EKOSISTEM

ECOLOGY
(from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or
"dwelling", and logos meaning"discourse")
is the study of the interactions of organisms with
each other and their environment.

Ecology entails consideration of biotic factors

(other organisms that include prey, predators,
parasites, etc) and
abiotic factors (such as temperature, light, and
water).
 ENVIRONMENT :
❑ Made up of all the living
and nonliving things that
surround an organism.
● Many species can survive
in more than one environment.
● But each species has its “home” or habitat.
● Ex : Fish may be able to live in fish tanks, but would
rather live in the wild
 HABITAT
● HABITAT : is the place where
organisms lives
● The habitat must supply the needs
of organisms, such as food, water,
temperature, oxygen, and
minerals.

● EXAMPLE :
- habitat of lotus is water
- earthworm lives in moist soil
 Living organism components
in ecosystem
1. INDIVIDUAL or
ORGANISM :
one living organism or
individual organism of
a single species

example :
- A human
- A goose
- A dog
 2. POPULATION
2. A POPULATION :
all the members of the
same species that inhabit a
particular area
example :
1. Sheep population
2. Cats population

Note:
A species is a group of organisms
that are physically similar and can
mate with each other and produce
offspring that can also mate and
reproduce
 3. COMMUNITY
● COMMUNITY :
All the populations found in a
particular area

● A community consists of all the

various populations interacting
at
a locale
● Example :
All populations in coral reef ( algae,
crustaceans, fishes) make up coral reef
Organism – population - community
 4. ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem : a community and its physical
environment, including both non living
(abiotic) and living (biotic) components
 5. BIOME
● Biome is : a major ecological community of
organisms adapted to a particular climatic or
environmental condition on a large geographic
area in which they occur.
● Biomes may be classified into:
a. Terrestrial biomes or land biomes - e.g. tundra,
taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical forests,
etc.
b. Freshwater biomes - e.g. large lakes, polar
freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc.
c. Marine biomes - e.g. continental shelf, tropical
coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc
BIOMES

TAIGA TUNDRA

SAVANNA
● Biomes themselves are very large habitats.
However, inside of each biome there are
smaller habitats called microhabitats.
Biomes and Biosphere
● The plants and animals of earth live in an area
called the biosphere. The biosphere is huge
and is full of life! One of the ways that ecologists
divide the biosphere for study is by using
biomes.

● A biome is a large geographical area that has a

specific climate and contains some very
particular plants and animals. Some major
biomes of the world include: desert, coniferous
forest, deciduous forest, tundra, savannah, and
taiga.
 6. BIOSPHERE
Biosphere: the part of the Earth’s covering
where life is possible; it extends from the
floor of the oceans to the summit of the
highest mountains.
Level ecological organization
Level Ecological Organization
 Fill the blanks using the appropriate terms below.
Community, ecosystem(s), habitat(s) or population(s)

1. A mangrove swamp …. contains mud, sea

and tree ….
2. The sea is …. for fish and whales
3. A cat has a … of fleas in its fur.
4. Mudskippers are member of the predator …..
that feed upon the … of small crabs in the
mangrove swamp mud, reducing their numbers.
5. The worm … of the Pulau Seribu mangrove swamp
mud … are eaten by a … of wading birds including
plovers, greenshanks and redshanks
 VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEM

Based on forming process:

1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM
2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM
1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM
▪ Nature ecosystem:
ECOSYSTEM IS MADE
BY NATURE
▪ examples :
- lake ecosystem
- marine ecosystem
- desert ecosystem
Marine ecosystem

CORAL REEF IN HAWAII IS A COMPLEX MARINE ECOSYSTEM

2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM
● Ecosystem which
is made by human

● example:
- aquarium
- garden
 Artificial ecosystem

Freshwater aquarium Sea water aquarium

 ECOSYSTEM
COMPONENTS

● BIOTIC FACTORS:
Human, plant, animal,
fungi

● ABIOTIC FACTORS
 BIOTIC vs ABIOTIC
● Abiotic, meaning not
● Biotic, meaning of or
related to life, are
living factors. Plants,
animals, fungi, protist
and bacteria are all
biotic or living factors.
alive, are nonliving
factors that affect
living organisms.
Environmental factors
such habitat (pond,
lake, ocean, desert,
mountain) or weather
such as temperature,
cloud cover, rain,
snow, hurricanes, etc.
are abiotic factors.
 A. BIOTIC FACTOR
● A factor created by a
living thing or any
living component
within an environment
● Example: plant,human
animal, predator, prey
 BASED ON THE ROLE

1. PRODUCER :
Living organisms which can
produce their own food by
photosynthesis

Most producers are photosynthetic and

make carbohydrates by using energy
from the sun.
Example: green plants
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
● Is the process in which light energy
absorbed by chlorophyll is transformed
into chemical energy

● Reaction:
light
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
chlorophyll l
 2. CONSUMER
Consumers : organism which obtain energy by
eating other organisms and include herbivores,
omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and
decomposers.
● PRIMARY CONSUMER An animal that eats
grass and other green plants in a food
chain (HERBIVORA)
● SECONDARY CONSUMER An animal that
feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a
food chain (KARNIVORA)
● TERTIARY CONSUMER An animal that
feeds on secondary consumers in a food
chain. TOP CONSUMER
CONSUMER
3. DECOMPOSER
● Is an organism that
gets its food energy
from dead parts of
other organisms
● example :
- bacterium
- fungus

Bacteria as
decomposer
 DETRITIVORE
● a member of a class of consumers
that derives its energy from organic
wastes matter and dead organisms
● example :
- earthworm

The principal difference between detritivores

and decomposers is that the detritivores are
relatively complex organisms, such as
earthworms or maggots.
2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
● Any of the nonliving factors that
make up the abiotic environment
in which living organisms occur

● example :
- water, soil, air, light, sun,
temperature, atmosphere,
humidity
 AUTOTROPH ORGANISM

● An organism which produces its

own food by photosynthesis

● Example:
● Plants, algae, and photosynthetic
bacteria
HETEROTROPH ORGANISM
● An organism which acquires its
energy by consuming either other
organisms or the non essential
castoffs of other organisms.

● Example:
animal, human, heterotroph
plant, fungi.
 ANIMAL
● HERBIVORE an animal which
eats producers.
● CARNIVORE an animal that
eats meat. They may be
predators.
● OMNIVORE an animal that
eats both animal and plant
Examples :
● HERBIVORE cow, goat, buffalo,
rabbit, deer, koala

● CARNIVORE lion, tiger, dog,

hawk

● OMNIVORE pig, rat, hen

 HETEROTROPH PLANT
● Plant that fulfills its
food by taking
nutrient from the
other living
organism (as
parasite)

● example :
TALI PUTRI
 FUNGI
● Fungi can’t produce
their own food
because they don’t
have chlorophyll.

● Fungi take the

nutrient from dead
organisms
 INTERDEPENDENT
1. Biotic components effecting
abiotic component
2. Abiotic components effecting
biotic component
3. Interdependency between biotic
components
BIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECTING
ABIOTIC COMPONENT

Examples:
1.Earthworm can
increase soil fertility.
2.Human throw garbage
into the river.
3.Green plants produce
oxygen.
 ABIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECT
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
1.Fish need water as its
habitat.
2.Green plant need carbon
dioxide for
photosynthesis
3.Human need oxygen for
breathing
INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEEN
BIOTIC COMPONENTS

● Bee help flower fertilization

● Cow need grass as its food.
INTERDEPENDENCES
BETWEEN PRODUCER,
CONSUMER AND
DECOMPOSER
 FOOD CHAIN
● Diagram that show a single
path of energy flow in an
ecosystem
● Example:
plant grasshopper frog
snake hawk
FOOD CHAIN
 FOOD WEB
● A system of food chains that are
linked with one another.

● In a food web a particular

organism may feed at more than
one trophic level

● Note:
Trophic level is the position that an
organism occupies in a food chain
FOOD WEB
 ECOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
❑ We can compare the trophic
levels in food chain using
ecological pyramid.

❑ Type of pyramid:
a. Pyramid of numbers
b. Pyramid of biomass
c. Pyramid of energy
The differences between a pyramid
of biomass and energy
Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy

Related to the biomass Related to the energy

of organisms content of organism
Constructed based on Constructed based on
the biomass at any given energy content over a
time period of time
Does not consider rate of Takes into consideration
reproduction of the rate of reproduction
organisms of organisms
Biosphere Ecosystem

Community Population

Level
Level ecological
ecological
organization
organization

Organism
● Decomposer : an organism, often a
bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and
breaks down dead plant or animal matter,
thus making organic nutrients available to
the ecosystem.