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Medical biology first stage lec 2 Cell structure ~ By Dr. shatha M.Ali Introduction to the cell Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life. They are the smallest units of an organism that can be characterized as living. Humans and many other organisms are multicellular, i.e., they consist of multiple cells. Unicellular microorganisms, i.e., organisms consisting of one single cell such as bacteria, fe algae, and fungi. Cell theory a Robert Hooke was the first to use the word cell in 1665. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to ever observe a cell under a microscope in 1674. The cell theory biologists use nowadays dates back to major contributions of Schwann( animal histologist) and Schleiden(plant histologist) in 1839, enhanced by contributions of Virchow in 1858. © Both scientists established the concept of cell theory. a a The principle of the modern form of the cell theory are: All organisms are composed of one or more cells, within which the life processes and heredity occur. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cells, A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of livingthings NOTE: Most cells are small. A few are big. For example: The yolk of a chicken egg, Parts of a Cell (cell structure) Cells have many different functions and come in many shapes and sizes. But all cells have some parts in common. © A) Cell membrane The cell’s organelles and its intracellular solutes (some inorganic and some organic) are contained within the cell by its membrane. The membrane has limited and selective permeability; it maintains the intracellular concentration of electrolytes and biologic compounds that is distinctly different from that of the extracellular fluid. ‘The proteins associated with cell membranes are: 1. __ Integral proteins (intrinsic proteins) extend into and sometimes all the way through the membrane, and cannot readily be removed without causing structural damage. peripheral proteins (extrinsic proteins) sit on the membrane surface (facing either the inside or the outside of the cell) and can be easily removed. + The importance of the these transmembrane proteins, allow molecules that couldn’t enter the cell otherwise to pass through by forming channels, pores or gates. In this way, the cell controls the flow of these molecules as they enter and exit. ‘The proteins associated with cell membranes are: 1. __ Integral proteins (intrinsic proteins) extend into and sometimes all the way through the membrane, and cannot readily be removed without causing structural damage. peripheral proteins (extrinsic proteins) sit on the membrane surface (facing either the inside or the outside of the cell) and can be easily removed. + The importance of the these transmembrane proteins, allow molecules that couldn’t enter the cell otherwise to pass through by forming channels, pores or gates. In this way, the cell controls the flow of these molecules as they enter and exit. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the third major component of plasma membranes, In general, they are found on the outside surface of cells and are bound either to Proteins (forming glycoproteins) or to lipids (forming glycolipids). Glycoproteins play a role in the interactions between cells, including cell adhesion, the Process by which cells attach to each other. Phospholipid molecules Are shaped with a head an tails region. The head section of the molecule likes water( hydrophilic) while the tails doesn't (hydrophobic). 5 The two surfaces of molecules create the lipid bilayer, ‘Copyright© Pearson Eaueaton ne. pubtshng as Sanam Gummnings Glycoprotein: protein with Glycolipid: lipid with carbohydrate attached Z catbohycrate Peripheral membrane Protein Function of plasma membrane 1)A Physical Barrier ( physical protection) The plasma membrane surrounds all cells and physically separates the cytoplasm, which is the material that makes up the cell, from the extracellular fluid outside the cell. This protects all the components of the cell from the outside environment and allows separate activities to occur inside and outside the cell. certain molecules can enter and exit the cell. 3) Provides structural support to the cell. 4) Play a role in cell communication. 2)Cytoplasm 5 Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Itis mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. 3) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Consists of a network of double- membrane canals running through the cytoplasm. = There are two types of ER smooth and rough ER (with & without ribosomes). + Rough ER lies immediately adjacent to the cell nucleus, and its membrane is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. * Smooth ER, by contrast, is not associated with ribosomes, and its functions differ. The smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used i in the production of new cellular membrane. smooth endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum (SER) reticulum S Golgi apparatus lysosome 4) Ribosomes particles consisted of proteins(35%) and ribosomal RNA (tRNA) 65% function = protein synthesis The ribosome consists of a large and small subunits. Ribosome Large subunit 5) Lysosome Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers- proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates and lipids. Tt acts as digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell in a process called heterophagy and to digest old cellular organelles as debris of the cell itself in a process called autophagy. When the cells get old, lysosomes autolysis the cell and therefore known as suicide bags. Lysosome Structure cel asta ara eat Rett el eee eC ete (Taw el)

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