gender has a limited influence on respondents’ awareness of the

European e-Justice portal.
60
March - April 2021
Across the EU, 30% of respondents indicate having heard of the 16% of respondents in Croatia, 14% in Austria, and 13% in
EU Justice Scoreboard, which provides data on the Lithuania and Portugal indicate having heard of the EU Justice
independence, quality, and efficiency of national justice Scoreboard and also knowing what it is, whereas respondents only
systems. Close to one in ten (9%) respondents indicate being 4% of respondents in Denmark, Sweden and France indicate the
aware of the EU Justice scoreboard and also knowing what it is. same, followed by the Netherlands (5%), and Belgium (6%).
Just over one in five (21%) EU citizens have heard of the EU Justice
Scoreboard, but do not really know what it is, while more than two
thirds (68%) indicate that they have not heard of this tool.
A national analysis highlights some interesting differences

among EU Member States. In only one country more than half
(54%) of respondents indicate being aware of the EU Justice
Scoreboard, followed by 47% in Croatia, and 44% in Slovakia
(44%). In six countries, less than one in four indicate being aware
of this tool, with respondents in Sweden the least likely (17%) to
have heard of it, followed by 19% in the Netherlands, and 20% in
Denmark.
61
March - April 2021
The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following.:

 Men are slightly more likely (33%) to have heard of the EU
Justice Scoreboard than women (27%).
indicate having heard of this tool versus 29% of those who
school aged 15.
most likely (36%) to indicate being aware of the EU Justice
Scoreboard, house persons the least (24%).
the upper class indicate being aware of the EU Justice
Scoreboard, followed by those who identify as upper middle
class (34%), middle class (33%), lower middle class (29%), and
more likely (33%) to be aware of the EU Justice Scoreboard
than those living in rural villages (26%).
aware of the EU Justice Scoreboard versus 15% of those who
never do.
have heard of the EU Justice Scoreboard versus 18% of those
Age, respondents’ financial situation, and political affiliation barely

affects respondents’ awareness of the EU Justice Scoreboard.
62
V. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF EU
FUNDS
63
More than a quarter of Europeans 14 have heard of funds Respondents in Sweden are least likely (17%) to have heard of
available under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values these funds, followed by 19% in the Netherlands, and 20% in
Programme (32%) and under the Justice Programme (26%). Denmark.
This part of the report focuses on EU citizens’ awareness of EU

funds available aimed at furthering justice, rights, and values in
the EU, namely the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values
programme, and the Justice Programme. Respondents were asked
whether they had heard, read or seen anything about these two
spending programmes, and if so, whether or not they also knew
what they were 15.
5.1 Under the Citizens, Equality,

Rights and Values programme
Close to one in three EU citizens are aware of the funds
available under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values
programme
Across the EU, 32% of respondents indicate having heard of the

funds available under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values
programme. Close to one in ten (9%) indicate that they have heard
of these funds and also know what they entail. Around one in five
(21%) respondents have heard of the funds available under the
Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme, but do not really
know what they entail, whereas more than two thirds (68%)
indicate that they have not heard of these funds.
A national analysis reveals that in 14 countries less than a third
of respondents have heard of the funds available under the
Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme. In only three
countries more than half indicate the same, namely 58% of
respondents in Croatia, 56% in Malta, and 52% in Cyprus.
14
More than a quarter (26%) is the lowest value among the two 15
QC8. Have you ever heard, read or seen anything about funds
funds tested. 29% is the average value. available under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values
programme before this interview?
64
Europeans’ awareness of EU funds
The socio-demographic analysis reveals that.:

 Respondents aged 40-54 are most likely to be aware of the
programme, followed by 34% of those aged 15-24, 33% of
those aged 25-39, and 29% of respondents aged 55 and up.
indicate having heard of these funds versus 33% of those who
school aged 15.
 Among different socio-professional categories, the self-
employed are most likely (39%) to indicate being aware of the
programme, house persons the least (25%).
the upper class indicate being aware of the funds available
under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme,
followed by those who identify as upper middle class and
middle class (both 36%), lower middle class (30%), and
more likely (35%) to be aware of the funds available under the
Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values programme than those
living in rural villages (29%).
65
5.2 Under the Justice programme

Around one in four of EU citizens are aware of the funds
available under the Justice programme
Across the EU, 26% of respondents indicate having heard of the

funds available under the Justice programme. 6% indicate that
they have heard of the funds and also know what they are. One in
five respondents have heard of the funds, but do not really know
what they entail, while close to three in four (74%) indicate that
they have not heard of these funds.
An analysis of the results per Member States reveals that in

eight Member States, more than one in three respondents are
aware of the funds available under the Justice programme. The
highest proportion among respondents can be found in Croatia
(47%), Malta (45%), and Cyprus (41%). In ten countries, up to a
fifth of respondents are aware of these funds, the lowest
proportions found under respondents in Denmark (11%), followed
by 16% in Estonia and Finland, and 18% in the Netherlands and
France.
66

 26% of those who completed education aged 20 or older and
those who finished their education at 19 indicate having heard
of the funds available under the Justice programme, versus
18% of respondents who finished school aged 15.
 Among different socio-professional categories, the self-
employed are most likely (32%) to indicate being aware of the
funds available under the Justice programme, followed by
other white-collar workers (30%), and managers (29%). House
persons are least likely (19%) to be aware of these funds.
the upper class indicate awareness on this topic, followed by
those who identify as upper middle class (30%), middle class
(29%), lower middle class (24%), and working class (17%).
more likely (30%) to be aware of the funds available under the
Justice programme than those living in rural villages (23%).
 27% of respondents who go online every day indicate
awareness on this subject versus 13% of those who never go
online.
67
CONCLUSION
68
Conclusion
To promote rights and Union values, the EU uses several In the following parts of this report, respondents were asked
instruments combined in a policy mix: legislation, policy whether they have heard, read or seen anything about different
development and implementation with notably awareness-raising instruments used to promote and protect Union values and rights:
events, initiatives and tools as well as funding. Thanks to this policy 74% of EU citizens in average indicate being aware of the pieces
mix progress is visible across Europe: increased awareness among of legislation tested, while 43 % only have heard, read or seen
people about their rights, their common history, increased female anything about the awareness raising event tested and 41% when
employment rate, promotion and protection of the rights of the it comes to the tools and initiatives tested. The instrument which
children, enhanced democratic and civic participation of citizens at appears to be the least known are the fund themselves as only
Union level. 29% of the EU citizens in average have heard, read or seen
anything about the funds available to protect and promote union
This Eurobarometer aimed at giving a snapshot of EU citizen’s values and rights.
perception of the Union values promoted by the Justice and the
Citizens, Equality Rights and Values programmes and of EU Going into the details of the EU legislation tested, close to two
citizen’s awareness of the different instruments used to promote thirds of EU citizens indicate being aware of the Charter of
and protect rights and values. Fundamental Rights of the EU, an increase of 23 percentage points
since 2019. A majority of Europeans are aware of the GDPR
In the first part of this report, we examined Europeans’ views on legislation, increasing from 67% in 2019 to 77% today. Likewise,
fundamental values at the European level. Across the EU more a majority of Europeans are aware of the six other pieces of
than half of Europeans (54%) say they feel well-informed about legislation tested. 16.
the rule of law in their own country. However, in ten Member States
(Bulgaria, Lithuania, France, Latvia, Italy, Spain, Greece, Slovenia, Regarding the four awareness-events tested, over half of EU
Romania and Cyprus) more than half of the respondents feel not citizens have heard of the Equal Pay Day, half of EU citizens have
informed about the rule of law in their own country. Less than a heard of Europride, and just over one in three EU citizens are aware
third of Europeans (29%) feel well-informed about the rule of law of the Access City Award, nearly one in three EU citizens are aware
in other EU Member States. of EU Roma week.
About two thirds of EU citizens (65%) are confident that the core When it comes to the five initiatives and tools tested, more than
values of the EU are well protected in their own country. However, half of EU citizens have heard of the Code of conduct for
in seven Member States (Bulgaria, Slovenia, Greece, Latvia, countering illegal hate speech on online social networks, with
Croatia, Cyrpus and Slovakia), at least half of all respondents similar proportions indicating awareness on the European
disagree that the core values of the EU are well protected in their Disability Card. 41% of EU citizens are aware of the European
own country. Citizens' Initiative, and close to one in three EU citizens have heard
of the European e-Justice portal and of the EU Justice Scoreboard.
Europeans’ participation in social and political activities is high.
Three quarters of EU citizens indicate voting in local, national or More than a quarter of Europeans have heard of the funds
European elections. More than one in three obtain information on available under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values
current issues on online social networks, while one in five takes Programme (32%) and under the Justice Programme (26%).
part in volunteering activities or local community projects.
A large majority of EU citizens (78%) are aware of the recent

history their country shares with other European countries. In three
Member States only (Italy, Malta and Cyprus) more than a third of
the respondents feel not informed.
16
Legislation on Work life balance for parents and carers, including States, legislation on the Victims’ rights minimum standards for
the right to paternity leave, legislation on the Equal treatment in the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, legislation
employment and occupation, regardless of the religion or belief, the Rights of EU citizens and their families to reside freely
disability, age or sexual orientation, Legislation on the Racial anywhere within the EU, and the EU Framework Decision on
equality framework for combatting discrimination in the Member combating racism and xenophobia.
69
Technical Specifications
Technical Specifications In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was
drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were
selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial
Between the 15th March and 14th April 2021, Kantar carried out
address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random
wave 95.1 of the EUROBAROMETER survey, at the request of the
(following the "closest birthday rule"). If no one answered the
European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication,
interviewer in a household, or if the respondent selected was not
“Media monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit.
available (not present or busy), the interviewer revisited the same
Wave 95.1 covers the population of the respective nationalities of household up to three additional times (four contact attempts in
the European Union Member States, resident in each of the 27 total). Interviewers never indicate that the survey is conducted on
Member States and aged 15 years and over behalf of the European Commission beforehand; they may give
this information once the survey is completed, upon request.
The basic sample design applied in all countries and territories is a
multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a number The recruitment phase was slightly different in the Netherlands. In
of sampling points were drawn with probability proportional to this country, a sample of addresses within each areal sampling
population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to point (1km2 grid) were selected from the address or population
population density. register. The selection of addresses was done in a random manner.
Households were then contacted by telephone and recruited to
In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically take part in the survey.
from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification
by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole
territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT
NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the
resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of
metropolitan, urban and rural areas.
TS1
N° F IE LD W O R K P O P ULAT IO N P R O P O R T IO N
C O UNT R IE S INS T IT UT E S
INT E R VIE W S D AT E S 15+ E U27
BE B elgium K antar B elgium 1.034 24/03/2021 10/04/2021 9.188.369 2,45%
BG B ulgaria K antar T NS B B S S 1.033 17/03/2021 11/04/2021 5.995.194 1,60%
CZ C z ec hia K antar C Z 1.044 24/03/2021 04/04/2021 8.956.740 2,39%
DK D enmark K antar G allup 1.048 16/03/2021 12/04/2021 4.848.611 1,29%
DE G ermany K antar D eutsc hland 1.505 16/03/2021 14/04/2021 71.728.398 19,10%
EE E stonia K antar E mor 1.019 16/03/2021 31/03/2021 1.073.224 0,29%
IE Ireland K antar B elgium 1.026 24/03/2021 06/04/2021 3.896.482 1,04%
EL G reec e K antar G reec e 1.012 22/03/2021 12/04/2021 9.187.524 2,45%
T NS Investigac ión de Merc ados y

ES S pain 1.016 17/03/2021 11/04/2021 40.006.943 10,65%
O pinión
FR F ranc e K antar P ublic F ranc e 1.018 16/03/2021 06/04/2021 52.732.499 14,04%
HR C roatia Hendal 1.027 16/03/2021 11/04/2021 3.488.460 0,93%
IT Italy K antar Italia 1.032 16/03/2021 12/04/2021 52.397.331 13,95%
CY R ep. O f C yprus C YMAR Market R esearc h 504 16/03/2021 04/04/2021 734.695 0,20%
LV Latvia K antar T NS Latvia 1.009 16/03/2021 12/04/2021 1.568.124 0,42%
LT Lithuania T NS LT 1.024 16/03/2021 03/04/2021 2.300.257 0,61%
LU Luxembourg K antar B elgium 513 22/03/2021 11/04/2021 503.275 0,13%
HU Hungary K antar Hoffmann 1.046 17/03/2021 01/04/2021 8.351.017 2,22%
MT Malta MIS C O International 520 16/03/2021 03/04/2021 426.055 0,11%
NL Netherlands K antar Netherlands 1.004 15/03/2021 10/04/2021 14.165.638 3,77%
AT Austria D as Ö sterreic hisc he G allup Institut 1.025 16/03/2021 05/04/2021 7.580.083 2,02%
PL P oland K antar P olska 1.039 16/03/2021 08/04/2021 32.139.021 8,56%
Marktest – Marketing, O rganiz aç ão
PT P ortugal 1.035 19/03/2021 05/04/2021 8.869.051 2,36%
e F ormaç ão
C entrul P entru S tudierea O piniei si
RO R omania 1.045 17/03/2021 05/04/2021 16.372.216 4,36%
P ietei (C S O P )
SI S lovenia Mediana D O O 1.026 19/03/2021 12/04/2021 1.767.202 0,47%
SK S lovakia K antar C z ec hia 1.003 16/03/2021 12/04/2021 4.592.379 1,22%

FI F inland K antar T NS O y 1.017 19/03/2021 06/04/2021 4.488.064 1,20%
SE S weden K antar S ifo 1.045 18/03/2021 04/04/2021 8.149.850 2,17%
T O T AL E U27 26.669 15/03/2021 14/04/2021 375.506.702 100%*

* It should be noted that the total perc entage shown in this table may exc eed 100% due to rounding
** R ec ruitments in B elgium, C z ec hia, G reec e, Ireland, Luxembourg, P ortugal and S lovakia are c arried out by K antar B elgium, K antar
C z ec hia, K antar G reec e, R onin International, K antar P ortugal and K antar S lovakia. Non-probabilistic sample in G reec e was randomly
drawn from K antar’s LifeP oints panel.
TS2
N° O F C AP I N° O F C AW I T O T AL N° interviews were not feasible at all. Therefore, all interviews were

C O UNT R IE S
INT E R VIE W S INT E R VIE W S INT E R VIE W S
conducted online with CAWI technique.
BE B elgium 1.034 1.034
BG B ulgaria 1.033 1.033
CZ C z ec hia 1.044 1.044 Recruitment for online interviews
DK D enmark 1.048 1.048
DE G ermany 1.505 1.505 The online design in each country differed based on what was
EE E stonia 1.019 1.019
IE Ireland 1.026 1.026
feasible within the fieldwork period. Where feasible, the online
EL G reec e 532 480 1.012 sample was based on a probabilistic sample design. Those
ES S pain 1.016 1.016 recruited to the online survey were recruited through a single
FR F ranc e 1.018 1.018
HR C roatia 1.027 1.027 mobile frame or dual frame Random Digit Dialling (RDD) design. In
IT Italy 1.032 1.032 this way the entire phone owning population in each country had a
CY R ep. O f C yprus 504 504 non-zero chance of being sampled. The choice of whether to use a
LV Latvia 1.009 1.009
LT Lithuania 1.024 1.024 single mobile frame or dual frame (mobile and landline) was
LU Luxembourg 513 513 dependent on the countries’ landline infrastructure. Where the
HU Hungary 1.046 1.046 landline infrastructure is suitably advanced to support a significant
MT Malta 329 191 520
NL Netherlands 725 279 1.004 minority of residential households with landline phones a dual
AT Austria 1.025 1.025 frame design is employed. The mix of mobile and landline sample
PL P oland 1.039 1.039
is designed to maximise the representation of the responding
PT P ortugal 1.035 1.035
RO R omania 1.045 1.045 sample. The RDD sample for both the mobile and landline sample
SI S lovenia 508 518 1.026 is drawn from the country’s telephone numbering plan. The
SK S lovakia 710 293 1.003
landline sample frame is stratified by NUTS3 regions based on
FI F inland 1.017 1.017
SE S weden 1045 1.045 their prefix and the mobile by operator before a systematic
T O T AL E U27 14.094 12.575 26.669 random sample of numbers is generated proportional in size to the
total generatable numbers in each stratum. Respondents were
C AP I : C omputer-Assisted P ersonal interviewing
C AW I : C omputer-Assisted W eb interviewing recruited using this sample design in Belgium, Czechia, Estonia,
Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal,
Consequences of the coronavirus pandemic on fieldwork Slovenia and Slovakia.
Face-to-face interviewing In Finland, Denmark, and Sweden, RDD samples were not used,
instead the telephone sample was drawn from the country
Where feasible, interviews were conducted face to face in people's telephone directory. In these three countries the telephone
homes or on their doorstep and in the appropriate national directories offer comprehensive coverage of the phone owning
language. In all countries and territories where face-to-face population, storing both landline and mobile phone numbers for
interviewing was not feasible CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal each individual.
Interviewing) was used.
In the Netherlands, a proprietary panel called “Nipobase” was used,
For face-to-face all interviews conducted, hygiene and physical drawing a random sample from their panel. This panel uses a mix
distancing measures were respected at all times in line with of probability-based sampling to recruit panellists and non-
government regulations, and whenever possible, interviews were probabilistic approaches to maximise representation where the
conducted outside homes, on doorsteps, in order to stay outside probability-based approach under-represents, such as in the
and maintain social distance. younger age groups. Nipobase uses a mix of offline and online
modes. Offline modes are typically RDD samples and online modes
Face-to-face and online interviewing are typically recruitment via targeted websites and social media
platforms.
In Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Slovakia, face-to-
face interviewing was feasible but it was not possible to reach the Please note that for some countries where the response rates were
target number of face-to-face interviews within the fieldwork not sufficiently large to achieve the target sample size in the
period due to the impact of COVID-19 restrictions: many potential fieldwork period, we had to further supplement the samples drawn
respondents are reluctant to open their homes to interviewers, probabilistically (either face-to-face or phone-to-web) with non-
even if they respect hygiene rules and physical distancing, such as probabilistic panels. This was effectively a ‘last resort’ option when
wearing masks and using hydroalcoholic gel. Therefore, to hit the no other probabilistic design was feasible.
target number of interviews within the fieldwork period, additional
interviews were conducted online with Computer-Assisted Web In Greece, the sample was supplemented with a randomly drawn
Interviewing (CAWI) technique. sample (57 interviews) from Kantar’s LifePoints non-probabilistic
sample panel; in Lithuania (127 interviews), from Norstat’s panel.
Online interviewing The LifePoints panel is Kantar’s proprietary panel, used exclusively
for Kantar clients and the lead source for Kantar’s online work,
In Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, generating close to 30 million completes per year. Members are
Luxembourg, Portugal, Finland and Sweden face-to-face recruited via online advertising across a wide range of web and
TS3
social media sites. Adverts are placed with websites with very high
footfalls to ensure maximised reach.
Response rates
For each country a comparison between the responding sample

and the universe (i.e. the overall population in the country) is
carried out. Weights are used to match the responding sample to
the universe on gender by age, region and degree of urbanisation.
For European estimates (i.e. EU average), an adjustment is made
to the individual country weights, weighting them up or down to
reflect their 15+ population as a proportion of the EU 15+
population.
The response rates are calculated by dividing the total number of

complete interviews with the number of all the addresses visited,
apart from ones that are not eligible but including those where
eligibility is unknown. For wave 95.1 of the EUROBAROMETER
survey, the response rates for the EU27 countries, calculated by
Kantar, are:
B E ** 20,8% E L** 22,4% LU** 24,4% P T ** 38,3%

BG* 45,7% ES* 30,9% HU* 60,2% RO* 52,7%
C Z** 37,3% FR * 29,4% MT * 84,4% S I* 52,0%
D K ** 16,3% HR * 48,3% MT ** 43,9% S I** 47,7%
DE * 20,5% IT * 21,8% NL* 60,9% SK* 59,8%
E E ** 28,2% C Y* 41,8% NL** 47,9% S K ** 26,5%
IE ** 21,6% LV** 24,7% AT * 43,3% F I** 32,5%
E L* 29,5% LT ** 37,7% P L* 45,8% S E ** 41,1%
* C AP I ** C AW I without taking into account recruitm ent phas e (for E L and LT , only
probabilis tic s am ple)
TS4
Margins of error
Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the

accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample
size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about
1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following
confidence limits:
Statistical Margins due to the sampling process

(at the 95% level of confidence)
various sample sizes are in rows various observed results are in columns
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
N=50 6,0 8,3 9,9 11,1 12,0 12,7 13,2 13,6 13,8 13,9 N=50
N=500 1,9 2,6 3,1 3,5 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,4 N=500
N=1000 1,4 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 N=1000
N=1500 1,1 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5 N=1500
N=2000 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 N=2000
N=3000 0,8 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 N=3000
N=4000 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 N=4000
N=5000 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 N=5000
N=6000 0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3 N=6000
N=7000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 N=7000
N=7500 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=7500
N=8000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=8000
N=9000 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=9000
N=10000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=10000
N=11000 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=11000
N=12000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=12000
N=13000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 N=13000
N=14000 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=14000
N=15000 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=15000
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50%
TS5

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Justice, Rights and Values

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Special Eurobarometer 514

Justice, Rights and

Survey coordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication

(DG COMM “Media monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit))

Project title Special Eurobarometer 514

“Justice, Rights and Values”

Catalogue number DS-09-21-136-EN-N

© European Union, 2021

Photo credit: Getty Images

I. EUROPEANS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE EU’S FUNDAMENTAL VALUES 10

II. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF EU LEGISLATION ON JUSTICE, RIGHTS AND VALUES 23

III. EUROPEANS' LEVEL OF INFORMATION ON AWARENESS-RAISING EVENTS AT EU LEVEL 41

IV. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF DIFFERENT EU INITIATIVES AND TOOLS 51

V. EUROPEANS' AWARENESS OF EU FUNDS 63

This Eurobarometer aims at giving a snapshot of EU citizen’s

The first part of this report focuses on the extent to which EU

Given the important role of citizen participation in social and

The methodology used is that of Eurobarometer surveys as carried

Note: In this report, Member States are referred to by their official

European Union - weighted average for the 27

* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 European Union Member

About two thirds of EU citizens agree that the core values of

A large majority of EU citizens are aware of the recent

Just above a quarter of Europeans have heard, read or seen

 26% of Europeans have heard, read or seen something on the

1. Attachment to the European

The first chapter examines Europeans’ views on fundamental

Respondents were also asked about their involvement in various

1.1 Perceived level of information

When asked to what extent they feel well-informed or not about

An analysis of the socio-demographic data shows the

1.2 Europeans’ agreement on the

Respondents were asked about their confidence in the protection

A national level analysis reveals that large disparities exist

The socio-demographic analysis shows the following:

In addition, respondents who are satisfied with democracy in their

Gender, age, or political affiliation was shown to have little impact

Respondents are as a whole more than twice as likely to obtain

Close to a fifth of respondents (17%) mention making politically

Respondents are more likely to obtain information on current

The highest proportions of EU citizens taking part in volunteering

Respondents in Denmark (40%) are most likely to indicate making

Most likely to post opinions on current issues on social networks

Involvement in NGOs and civil society organisations is highest in

1.4 Awareness of recent history

Respondents were asked about their awareness of the recent

The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following:

Subjective urbanisation and political affiliation seem to have little

The national analysis shows that in 21 EU Member States more

The socio-demographic analysis shows the following:

Age, political affiliation and subjective urbanization have limited

A national analysis highlights that in all EU countries, more than

An analysis of the socio-demographic data reveals the

Gender, political affiliation, and subjective urbanisation have little

The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following:

Political affiliation and subjective urbanisation have limited

A national analysis shows that in ten Member States eight in ten

The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following:

Gender, age, political affiliation, and subjective urbanisation have

Respondents in Portugal (94%) are most likely to have heard of

An analysis of the socio-demographic data shows the

Gender, political affiliation and subjective urbanisation hardly

A national analysis shows that in 17 Member States, three in

The socio-demographic analysis reveals the following:

B E 20,8% E L 22,4% LU 24,4% P T 38,3%