REVISED BULLETIN 297 SEPTEMBER 1987 ECNICAS EeisLioteca wee: 3 6 | ieee hs i 6 “These Bulletins contain final Reports from projects sponsored by the Welding Research Council, important papers presented befor engineering societies and other reports of current interest. ISSN 0043-2326 4, WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL: i UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER 345 EAST 47th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017WRC Bulletin Series 251 Comparison of Thvos-Dimanaiousl Fis Element and Photoelatic Reauts for Lateral Connection, WC-1282, August 1979, {gst emis Erato nd Sactoning of PYRG Pte Wel pace 207,09 A.Chaamona ade Tex Savon 1979, Si. 9 A tere] i Shope lan Anil thy WE Nc Osco 107, 284 (1)A sl rn ct Pat eh Dein Dotto oP Lota Gane. neve ne ot Lint Anaya Pac Beever of Pg Product EC. ocabaog (3) arene Raper. on Lin havea ott eke Pc tp re ‘cra Nove 1878. : “ae ay lap r ‘sprint ivan of Comet Patvcnnd 2: pc! Hene Sj ohira rnee, Oecenest ie 1 284 Review o Ons eleva otha Oni Trt fr ws a Fed Otter Pater y C, i? “Ansiysie of tha Unrasonic Examinations of PVRC Weld Specimens 155, 262 and 203 by Standard a Alloy Wekdments, by We =H aronaod.V, Bee ee as SEM: (1) Detvation ot ASME Code Formula forthe Design of Reverse Flanges, by E.O, Waters aR W at Planget net etl Contec by J Wenn ad W, Stl, ()hlerrlv Rep on Gana Leakage Tenn rua, S606 263A Anotstod BBsography on te Siglicace, Origin and Neue of Daconinig ln Weds, 1075-1080, 576°, Lundsind hs Pavak Neonat vaest 244 The lntiwance of Multiaxial Stress on Low-Cycie Fatigue of Cr-Mo-V Steel at 1000°F, by R. H. Mariott and RL. Johrieo e ‘warpative Report on Smat Scale Test Carrttion wh Dai, by. Robert and ©. Newion, Febuary 198 a 266 Weidabity and Fracture Toughnees of 5% Mi Stoel—Part 1: Weld Simulation Testing, ‘Bhodge. Ost, W. Pro Baty an race Teugheeso 8% Ml Stel—Part 2 Wie Pat Tenn. by A Droop, Proset anv A Versi A 227 Rite Pate backs of ienay Pronericd EpunilPresersVoee Ho rai Mah 768 GE 216 I ae () Ponctional Test os Veseal with Comat For (omit tnn cones ec con Bp cre nore er (snares hppa) WE Evin od KF a8, SI EY a 414A Samay nt cre ron es ray aS ease Genscan OE 277 High Temperature Proper of 21, C1-1 Me Weld Meta, ©. B. Lundin, B 9: Krad ad M.A Pendey, May (278 The Crack Arrest Properties of 9% Nickel Steels lor Cryogenic Applications, by RD. Stout and’ Fens es ee 779 Wekdabitty and Fracture Toughness of Quenched and Tempered 8% Nickel Siest: Part | ‘Droog W. Provost and A. Vinkio, Jay 1082, 3 Weld Simulation Testing! me, Lovomarn and 8 Nainows gon naa [WRC Buetng ae pabshed monty ceptLocal Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles—Supplement to WRC Bulletin No. 107 (Revision 1) By J. L. Mershon, K. Mokhtarian, G. V. Ranjan, and E. C. Rodabaugh CONTENTS Foreword «4.0.4.4. eccog Foreword to Revision 1.0 Nomenclature .. 2.0 Introduction ........ 3.9 Calculations of Stresses . 3.1 PyMc, My, Nozzle Loads, Stress 4.0 Evaluation of Loads ... 5.0 References . Figs. 3 through 60 ..... og Appendix A—Example Calculations Appendix B—Comparison of This Bulletin's Results with FEM. Analyses Results .. Appendix C—Comparison of This Bulletin’s Results with WRC Bulletin 107 Curves Acknowledgements ...........+ Figs. C-1 through C-12 . Foreword WRC Bulletin 107, “Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to External Loadings,” by K.R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon, has been widely used by design analysts since its initial publica- tion in August 1965. This continued use despite ad- vances in analysis methods and capabilities and in- forced Openings Scirch Commitee the Welling Reseth Covel creased experimental data made available during the ensuing years underscores the need for a “cook book” of the Bulletin 107 type. The persistence of this need ‘was a major motivating factor for preparation of this “Supplement” provided here in Bulletin 297 that broadens the coverage of Bulletin 107. In this document methods and data are given for treating two normally intersecting cylindrical shells, that is, eylindrical nozzles radially attached to eylin- Arical vessels (shells). Stresses in both the nozzle and veseel can be determined, and the range of vessel di- ‘ameter-to-thickness ratio covered is increased over ‘that of Bulletin 107. The analytical method used was, derived and developed by C. R. Steele on the basis of thin shell theory. As with any undertaking of this type, several per- sons made important contributions to the production of this document. The work was done under the Task Group on Development of Design Procedures for Cy- lindrical Shells of the Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings and External Loadings chaired by W. C. Kroenke. J. Hagstrom, Task Group Chairman, super- vised and coordinated the overall project. Members of the Task Group were: R. E. Gleason, H.T. Huang, J.L. Mershon, E. C. Rodabaugh, R. W. Schneider, G. V. Ranjan, and G. E. O. Widera, W.L. Greenstreet Chairman, PVRC Design Division Foreword to Revision I Studies of Figs. 59 and 60 of this Bulletin have resulted in the conclusion that the curves in these figures cover a very narrow range of geometric param- eters, and, in fact, some of the labels on the curves of Fig. 60 of the August 1984 printing of Bulletin 297 were in error. Figs. 59 and 60 were inserted in the 1984 version of this Bulletin to provide some insight con- cerning flexibility. However, they can only provide approximate values of flexibilities for the case of thin shells having simply supported boundary conditions with the ends remaining round but free to rotate. A comprehensive set of data is currently being prepared Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 1for nozzle flexibility. This revised Bulletin corrects the labels on Fig. 60 and provides statements concerning the limitations of these figures. The specific changes are listed below: 1, Page 4—Minor editorial change. 2, Page 5—Add reference 11 and add a paragraph describing the limitations of Figs. 59 and 60. 3, Fig. 59—-Describe the boundary conditions of the cylindrical shell. 4. Fig. 60—Describe the boundary conditions of the cylindrical shell and correct the labels on the curves for circumferential moment, 5. Page 69—Make corrections to example No. 3 cor- responding to the updates of Fig. 60. 6. Page 74—Update Table B-7 in eccordance with the changes to Fig. 60. Continued review of the relevant data has indicated that the curves of this Bulletin provide a generally conservative approximation of the stresses. Appendix A provides additional guidance for application of thie Bulletin. 1.0 Nomenclature ‘Symbols used in the formulas and equations in this text are listed below: = mean diameter of vessel = outside diameter of nozzle = thickness of vessel = thickness of nozzle = angle around nozzle (see Figs. 1 and 2) = (@/D)(D/T)? waeD ve P,Mo Mu, Mr, Ve and V;, = nozzle loads as defined in Fig. 1 L = length of vessel* = bending moments per unit length of M,M shell wall (see Fig. 2) ‘= membrane forces per unit length of NaNe shell wall (see Fig. 2) 1.1 Nomenclature Applicable to Table 1 m, = M,/P, or M,d/M., or Md/My. ny = N;T/P, or N,Td/M,, or N;Td/Mi, my = M,/P, or Med /M., or Med/My ny = NsT/P, or NeTd/M,, or NyT4/My, 12 Nomenclature Applicable to Nozzle-to-Veasel intersection o- = direction stress in vessel (see Fig. 2) 09 = direction stress in vessel (see Fig. 2) 4 = axial stress in nozzle Fox ozales ot cnzered inthe esa allan oqulvlent vasa agth Lan ‘bcaloulated fom he following formu ty io fhe Land are dtaon fom the oe center nt the vel Fig, 1—Postive drections for external losds on radial nozzle in evn. (rical shell a definition of geometry. Loads Vi; Ve P. Mo, Mk, and Mi ‘act at nozzle-to-shell intersection ad form right-hand system. 4 = circumferential stress in nozzle 8 = stress intensity for combined loads K, = elastic-plastic correction factor used in fatigue evaluation [see NB-3228.5 of Ref. 1] A =L((DT)? 2.0 Introduction This Bulletin is a supplement to Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 107? and is specifically appli- cable to cylindrical nozzles in cylindrical vessels. As such, stresses in the nozzle at the juncture with the rasan nine pete eer ene) Internal bending moments in shell 2 Revised WRC Bulletin 297toont ae ‘Table 1—Index to Figs. 3-58, Strees Resuttants at Nozzle- to-Veesel intersections: Stress Figure Number Resutonee age ™ 10 3 2 a 2 4 20 5 4 42 50 6 2B 8 100 7 2% “4 » 10 8 n 6 20 9 2 6 2 10 2 a 50 30 a 10 2 3 2 on 1B 32 0 2% 015 33 51 16 4 52 1 7 3 53 ™ 0B % 54 2» 19 3 55 9 38 56 5 18 3 10 0 38 Nomenclature, Section 2 ress resultants on # = 90°-270* plane (traverse plane). Streas resultants fr P load on #= 0°-180° plane are generally less than the values on the transverse lane (Le.,80°-270" plane) and are not given inthis report. For conservatism, they are assumed tobe the samme at those on the transverse plane, © Stress resultanta on 8 = 0°-180° plane (longitudinal plane). vessel that were not covered by WRC Bulletin 107 can be calculated. This Bulletin gives data for larger D/T ratios than in WRC Bulletin 107, provides better read- ability for small values of d/D, and includes the effects of nozzle neck thickness. Section 3 gives the procedure for calculating stresses in the vessel or nozzle in the vicinity of the junction. ‘This Bulletin presents tabular data from Shelitech Report 81-5° in a form suitable for use in design work (Figs. 3-58). Also, data on flexibilities of nozzles from Shelltech Report 80-2 and a Shelltech progress report 5 dated May 15, 1983, are included as Figs, 59 and 60. ‘The Shelitech data, which are for P, M., and Mi, nozzle loads, are supplemented by approximations for M,, Vc, and Vi nozzle loads that are the same as WRC Bulletin 107 approximations. The limitations on the ‘use of the data for P, M., and Mr nozzle loads are included in Section 3. Section 4 contains a caution concerning the calculation of nozzle loads where the loads are imposed by a piping system. Appendix A shows, by two examples, how the proce- dures of Section 3 can be used and provides comments on the significance of the calculated stresses. Appen- dixes B and C give comparisons of the stress calcula- tion methods with finite-element calculations and the WRC Bulletin 107 method (stresses in vessel). These are included to remind the reader that significant un- certainties exist in the calculation of stresses in the complete structure consisting of a nozzle welded to a vessel subjected to nozzle loads. Verification complet- ed to date indicates that the results reported in this document are generally conservative. Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 3.0 Calculation of Stresses 3.1 P, Mz, Mi Nozzle Loads, Stress Equations Surface stresses in the vessel in the vicinity of the nozzle junction are calculated by equations «= Fo,26m), w P o0™ a (+ 6m), @) z (a, + 6m), @) fa ~ Rita 6m), @ Nozzle-axial surface stresses at the nozzle-vessel junction are calculated by equations (5) and (6). ‘The term containing n, has been introduced to cor- rect the moment applied to the nozzle by subtracting N;T/2 from the radial moment on the shell si junction. (6) Mi 4t a= M/S (6m, any] © In Eq. (5) the nozzle cross-sectional area is calculat- ed es rdt, and in Eq. (6) the nozale section modulus is calculated as rd°t/4, These are approximate expres- sions appropriate for nozzles with larger d/t ratios. For nozzles with amaller d/t ratios, the following exact expressions should be used. For the cross-sectional area, For the section modulus, x(d*- ds) So Ba where d, = d— 2t = nozzle inside diameter. In this Bulletin, the nozzle circumferential mem- brane stresses are set equal to the vessel shell circum- ferential (@ direction) membrane stresses at the noz- 2le-vessel junction. This assumption is justified by the fact that the maximum nozzle stresses occur at the shell junction, and at this location both the nozzle and the shell have the same radial strain. Nozzle circum- ferential bending stresses are assumed to be negligible compared with the membrane stresses. Thus, the noz~ ale circumferential stresses are REUNIDAS, S.A. P oe (a) TECNICAS Oa ied BIBLIOTECA y«= Mi ota In Eqs. (3), (4), (6), and (8), Mi = M, or Mi. The positive part of the signs is for the outer surface of the vessel or nozzle, and the negative part is for the inner surface. Figs. 3-58 give m,, ms, and ny as functions of d/t, 2 and T/t. Table 1 is an index of Figs. 3-58. In using these figures, interpolation is required between the T/ ttlines on a given figure and between the figures for d/t. ‘The interpolations and other aspects of calculating stresses for P, M., or My loads are illustrated by the ‘example calculations in Appendix A. ‘The signs of the stress resultants obtained from Figs. 3-58 are based on the assumption that the exter- nal loads P, M., and My are positive. Positive dire tions of the external loads are indicated in Fig. 1. ‘Table 2 shows the signs of the membrane and bending stresses at azimuth angles of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° caused by positive external loads and assuming posi- tive values for the stress resultants read from Figs. 3- 58. Either negative stress resultant values or negative external loads will reverse the signs shown in Table 2. A plus sign means a tensile stress and a minus sign means a compressive stress. The listed signs apply to both the vessel shell and the nozzle, with the exception of the circumferential bending stresses in the nozzle that are not covered in this Bulletin because of their insignificance. The notation (i) behind an ezimuth ‘means the inner surface and the notation (0) behind an azimuth means the outer surface. (a). @ 32 P,M,, My, Nozzle Loads, Limitations Steele's theory is applicable to the intersection of a nozzle whose axis is normal to the surface of a vessel and where both nozzle and vessel are treated as thin walled cylindrical shells. According to Steele,? for thin-shell theory to be valid, d/t > 20, D/T 2 20, and A/T > 5. However, if the nozzle thickness is large, it ‘Table 2—Stress Signs for Positive Loads and Positive acts a8 a nearly rigid insert, s0 reasonable results for the vessel stress are obtained for any d/t. Although the shallow-shell solutions used by Steele may be valid up to a d/D ratio of 0.5, the exact limit of application depends on the D/T ratio. This is indicated by Figs. 3- 58, where curves for different T/t and d/t values ex- tend up to different values of J. It is not recommended that curves be extrapolated beyond the \ values for which stress resultants are plotted. In addition to the limitations given by Steele* de- noted above, the limit D/T < 2500 is recommended. ‘The reason is that the theory is linear elastic and does not necessarily account for nonlinear effects or buck- ling. Test data are available for D/T up to 2500; those data give reasonable assurance that the theory is plicable up to D/T = 2500. Figures 3-58 are limited to d/t < 100 because it was deemed that this would cover essentially all applic tions of nozzles in vessels or piping. The figures in- clude d/t = 10, which, for stresses in the vessel, gives a reasonable approximation for any smaller d/t. It is recognized that, with D/T < 2500, there are significant portions of Figs. 3-58 that are “out-of-bounds.” The lines labeled T/t = 0 correspond to D/T of infinity and are used to represent rigid plugs and as an aid to interpolation. Even nozzles with large d/t ratios can be considered rigid plugs stance. ‘The theory is applicable to “isolated” nozzles, where isolated means that the nozzle must be sufficiently remote from any other stress discontinuity so that the effect of the other discontinuity is negligible in the vicinity of nozzle-shell junction. Theoretically, this distance may be very large, but if the distance from the junction is greater than about 2yDT on the vessel or 2At on the nozzle, the theory is deemed to provide reasonable design guidance. ‘The theory is not applicable to nozzles that protrude inside the vessel. The nozzle, if of a different thickness than the attached branch pipe, should have an axial length of not less than 2Vdt. The nozzle must be at- tached to the vessel by a through-penetration weld. 33 Mr, V., Vi Nozzle Loads ‘Stresses in the vessel at the nozzle may be estimated Load Sires ee by Membrane : 1 = 2Mq/(ed°D), ® t 1 = Q(T), (a0) Radial + i i ‘ating 7 Girone inthe nari tthe vem sny be etna : R 7 = 2My/(xd"t), ay) ; 1 = WV/(edt). a2) Cineumferental + In Eqs. (10) and (12), Vi = V.or Vi. Equations (9)-(12) ‘bending = are nominal shear stress equations. For D/D up to + about 0.1, the equations are deemed to be reasonably = accurate. For larger d/D (e., d/D = 0.5), the equa- Ee tions may be significantly inaccurate, E 34 Stresses Due to Combined Nozzle Loads 4 Revised WRC Bulletin 297Stresses as a function of 6 are Load Longitudinal ‘Transverse plane plane (0= 0°, 180) (0 = 90°, 270°) P ~Meximum == Maximum M. Negligible = Maximum ML Maximum Negligible For a few combinations of A, d/t, and T/t, the maxi- ‘mum streeses occur off the indicated planes; Figs. 3-58 represent the off-plane stresses for those combina- tions of parameters. Stresses due to Mr, V., and Vi may conservatively bbe assumed to be constant as a function of @ and equal to the calculated maximum value. However, these loads produce shear stresses and, for comparison with allowable stresses in pressure vessel and piping codes, it is appropriate to calculate stress intensity by the following equation. 5 = largest absolute magnitude of: plo, + 04 + [ P+ 47}, (13a) ‘Alo, + 0 — [o,- 09) +4771), (3b) [(o, = a9)? + 479)". (13) For the longitudinal plane, 9, = oP) + (My); (14) for the tranaverse plane, 9, = o(P) + (MO; (18) where j = ror 6, o(P) = stress due to nozzle load P, and similarly for o(My) and o(M,). For both planes, 1 = (Mz) + (V+ (Vp). (6) Equations (13)-(16) apply directly to stresses in the vessel. For the nozzle, Eqs. (5)-(8) provide a method for calculating the axial and circumferential stresses in the nozzle. Accordingly, Eqs. (13)-(16) may be applied to the nozzle by substituting c, for ¢, and o.for o. Equation (16) is a conservative approximation that ccan be used when shear stress are not significant com- pared with the direct stresses. However, if shear stresses due to V_ and V;, become significant, it should be recognized that their maximum values and zero values occur 90° apart from each other. Thus, Eq. (16) should be separated into the following two expres- sions: 1. 1(Mq) + 1(V,) for Vey (16a) 1 = 1(My) + 1(V;) for Vp. (16b) ‘The larger shear stress from Eqs. (16a) or (16b) should be used in Eqs. (13), (13b), oF (13c).. 4.0 Evaluation of Loads External loadings on nozzies usually are imposed by 4 piping system attached to the nozzle. Magnitudes of the loads are calculated by an analysis of the piping system. If the piping system analysis is not accurate, then the calculated stresses due to the calculated loads share that inaccuracy. This aspect is particularly sig- nificant for the large D/T vessels covered by this Bul- lotin, because nozzles in such vessels are very flexible. If the nozzle flexibility is not included in the piping system analysis, P, M., and Mr. may be overestimated by several orders of magnitude. Reference 3 does not provide data on flexibility of nozzles in vessels. However, Ref. 4 and the Shelltech Progress Report’ dated May 15, 1983, provide some data on flexibility. These data are included here as Figs. 59 and 60. Ttis tobe noted that the curves in theae figures cover ‘narrow range of parameters and are appropriate only within this range of parameters. They provide approx- imate values of flexibilities for the case of thin shells having simply supported boundary conditions with ends remaining round but free to rotate. Furthermore, for Fig. 59, t> T and thus the nozzle can be considered to be essentially rigid. Nozzles with a large d/t ratio may be significantly more flexible than indicated by ‘some of the data here. Further, it was shown in Ref. 11 that the flexibilities are very sensitive to assumed boundary conditions for short cylindrical shells and ‘that this sensitivity is more pronounced for large pene- trations. The use of Figs. 59 and 60 for geometries and boundary conditions other than those used here, could, therefore, result in significant inaccuracies. More information on this subject can be found in Refs. 6,7 and 11. A general discussion of flexibility factors as well as a comprehensive presentation of de- sign data is planned for a future WRC bulletin. Appendix A includes an example of the conversion of data from Figs. 59 and 60 to a “flexibility factor” whereby the effect of nozzle flexibility on a piping system is intuitively apparent to piping system design- ers. 5.0 References 1, ASME Boiler and Pears Vel ode Sc I, Nuclear Power Plant Components, Div. 1s American Society Mechanical Engiwers, New York, oa Swe Ng we ea Sr spectre ema bud taasecrse ra TAN ato cae ae racial ee rn ke et pce ee ceca aeeeet aera PE an eer oem ue ae ea at teal Vea wth Real Un” ogy, (aug ‘Gpeninge in Large See! Presure Vensels, ‘Somme on finforad Openings Divison, Shaltech, May 181 Golfers and Allows " Spectficattns for Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels (Advanced Design ‘and Conspuction| Bish Standards 1818, Part i sare 8. ANSI Coe for Prete Apia, ANSUASUHE BSL, Power Piping. BGeandyBite Bd Reoner of Fatigue Tors to lee ye. No NUREGZER a5, Nein Fecha tale oe baa, Ma onan Sibacns ereuy amine ‘Sheil EG. Were, Chong, Hucede” ASME Special Pubiation PU 1s, Americas Sosy of Mechs Engine Ni Yok 1868 Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 5 eyBeene ns aw 0.04, Fig. 3—inleral moment sess resultants my due o P-oad—(a/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 2977 3 67891 5 Fig, 4—Interal moment stress resultants m due to P-losd—(d/t = 20.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 0.01oy! Fig. 5—inloral moment stress esuitants m, due to Poad—{at = 30.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 0.94 0.0 6 7adi67 eon 5 Fig. 6—Interat moment stress resutants m, due to P-losd—{a/t = $0.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 910 67801 5 6 7a9n 5 6 78or 5 f ov ternal moment sess resultants rm, due to P-oad—{a/t = 100.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297reo 6 6 7ast 5 Fig. 8 —-Internal force stress resultants 5 veto P-oad—{a/t = 10.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 0.00.0 6 7eor 5 00 @ 6 7891 5 Fig. 9—Interal force stress resutantsn, due to Ptoad—(4 = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297= -2 SREUNIDAS, S. A. Q oe Fig. 10—Interal force sess resutants to Poas a = 30.0) gt 14 S ay4 ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 6 jas ld BIBLIOTECA “74 67891 5 Fig. 11—Interal force stress resultants 1, due to Poad—(a/t = 50.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 769i ‘~~ 8 _ 2 Ben Fig. 12—Internal force suoss resuhants 1, due to Poad—(a/t = 100) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 156 7e0n é 5 67891 5 Bliced . os geen esr me Fig. 18-—Internal moment stress resutants my due to P-load—(d/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297ee ee ee Binenew + oO ~ = oye | Mo/P Bice Fig. 14 Internal moment stress resutants my due to Poad—(d/t = 20.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells67891 5 Fig, 15—Intornal moment stress resurtants my due to Poad—{a/ = 30.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297eoneon es m4 =e = co = * “4 es -2 Biddedd € oo Fig. 16—Internal moment stress resuitants my due to Poad—(é/t = 50.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 190.9 rest 67891 Fig. 17—Internal moment stross resuttants my due to Poad—(d/t = 100.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297: 8 -& 3 Fig. 18—Internal force stress resultants ng due to P-toad—{d/t = 10.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells ase rest 4 s 6 7een s 67891 4 NEESER Tide goa ASCs = 3 3 Fig, 10—Irnarnal force stress resutants ny due to Pood est = 20.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig. 29—Internal force stress resultant ny due to P-oad—(a/t = 30.0) ‘Stresses in Cylindrical ShellsFig. 21—Imernal force stress cesultans ry due to Pload—{lt = 50.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297 0.01pest 6 - 8 = 7a91 Fig. 22—Internal force stress resultants ny due to Poad—(s/t = 100.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 2867 e900 67891 5 Fig. 23—Internal moment stress reeuttants m, due to M-load—(d/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297s 67 aon 4 s 67891 ‘ Fig. 24—trternal moment stress reauitanta my, due to M,-oed—d/t = 90.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells aFig. 25—Internal moment stress resutants m, due to M-load—{d/t = 50.0) 28 Revised WRC Bulletin 297Fig. 26—Internal moment stress resultants , due to Meload—(6/t = 100.0) Stresses in Cylindrical Shells 29rao a ‘ 67891 5 : 28 c a 7 = 7 a) 0 NM 2 -& Ce ee gisene se =° Fig. 27—Internal force stress resutants n, due 1o Mload—{4/t = 10.0) Revised WRC Bulletin 297