BULLETIN 107 October 2002 Update of the March 1979 Revision (original, August 1965) | bolletin | l ml LOCAL STRESSES IN SPHERICAL AND CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADINGS i || puolletin | I | I K.R.WICHMAN AG. HOPPER J. L-MERSHON ISSN 0043-2326WRC Bulletin Series. 242 rac nnn Tree nA Conpansumcl aaa Exeenes EOE one-car Sandu ves "ponte sot Eno say a nn 8m ri C) Sc mae cerns bend esa tate enFOREWORD ‘october 2002 Update of March 1979 Revision “Tne October 2002 Update tothe March 1979 Revision of WRC Bulletin 107 includes minor stra changes for Thororement and eadebily of several equations, curves end some tex. There ae NO technica cnenges «The calculation forms (Tables 2, 3 and 5) are impcoved, pariculaty to show the "+" and" quantiss more dofivey. «+The equation for stress in paragraph 3.63 is revised tobe on one tir ‘The perameterdeatons on several ofthe curves (ginning wth figure SR-1) eve improved anc cies ‘Appendix B, exponents in Equations 1,2, and 4 are enlarged fr readabity, PVRG thanks Mr. James R, Far, Honorary Emeritus Member ofthe Pressure Vessel Research Council forhis assstance in preparing this update NOTE: WRC Bulletins 107 and 297 should be considered (and purchased) a8 an integral set. In edition DURE Technical Commitees are working on project that is envisioned to culminate in @ new publication (0 [Budo the WRG Sutetn 107 and 297 se The new publication wil provide significant new technica inaraon ‘Sh loca sel stresses from nozzles and attachments. Greg |. Hotinger ‘Tye Pressure Vessel Research Counc FOREWORD to March 1979 Revision Welling Research Council Bulletin No. 107 bas been cone ofthe mont wiely ured blletins ever published by ihe. Theongina bulletins published August 1963, Since that mea evs printing wasisuedin December see, asecond revised pining wasted in July 1970, (hid revised pining wa lensed im Apri 1972; and June 1977 eprint ofthe thi eevied printing was sued AS sometines happens wih publions of this type. Some errors were detected and then corected in ub Suen revieed pinings. In this March 1979 Revision of Bulletin 107, there ae some additional revisions and elaeifications. The fo ‘ulations fr callin of the combined stress intensiy Sin Tables 2, und 5 have been elusified. Changes i Ibe in Figures 1C-1,2C-1,3¢-and-4C have been made td the called sess for Model "Rin Table AS fnd Model "C-l" in Table A-t have been revised ecordingly, The background for the change in labels ven ina footnote on p46 Present plans call fora review and posible extension of ‘curves to parameters which will ever the majority of ‘openings innucleurconainmentvesselsandlargesiorage tunis Hans are exlend RYT from 300 10 600 and to extend U7D range from 0.003 10010 forthe ew RUT fange. review avaiable teat data (9 exablah Las of Sppliabiliy, and develop some guidance for pad Long range plant are to review shel theory in gone snd Bylaan's method in parculr The goal so extend the RM upto 1200 fora Dp 1 Tis wll include luge defection theory and ether nontinesr eects. In ‘ition, valle computer programs wil be studied in hope of developing one which willbe a8 appropriate Supplement to Buuar's method. Fizally,areview lle nade of imi oads slated to large R/T an sll /D. JR. Fatt, Chairman PURC Design DosisFOREWORD Several yours ago, the Pressure Vessel Research ‘Committee sponsored an analytical and experi ‘mental reseateh progesm aimed at providing meth- fode of determining the streses in pressure vessel hozsle connections subjected to various forms of xtestal loading. "The analytical portion of tia ‘work ws accomplished by Prof. P. P. Bijlaard of Commell University, and was reported in Hefer- fences 1 ta’ 8 inchisve, Development of the ‘thooretial solutions invalved « numberof simplify: ing. assumptions, including the use of shallow shell theory for spherical vests and extble Toad ing srfaces for eylindvical vessels. ‘These cir- ‘cumstances limited the potential usefulnes of the ‘ells to d,/D, ratio of perhaps 0.83 jn the ease ‘of spherical shells and 0.25 the eas0 of cylindrical Shela, Since no data were available for the lrgor lametor ratios, Prof. ijlanrd later eupplid data, fa the urging of the design engineers, fr he values of 8 ~ OAS and 0.50 (2,/D, ratios approaching 0.60) for eylindvical shells, as listed on page 12 of Reference 10. In so doing, Prof. Bijlaned in- cluded a specie warming concerning the possible Timitaione of thone datay ar follow! "The vel {ov thege lange londing surfaces were computed on reauest of several companize. Tt should be re- ‘membered, however, that they actually apply to ‘exible loading surfaces and, for radial oad, to the canter of the loading surface. It should be under- ‘ood thet sing these values for the edge of the Sttachment, aa was commended for small load fing surfaces, may be unconsorvative,” Following completion of the theoretical work, experimental work was undertaken in an effort to ‘erly the theory, the realta of which were pub- lished in’ References 17 and 18. Whereas this ‘work seemingly provided reasonable verification ofthe theory, i wa limited to relatively small d= 'D, ratioe0.10 in the caso of spherical shells and (0.138 in the case of eylindrical shells. Since vir- iy no data, ether analytical o experimental, ‘were available covering the larger diameter ratios, the Buzeaw of Ships sponsored a limited investigs tion of this problem in sphere, almed et « par- ticular design problem, and the Pressure Vessel Reasearch Committee undertook a somewbst sis ‘lar investigation in eylinders. Results of hi work have recently become svailable empbesizing the Timitstions ia Biflaed’s data_on eylindvicn! shells, particularly sit applies to thin shells over the “txtended range” (page 12 of Reference 10) Tncident to the use of Bijleard’s data for design purposes, it fas become apparent. that design engineers somstines have diffoulty in interpreting for property applying this work. As a result of ‘ch experience, PVI&C has felt it desirable tha all, of Bijlaar's work be simmarized in convenient, “cookbook” Yorm to faciitate its use by design ‘engineers. However, before this document could be issued, the above mentioned limitations became spparent, presenting an unfortunate dlerms, viz. the test data indicate that the calelated date ars pertilly inadequate, but the exact nature and Iognitide of the eror is not known, nor is any better analytical treatment of the peablers eva able (for cylinders) Tinder these circumstance. it wae decided that the best course wat to proceed with ting tb “cookbook, "extending Bijlaard'scurvesasbest we can on the basis of available test data. This tision was based on the premise that all of proposed changes would be toward the conservs Eve (or “anfe") side and. that design engineer ‘would contin to use Bilaard’s extended range ‘data unless some alternative sere offered. The following paper is therefore presented in the ho>s that it will facilitate the use of Bijlards worl: b design engineers. Every effort has heen made to point out any known limitations in the work and to explain the exact nature of the changes which have been made to Bijlaard’s original curves anc data; however, ure sre wamed that the resulting ‘work isnot nceetariy adequate for alleasss. It's the hope of the Subcommitta that additions theo retical work can be undertaken to provi fdequate data on various phases ofthis prot FS. G. Witz1aws, Chairs PVG Subcommiter on Reinforced Openings and External LoedingsCONTENTS 1, Nomenclature 2. General Equation 4, Spherical Shells a1 82 33 34 35 38 ‘Sign Convention Parameters 321 Round Attachments 2.22 Rectangular Attachments Calculation of Strssce 331 Radial load 332 Moment Loading 23.3 Torsonal Moment Loading 334 Shear Load 336 Combined Loading (Compute- ton Sheet) List of Nondimensional Curves [Limitations of Application ‘Abridged Celealetion for Maximor Streon 4. Cylindrical Shells a a2 ‘Sign Convention Parameters 421 Shell Parameter () 422 Attachment Paramcter (3) 42.21 Round Attachment 42.22 Square Attachment 422.9 Rect, Att Subjoctto P 49.24 Rect. Att. Subject to aM, 4225 Rect, Att, Subject to M. 42 Caleulation of Stresses 481 Radial Load 43.2 Circumferential Moment Load ing 43.3 Longitudinal Moment Losing 4344 Torsional Moment Loedins 435 Sheer Load. 42.6 Combined Loading (Compats tion Sheet) 44 Nondimensional Curves 44. List of Nondimensions] Curve 45 Limitations on Appliestion 41 Radial Load 45.2 External Moment 5. Acknowledgments, 6, References ‘Appendix Basis for “Corrections” vo Bijlaard’s Curves Appendix B-Stress Concentration fac tere for Straaaas dan to Bxternal LoadsLocal Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings by K. R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon 1, Nomenclatur ‘Symbels sed i the formolas and equations in the text ae listed below: ‘= normal rea in the ith dzetion on the marco ofthe shel pal shear stre on the ith foc of the jth ‘irection strom intensity ~ twice maximum hear stress, psi ‘membrane force per unit length in the ith direction, Ita bending moment per ent length in the ith direction, in. Ib/in membrane ares concentration fac~ ‘cr (pure tenon or comprestion) bending strese concentration factor enotes direction. Ta the case of ‘spherical shel, this wil fer to the tangential nd radial dircc- tions with reopect to an axit ermal to the thell through the (enter of the attachments Showa in Fig. 1. In the cate of ‘ylindseal abel, this will refer 1 longitudinal and circumferen- tial dretions with rspect tothe fans of the cylinder as shown in Fig. denotes tensile streaa (when asto- cinted with «,) denoten compressive stece (when sociated with o) sngle around attachment, degrees (ase Figs. 1 and 2) modulus of slasticty, pei ‘concentrated radial Toad or total ‘itrbuted redial load, 1b s MN M, Eg P Seat or ih es nee ome V = concentrated external shesr load, i Mi = concentrated external overturning ‘moment, in Ib My) = concentrated external torvons! mo- ‘ment, in Ib dq Snaide diameter and mean diamet=s, Teapectively, ofthe nozzle, in Du Da ~ inside diamter end mean diame, respectively, ofthe shel, i. 12 Mamacitare Ape w Sphere ho Vi. concententad external shoar Jou in irection, i. 1b mean radisa of spcroal sell, i thickness of epherica! shel, futside radiue of cylindscsl st ‘tachment, in mean radius of hollow cynical a ‘tachment, thickness of hallow cylindi “aches, Pe nie fembrane fore in dial and clzeuaferentil bi ay tions, Fig. bending moment in ‘radial and cisco fons, reapectively in. 10 Fig.) normal tres inraisl direction ‘ace Fig 1) normal sea in circum rection, pel 2 Fie respec My Me fn Shaletoy = shear treason the x face inthe y ‘ection, pal cae shear stress on the, face inthe x aie "ction, pal ny = shear areas om the 1-1 face " shear stres on tho 22 face 1 Mamencitur Appel Cyndi Sats v ‘concentrated shear load in the ci ‘umferental direction, Ib Ve = conosntrated shea lod in the lon- udinal divetion, 1b M, = extemal overturning moment in the ‘rcurnferential diection with re Spect tothe shell in Ib Mz = external overtring moment in the Tongitudinal direction with r= spect tothe shell in Tb ‘= mean radius of eylindsial shell, i. Tength of cylindrical shel, in futside radiue of cylindrical at- "tachment, 6 = halflength of ectanguler loading in ‘cicumferentisl direction, in. = half engi of rotenguler leading in Tongitudine! direction, in P= wall thickness of cylindrical shel, = coordinate in longitudinal direction of shell y= evordinate in ciccumferntil direc: ‘don of sll ¢ = eglindvieal ‘coordinate in circum: rental direction of abel © = UR 3 = attachment parameter bo 5 a/R a oR v R/T, shel parameter Gc) = multipicstion factors for Ny and 'N, for sectanguler surfaces given in Tables Tand 8 KK, = Ma M, = bending moments in shell wal in ‘the circumferential and longi tudinal diestion with respect to the shell NN; = membrane free in shall wall in the ‘crosmfrentil ond longitudinal ivection with respect tothe shell c= notmal sve in the sncarferentil vection with spect tthe shel, pat c= novinalstres in the longitudinal ai rectign with respect to the shel, ) y= thar stzeas om the x face In the ¢ ection with respect to the shal, pe ae = thoar eteegon the 4 face in the = Aliection with reépect to the ‘hel, pet 2, Gonerat Equation {In the analysis of stresses in thin tells, ons pros ceeds By considering the relation between intersl ‘embrane forces, intemal bending moments end ttrees concentrations in scsordance with she fllow= ing: XN 6M, noe ‘Sees concentration factors ahould be considered is ‘the following situations: (a) the vessel is constructed of « brittle me tari (©) fatigue evaluation isto be undertsie, ‘The dosimer may Sind the data on sizes ‘concentrations contained in Appendix Bo bbehelpfl. ‘Much of the work contained in this Bulletin inde voted tos aynoyais of mothods for obtining man brane forces (N}) and bonding moments (14) hich have. been’ developed by: Professor P. Billard in his aumerove pepere written on t= subject, ‘This data has been obtained for 2 wide {Tange of cases by ve of an sectrnie computor and 4p presented here in the form af sondiznensine| 3. Spherical Skalls 2 Sipe Comanton For the most par, strssc wil be considered in the vassl wall af the atachment-to-ebljunctare Here a bitlel state of etroge exist on the nade sind wade surface, 20 that one i concerned ih ‘dial and tangential (principal) stress 22 ‘od (ted in Fig. AL this location, one can pedi ‘wether the steaes wil be tanale (+) or 2m tive (~) by considering the defection of the sie resulting from the various mode of lsd ‘To iustrate, consider Case T showing © di adil inward load (P) tranamitted to the shel by the attachment, Here the load acts sinilsr to local external pressure loed om the eel) causing Compresive membrane stress, Alo, loos! bon fing occurs thot tenile bending eteess rest on the inside of the vessel at A and B while compro sive bending stress result on the outside.In Caso 1, the overturning moment may be con- sidered to act as a couple composed of equal and ‘pple radial forces. Hence, tonsle membrane Siemes result at A while compresive membrane Stross rnult at B.” Aa in Cage T, local bending Sis occurs 2 thet tenile Bending stresses develop [Aon the outside of the veeel and at Bon the in side, while compressive bending stremes develop st ‘Kon the fide and B onthe outside Tn this manner, the signs (lansle +, compres: sive —) of stecos reoulting from varius external Tnading conditions may be predicted, Isis to be noted that Uhaoo sreeee ee loeted in the weasel Wallat its juncture withthe attachment “Table shows th signs of strese sulting from redial load and overturning moment. This table ‘rll fctate the use ofthe nondimensional carves (presented in the following procedure) and min mize concer for the signs of the calculated Stresen "The results of Bijlaard’s work have been plotted in terms of nandimensional geomettic parameters by use ofan electronic computer. Hence, the frst sap inthis procedure is to evaluate the applicable fvometcie parameters. 321 Saat Panansren (U), The shel param star is given by the ratio of the norale outaide ise fo the aquare root of the product of hell dius and thins, thus fs aquere attachment ie to be considered, U may be epproximated as follows 422 Avraciauner Panamerans, For ephevial Shall, ether round or square ettachments may be ‘considered, 3.221 Rigid Auachmenta: Ia the cas of «rigid attachment, no attachment parameter required {use the nondimensional curves, 322.2 Noses: For a hollow cylindsical attach ‘ent such aa a nozte, the fllowing parameters ‘at be avalated 3225 Hallow Square Attachment: If « hollow ‘square attachment auch aba bor beam i to be con Sidered, the required parameters may bo approx inated a2 follows! 3... Srmestes Rusvumine Prox Raoiat Lose, Pe “Tae 1S Ganannon Snes Rang om Bo “dosent iat on Sparel sha Stree in ShaleBSA Radial Stresses (0): Step 1. Using the applicable values of Ut and. or reed of the dinensinleee membrane force {N.1'P) from the applicable curve which willbe ound in one ofthe following Bgues: Figure SR-2 orSP-1 to SP-10, incisive. Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1 above, read off the value of dimensionless bending Inoment (3, P) ftom the applicable curve. ‘This alae will Be found in the same figure used in Siep 1 ‘Step. Using the applicable values of Pand 7; calculate the eadiel marabrane stress (N,/7) by: 1 Ce): (n) sip 4, By peed the dn sp icc sal ba a 1m) (ae -() Ge) Shey 5 Combing thn sil mire and bending sirases by use ofthe general stress equ: tom (Section 2) together with the proper choice of sig (oe Table): x, Ate 3.3.12 Tangential Stress (,): Rollow the ve (6) ‘ape outlined in 3.8.1.1 using the same igre to ob {in (V,77P) and (0y/P) a8 waa used to obtain (N72) and (,/P)," Tefolows that “r): Cr) +-6).@ KA a 33.2. Srmeseee Resuisina From OvexTURNING Mowe, M, 2.32.1. Radiol Stresses (o) ‘Step 1. Using the applicable values of U, and ‘2 read off the dimensionless mambrane force it RT/aN) ftom the applicable curve which ‘wll be found in one of te folowing figures: Figure SR of SM to SNCI0, inclusive ‘Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1 bove rod off the valve of dimensiones: bending moment (MfaVR-T aM). fromthe applicable curve, This value wil be found In the ame gure ‘eed ia Step E ‘Step 3. Using the applicable values of M, Ra and.T, calolate the radial membrane. sire wut): My. [SEVER oP S2) [eel Step By psi vhs sn Step 3) calgulata the “radial bending stose (6/7), Co --S) [vez al ley §. Combine the radial membrane and bending stresses by uso of the gneral sires es tion (pera. 2) together with the propar choice of sign (se Table 1); Le eM, one Ke 992.2 Tangential Stress (s,): Follow the five ope outlined in 3.3.2.1, using the axe gure to obtain (NPV RTM) and (Mya/ RTM) sed to obtain (NGI/) and (M,/P)._ Te follows that Ny _ [NEVES a 4° PSE) level om [MoE 56M) (ae | eve. Kane Oe 334. Semesses Resuirine om ToxsionA ‘Monusir, My. In the cave of a round attach tmant (uch ats pipe), torsional moment is assured to fdues pure eheer stress, so Uhet shear srces (7) in the dell tthe attachment-towl! juncture i given by only shes stroman are being considered, it bbe noted that the equivalent stress intensity | ‘roe the above calculated shear strat. Tn the cago of rectangular attachments, orsonel moment produces a complex atte feld in tho ‘Gel Acceptable methods of analysing this situs tion are not available at this te. Ifthe designe Jhasreeson for concern the problem should be se saved by testing in accordance with e code procedures 394 Sratsses Resucrinc prow Scan Bijlaard has proposed’ that shear force (V) can be ‘assumed trenamited tothe abel entzely by 00 brane shear force. Therefore, stesss in the sh sto the attachmenttoahell juncture. cans ‘pproximated ae follows 33.41 Round Attachment: v tw 108 (fer to Fe$8342 Square Attachment: ar 335 Suassene Resvirmc Fro Ansrsany LLoaonso, In the general case, all eppliod loads fand moments must be resolved (at the attach ‘neal! interface) i the three principal direc- ons; i, they must be resolved into components P.'Vi, Vor Mu Mand Mp. fone then proceeds {the manner previously outlined, membrane, bending aod shear strewes can be evaluated a tight dintinct poitain th cell atts juncture with {he atlachient, "Thess sight points are shown in ‘the sign convention cbart, Table 1. "The numerous strose components can be reedly sccounted fori» scheme trilar to that shown in ‘Table 2 and 2 adopted. In using this scheme, it is lo be noted that the Maximum Shear Thoory hes been used to determine equivalent stress in tanita Also, it nto be noted that evalustion of treats resulting from internal pressure has been omitted. "Test work conducted by PVRC has shown thst tress attenuate rapidly at points removed from the attachment-loabell juncture, the maximum trees frequently being Tocated atthe juncture * However, in the genarl eco of arbitrary loading, ‘one has no assurance that the absolute rsimum trees intensity inthe shall will be located at one ‘ofthe ight points considered in the above dls: te = and 270°) | tt Nondimenoa urvn tor Sphere Shte Sit scname "SED sage tmnt eng a ER. Stet Dito Hail Lents Norse Comection Stoue Dos te Oretring Most Mom Ne In general, the foregoing procedure is applicable to reatively emall attachments on lange spherical sholls,” Where relatively large attachments are Considered, of when situations aro onoountersd hae deviate considerably from tho iaelized cues presented herein, the designer should refer to para ‘Ki and Fig. Al in Appendix A or tothe original Fefsrences to ascertain the limitations of appl ‘ability for Use procedure usd, ‘Under certain conditions, it is posible that strases wil be higher at points removed from the fttechmenttashell juncture than they are st the Sunctare ital (as assumed in the foregoing prose dure): Of notable concern are the following 354. Norate Srenss. Tho foregoing procedure provides one with tool to ind stzeazs in ho shel, Bot not in the nozzle Tn som instances, sieses vrll be higher in the nozzle well han they ure in ‘he vescel wall, ‘Tie pouiblity isos ily ithe the norale opening ia not reinforead, or ifthe rein forcement ls placed on the ves! wall and not on the nowle 35.2 Susu Sreneses. It hes been found in tore umes tia atta of the steee somponen (eg, Nror M) may peak at points slightly raved from the attachment. Sach siustions sre Indiatad in the sccompanying exeves by a dashed line for the stress component(s) im question. If this situation ir encountered, the dosigner could tase the maximum value(s) and obtain conser tive reult. But in doing #0, he should reossize that streas components from diferent points nthe veel would be combined, and afhoagh conn live, the procedure is not theoretically corec ‘When srigorous alution of the problem S aired Bibliographical References 4-9, 12, 0°18 should consulted 858 Euusowat SuRLLA The method teribed in the text may be spplied to Li): Laz! *e- Te] [ele KM a Ms we KM a P 49.2, Semesees Resuimve ron CincusrERes "NAL Mont, Mf, 4512.1 Circumferentil Stresses (2): ‘Step 1. Using the applicable values of and. calculated in para. 42, enter Fig. 3A and read off the dimensionless membrane free N/(M,/2.!9) ‘Step 2. By the same procedure used in Sip 1 onter Fig, 1A and find the dlmensionloss bending moment My/ (MR ‘Step 3, ‘Using appliable values of M,, Ra, 6 efor My sheeland 7, ind the circumferential membrane stress Wu Tiby N, Mi. 5 - Licata) Lair By a procedure similar to that used in Step 4 step 3. find. the circumferential bending stros "The: MT, lars Step, Combine the circumferential membrane and bending stresace by uve of the general stress ‘squetion (Section 2) togother with proper choice of Sign (Table 4); Le. 492.2 Longitudinal Sieses(o,): Follow the 8 ape outlined in 43.21" except that [N./ (Me/R.'0)| is obtained uring Fig. 4A; and [M/at./Raa)|, using Fig, 2A. I follows that: ht 4 [eato) [ei HTM) Gis acral [rr nit 4.39. Smussee Resvimve veo Loxcrrvpnsa ‘Mouse, 43.31 Circumferential Sireses (4, Follow the 5 tape outlined In 43.2.1 except that IN,/(M./ Ru'a)) ie obtained uslog Fig. 3B; end. (My/ Tie. wom Fig 1B of 1B. 1 flows ink [ats (Ak wrote) Laos ot = Calle [ (arta) Laan 4282. Linguine Sree (0 Polo th 8 ape outlined in 4321 except that (N,/(My ‘R.'3)| ia obtained using Fig. 4B; and. (Bf, Gte/R.2)], osing Fig. 28 oF 2B-1. Tt follows that © [es] is 7” Laece) LRT a [se Uma) Lear. 434 Sragsses RESvLTING PROX ToRsIONAL ‘Monee, My. In the cae of round attachment (auch af pipe), torronal moment Js assumed to Induce only sheer stress, 20 that shear stress (+) in the soll at the sttachment-to-shell juncture i aiven by nt If only shear streaes are being considered, it is to be noted thet the equivalent steer intensity twice the above calculated shear tres. "Tn the case of rectangular attachments orsional moment produces a complex sires field in the shel. ‘Acceptable methods of analysing this situstion are fot available at this time. If the designor ne eason for concern, the problem should be resolved by testing in accordance with established code procedures. 425 Srarsses Resuiine prox SHEAR Loans, V. axo Vi Bijlaard haw propowed that seat force (V) can be assumed transmitted to the shel entirely by membrane shear force, Therefore Stree in the all at the attachment-toel Juneture ean bo approximated as follows: 495.1 Round Attachment v, 0s ¢ max. at A ond B) wal rae = opin ¢ nas, at C and D) 4352 Rectangular Atachment 426 Sraesses Resuurinc rom Anarraany Lonnie.” In the general cas, all applied losde ‘and mowents inust be teoolved (at the attach: Imentsto-thell interface) In. the three. principal directions; Le, they must be resolved into compo nents P. Ve Vis Mo Ma and Mj. If one then proceeds in ‘th ‘manner previously outlined (o. pers. 43.1), membrane, bending and. shear ‘Strasea can be evaluated at eight points in the shell ite juncture withthe attachment. ‘These eight points are shown in the sign convention char, Tobie 14 Nandnasina Cure fr Cine! Sais ‘The nondimensional curves which fllow consti tute in general, roplt of Bijlaard's data to a ‘semog scale in order that certain portions of the ‘Garver can be read with greater faclity. Those portions ofthe curves which ere taken directly fom Bijlasrd’s work are shown aa slid curves; those portions of the curves which have been modied on the bars of recent experimental data, as dscuscod In Appendix A, are shown as dotted curves. Inthe case af longitudinal moment loading and sail loading (thrust), two sets of carves aze shows fr the bending componants of atre~one set applving to the longitudinal axis, and the other apply: BEE an avon of mnasimunn stress off the axes of ‘phametey lonctudinal moment), or tthe trans: ‘tae sals Unvt). In the ater case, «portion of ThSSauinal curves has been deleted in order to em TaSoe thatthe xrves aiould not be used beyond ‘hs ita indented. ‘Thin was done becuase the SBEulle dat indicated thet tho “outer limits” of fhe curves were appreciably unconservative, with ‘poaible manner to oorrec them (as explained in Appendix A), etd cee of longitudinal moment, the exact lo cation of the maxinnim sizes cannot be defined Sian cerainty, bat Big, A-14 wil provide am ext- Tinte-ar ta location (considering that the locaton ‘Uf esaninum,iresa under internal pressure and TGogitudinal mont wos essentially the same on [1ifmodel "C1," ee shown ov Figs, A-2 and AS) I sould aio be noted that, vo the best of our Keowiuge, the curv for "muximum stresses of Aneaxes ofeymnatey” (Figs. 1B-1 and 28-1) would Siply omly to the case of « ound, flexible nozzle Bhnetion; ite onoelvable that's nila effect Sight spply to a rigid square or rectangular Tent fr which the sll a te outer edges of he attachment might take 2 greter part of the Jen than thet portion of the dell adjacent tothe ‘Raattndinal centerline, However, we know of 0 [Brect evidence to support such an assumption. “Lal. lasr oF Novontunsionat, Curves rox Syunanens Sis Fig. 14, Moment M,/(M,/Rx8) ave to Me Fig. 2, Monent M,/(Af./Ba8) due to Me Fig. 8 Membrane force Ny/(M/R.!8) eto Me Fig. 4A Membrane force N/M /B."9) duet Me Fig. 1Bor 1B Moment M,/tMt,/RW8) ae to Me Fig. 2B or 28-1 Moment M/(M./af) due to Me Fig. 8B Membrane force N./(M./R.'2) dueto My Fig. 4B Membrane force N,/iM./R.8) due to M Fig. 1C Monteat (2 due to P Fig IC} Moment M\/P duet P Fig 20 Moment M/P due to Fig. 2C-1 Moment My/P due 1 P Fig 3c Membrane force N,/P/R,, and NuIPIRy de to P Fig ac Membride force N,/P/R,, and NAIPIR, 10? unter relatively lange attachments ere consid red or when situations are encountered that Geviate considerably ftom the Healzed cases pre (Snted beret, the designer should refer to pare. AS ‘Sh ‘a Append A od to th ori eferece ow Cerin the tations fap ore pro However, there are a few geseaeations that can safely be made regurding veel and attach- ‘ment geometry 451. Exvennat Rapiat Loa, Stresses aro af fected very tle by the rato of sell Ings to sell fadius (/Rq). Therefore, no restriction is meds nthe poin of load application except ia very &= (remo cuace. ‘The curves inched in thie report te for an {/R, ratio of 8, which is slcient for ‘et precticel applicstons. "On the basa of data Dreeamted in Bibliographical Reference 2, results Bicod on an 1/Ry eatio of 8 wl be alighily com ervative for lessor values of 1/R ratio and un- Soneervative for greater values of 1/R. ratio. Hlowever, the error involved does not exored «>: oly 10% ofall 7/2 vals roster than 3, ‘inch ahold be euficiently sccurste for most ol Calais Since for leer values of 1/Ray the 20 ils re conservative, no restriction wil ordinarily be necessary on 1/R ratio or the point of 1oed policetion. For extreme cuss or for “of enter {tading, ome may make corrections by use of te ‘Curves presented on page 8 of Bibliogzephics! Ret rence 2, if desired “Ramuli are not considered applicable in cases where the lg of the oyinde () io less than its Teafos (R=). This applies either to the cose of an Spam ondedcptinder or clued ended cylinder where the witness a appreciably med from the ‘considered, 452 Bxrsenat Moumer, Results are spl able in th ease of longitudinally of ester atsch ‘ents (a more umual cage) provided that he Tachment ib loeated at lost half the ebell raise (Uae) from the end ofthe eylinder 453 Armacaotent Srassers, The, foregoing ‘rocedare provides ome with soo! to find Ertheahch but not inthe attachment, Under cer {ain condiions, strsoes may be higher in the at {Eduent than they are in the vem! For ex ‘open che cage of « moal, i likely that the ‘Nesscs wil be higher inthe nozle wall froin the vse yall f the nozzle opening {nforced ov ifthe einoroerent iced on the {ata end ot on the nozzle 5. Acknowledgment “The authors wish to acknowledge the significa contributions made by 3.5. Mahoney of Applied ‘Technology Amosstes Inc. end M. G. Dhawsn of the Bureau of Ship during the preparation of this paper, Ta addition, the comments received during Tar'review of this document by the members of the PVRC Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings tnd Erteral Londings ere deeply appreciated