LITERATURE REVIEW

The goal of this article is to examine the topic of "Rape" in India from several angles and make
recommendations for reducing this crime in the country. Using the well publicised gang rape of a 23-
year-old woman on December 16, 2012 in Delhi, India, the study examines the behaviour of the
various players involved in the case using sociological and psychological theories. The root cause
analysis on the topic of rape in India is carried out in this study using a five-step process (Mind Tools,
2013). The study examines the recent Delhi Gang Rape case through many theoretical lenses,
highlighting the problem of rape from multiple viewpoints, including social, cultural, institutional,
environmental, and individual aspects. A multi-dimensional study of the rape case might yield several
advantages.These research are scattered around the world and require a comprehensive integration
in order to dive further into the causes and consequences of rape. The goal of this research is to not
only bring together different points of view, but also to develop a new lens of inquiry and a multi-
dimensional explanation for rape as a crime against women.

[Radha R. Sharma,Rupali Pardasani and Sharda Nandram,“The problem of rape in India: a multi-
dimensional analysis”,2014]

The goal of this research is to obtain a better understanding of some of the underlying variables that
have led to a rise in sexual violence reporting in India, as well as to see how the modernization
process could be related to this, as studied using Durkheim's theory of anomie. This research is based
on a qualitative desk study that included a collection of data from prior studies on domestic and
public-space sexual assault against women. The data were compared to Durkheim's theory of anomie
and two writers' gender theories. The findings reveal that patriarchy, education and employment for
women, and gendered power imbalances are all intertwined as underlying variables for rising
complaints of sexual assault against women in India. It was also perceived as a confrontation of
'traditional' standards and values with modernity, resulting in these reasons of violence. The study's
findings revealed that an increase in sexual assault reporting might be linked to the modernization
process in both good and negative ways. It was conceivable to discern how modernization may have
generated a condition of anomie, which has led to deviant conduct and increasing reporting of sexual
assault against women, according to Durkheim's thesis of anomie.

[Sandra Neuman,“The Issue of Sexual Violence against Women in Contemporary India”,2013]

This article will discuss the victimisation of women, their social standing, the causes of such horrific
acts, and the legislative measures put in place to protect and uphold their rights. The number of
women who have been sexually abused or raped has grown tremendously throughout time. The
creation of rape culture occurs as a result of society's tolerance of such incidents and their
normalisation through time. Despite the fact that there are a lot of legal mechanisms in place to
punish such crimes, incidences of sexual assault and rape are on the rise.The causes of these heinous
crimes are generally complicated, as are the causes of many other crimes; the problem of sexual
violence and rape may not be comprehended by a single component; educational and cultural
elements are just two of the numerous aspects that contribute to the occurrence of such crimes.
Moral and ethical ideals must be taught to children during their childhood, together with good
education, in order to make them aware and cognizant of their conduct and behaviour toward other
people in society, particularly women.The need to reform and remodel patriarchal norms is critical in
order to develop in these reformative and advanced times, when women and men are on equal
footing in every part of life and where women are not afraid of being raped because they are feeble
and inferior to males. We can and must face this challenge as a society by talking about it openly and
objectively. We can only come to an agreement on what constitutes aberrant behaviour that has to
be pointed out and condemned via educated public communication.Along with that, the relevant laws
and punitive provisions must be changed in accordance with the present scenario and made more
strict and inflexible so that perpetrators are fearful that if they dare to conduct such a crime, they will
not be able to escape the punishment specified for that crime.

[Prabhat Tyagi,“Prevalence of Rape Culture in India: Where are We Heading?”,2020]

Men and women were created in the same image so that they might participate equally in society.
Despite all of the chances for invention, it could not be sustained as women gradually became a
commodity. In recent years, sexual harassment has become one of the most serious societal issues in
all workplaces. Sexual harassment can take many forms, including physical, verbal, nonverbal, and
visual harassment. In a research done in Vellore, 100 women employees from various retail sectors
were interviewed in order to uncover the hidden challenges of working as a woman, including sexual
harassment. Sexual harassment has been and continues to be a workplace concern in retails in
Vellore, according to the findings of the study.Sexual harassment should be recognised as a human
rights issue that must be handled. By resolving such concerns inside the business, equality will be
created, and workers will be more satisfied with their jobs.
Sexual harassment has been and continues to be a workplace concern in Vellore City, according to this
study. The research group has a general lack of understanding of the legal options accessible to them.
Some of the variables that regulate this social issue include women's status in society, male
domination, and cultural attitudes about women's rights.

[Dr. Edison Nesa Doss,Pavan K Mukherjee and M Arvin Kumar,“A Study On Sexual Harassment
Among Women Workers At Work Place In Velore City”,2014]

The legal and mental health aspects of rape are explored in this article. With the establishment of the
Indian Penal Code in 1860, India's 'rape laws' began. Following modifications, the major attention
remained on the definition of "rape" and the inclusion of "marital rape" in the definition of rape. In a
survey of raped high school females, 6% admitted to attempting suicide. Victims of rape are ashamed
to speak about what occurred to them. Prior sexual abuse was found to be a leading predictor of
numerous health risk behaviours, including suicide thoughts and attempts, in a study of teenagers.
Apart with judicial awakening, the cultivation of awareness is the most important requirement. It is
just as vital to educate people to see women as valuable participants in life, in society's growth, and in
achieving peace as it is to take legislative efforts to defend women's human rights.

[R. C. Jiloha,“Rape: Legal issues in mental health perspective”,2013]

The purpose of this research is to examine scientific knowledge on sexual harassment in higher
education. The focus of the research is on (a) knowledge derived from top-ranked peer-reviewed
articles in the field, (b) the prevalence of sexual harassment among students and staff, (c) reported
consequences of sexual harassment, (d) examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary preventive
measures, and (e) core challenges to sexual harassment research in higher education. The published
research evidence suggests several important findings, including: (a) sexual harassment is prevalent
among students, with one out of every four female students reporting it; (b) severe consequences of
sexual harassment affect individuals, but the effects on research and education quality are unknown;
and (c) the prevalence of sexual harassment among students is reported by on average one out of
every four female students.(d) There is essentially little evidence to support the alleged impacts of
significant preventive interventions; and (e) there is a paucity of theoretical, longitudinal, qualitative,
and intersectional techniques and perspectives in research on sexual harassment in higher education.

[Fredrik Bondestam and Maja Lundqvist,“Sexual harassment in higher education – a systematic

review”,2020]

The goal of this study is to learn about students' attitudes and opinions concerning sexual abuse and
abusers, as well as the psychological issues that girls experience as a result of abuse. The research was
carried out in a government school in Chennai. A systematic stratified sampling process is used to pick
roughly 80 pupils from that school. For the study's interview, students in 9th and 10th grades were
chosen. The researcher chose Chennai for her study because of the growing number of working
parents, children's loneliness, and the high number of child abuse cases in the city. The research
concluded that giving children the tools they need to defend themselves and report abuse should be a
key focus. Abuse in schools and at home will be brought to the attention of parents and
instructors.They must be aware of all forms of abuse that occur at home and at school. Counseling is
an important specialised service that should be provided to all children in a priority manner, and
continuous monitoring and vigilance are required to safeguard children from child abuse.
[Usha Jose. K,“A Study on The Awareness on Sexual Abuse Among Girls in Chennai Schools”,2015]

According to the studies examined in this article,Men with a high tendency for rape have more rape
favourable views, are more likely to believe victims are culpable for rape, and are less educated about
the detrimental impact of rape on victims, . These males are more likely to misinterpret female cues
in heterosocial encounters, fail to develop inhibitory self-verbalizations to reduce sex-aggression
associations, and have more coercive sexual fantasies. Furthermore, a high tendency for rape is
connected to a semantic network in which sex and power are so intimately linked that power cues are
required antecedents to sexual sensations. In the etiology of rape, multivariate studies reveal that
rape-supportive attitudes combine with noncognitive variables.

[Klaus Drieschner and Alfred Lange,“A REVIEW OF COGNITIVE FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF RAPE:
THEORIES, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, AND IMPLICATIONS”,1999]

This study will build on previous research by including both male and female employees and delving
into the effects of sexual harassment in the workplace on their mental health and job performance. In
addition, the study intends to improve our understanding of the many types of sexual harassment
that occur in the workplace, as well as to investigate the variables that may contribute to its increased
incidence as well as preventative measures.Sexual harassment in the workplace may have both short-
and long-term harmful consequences for victims. It causes anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Individuals may experience humiliation, low self-esteem, and other negative effects. It may
also result in issues at work, such as increased turnover, absenteeism, lower job satisfaction, and
lower productivity.

[Choo Eern Yie and Nicole Tham Seow Ping,“Sexual Harassment in Workplace”,2021]

This article presents the findings of a study on the environmental elements that lead to sexual
harassment episodes. This study included data from 538 nurses who worked in a variety of Australian
hospitals. The author introduces a model that investigates organisational characteristics and their
relationships with sexual harassment. An imbalanced employment gender ratio, a nurse's poor
impression of their manager's leadership style, and no prior socialisation are all positively related with
sexual harassment, according to the model.The researchers confirmed that each of the study's
participating institutions had a SH policy, a grievance procedure, and required SH awareness training.
Despite this, 60% of the respondents in this survey had experienced a SH incidence within the
previous 24 months. This shows that reactive interventions (such as policy, grievance mechanisms,
and SH awareness training) are insufficient to address this developing problem with far-reaching
consequences. Other techniques for countering SH, such as leadership development as a means of
developing caregiver behaviours, must be examined. In addition, team-building and social events that
foster relationships, as well as patient education, should be promoted.

[Julie Cogin and Alan Fish,“Managing sexual harassment more strategically: An analysis of
environmental causes”,2007]