Mathematics

Presentation
Group D
Group Members:
Janeek Bailey, Raimondo Bowie,
Shadae Clarke, Jhonel Curtis,
Kaycia Dias, Rihanna Lewin,
Alexia Martin, Akayla McDonald,
Kamar Sherman, Tyreese
Thomas.
 What Is Measurements?

Measurement is the process of obtaining the magnitude of a

quantity relative to an agreed standard. It’s a number that shows
the size or amount of something. Usually the number is in
reference to some standard measurement, such as a meter or
kilogram.
 What Is Source Of Error? SHADAE CLARKE

Sources of error are essentially. Sources of uncertainty that exist in your

measurements. Every measurement, no matter how precise we might think it is,
contains some uncertainty, simply based on the way we measure it. Source of error is
something that affects results, which was not plausible to avoid (given the conditions
of the experiments) or account for. Variation of temperature, humidity, gravity, wind,
refraction,magnetic declination etc. are most common natural phenomena which may
cause measurement errors. If they are not properly observed while taking
measurements, the results will be incorrect. Example: Length error of tape or chain
due to temperature change.
 After A Full Research We Found (3) Sources Of
Error And They Are? SHADAE CLARKE

SOURCE OF ERRORS

Static Error Instruments Loading Error Dynamic Error

Reading Errors Loading Errors Systematic Errors

Characteristics Errors Environmental Errors Random Errors
Environmental Errors
What Is Static Error? SHADAE CLARKE

Static error is defined as the difference of the measured value and the true value
of the quantity. A “static error” arises in the position measurements of
immobilized particles.
Mathematically we can write an expression of error as, dA = Am – At where, dA is
the static error Am is measured value and At is true value.
What Is Instrument Loading Error? SHADAE CLARKE

Instrument loading errors is the difference between the output voltage with an
infinite meter resistance and that with a finite value. Instrument loading error
occur due to shortcoming in the instruments, improper use of instruments or
loading effect of the instrument. Sometimes improper construction,
calibration or operation of an instrument might result in some inherent
errors.
What Is Dynamic Error? SHADAE CLARKE

❏ Dynamic error is the difference between the true and measured value
with no static error. Dynamic error in a time varying signal resulting from
inadequate dynamic response of a transducer.
❏ It is the difference between the true value of the quality changing with
time and the value indicated by the measurement system.
 What Is Margin Of Error?

❏ Margin of error is the amount ( typically small) that is allowed for in case of
miscalculation or change of circumstances. Margin of error is the statistics
expressing the amount of random sampling error in the survey results. The
larger the margin of error the less confident one should have that the poll’s
reported results are close to the “true” figures; that is, the figures for the whole
population.
❏ Margin of error is the difference between a measured quantity and its true
value. It includes random error (naturally occurring errors that are expected
with any experiment) and systematic errors (causing by mis-calibrated
instrument).
*USES*

A margin of error tells you how many percentage points your

results will differ from the real population value. For example, a
95% confidence interval with a 4 percent margin of error means
that your statistic will be within 4 percentage points of the real
population value 95% of the time.
Margin Of Error Formula…
 Margin Of Error

Let’s say we have a length of steel rod to be 5.35m accurate to the nearest 1/100m. Then
the error interval involved in the length is (+ or -) 0.005 .
!!The absolute error involved in the measurement is half of the smallest unit of
length.
**1/100 = 0.01m 0.01/2 = + or - 0.005m
Hence the greatest length of the steel rod.
Lmax = 5.35m + 0.005m = 5.355m
 Margin Of Error

The least possible length of steel rod.

Lmin = 5.35m - 0.005m = 5.345m
Example #1
The length of three rods were measured as 196.8cm, 205.3cm and 145.6cm accurate to the nearest
1/10 cm. State the total length.
Absolute Error:
1/10 cm = 0.1cm 0.1/2 = + or - 0.05
 Margin Of Error

Lmax : 196.8cm + 0.05cm = 196.85cm Lmin : 196.8cm - 0.05cm = 196.75cm

205.3cm + 0.05cm = 205.35cm 205.3cm - 0.05cm = 205.25cm

145.5cm + 0.05cm = 145.65cm 145.5cm - 0.05cm = 145.45cm

547.85cm 547.45cm

Hence the maximum length is 547.85cm and the minimum length is 547.45cm .
 Margin of Error

Example #2

The length and breadth of a rectangle were measured as 7.29m and 3.17m accurate to the
nearest 1/100m. State the area of the rectangle appropriate to the margin of error.

Absolute Error

1/100m = 0.01m 0.01m/2 = + or - 0.005m

What Is Maximum? TYREESE THOMAS

This number is the data value that is greater than or equal to all other values in our
set of data. If we were to order all of our data in ascending order, then the maximum
would be the last number listed. The maximum is a unique number for a given set
of data. This number can be repeated, but there is only one maximum for a data set.
There cannot be two maxima because one of these values would be greater than the
other.
Example:
37 41 56 75 168
The maximum (largest) number is 168.
What Is Minimum? TYREESE THOMAS

This number is the data value that is less than or equal to all other values in our set of
data. If we were to order all of our data in ascending order, then the minimum would
be the first number in our list. Minimum is the point at which the value of a function
is less than or equal to the value at any nearby point (local minimum) or at any point
(absolute minimum); see extremum.

Example:

37 41 56 72 168

The minimum (smaller) number is 37.

 The Demonstration Of How To Use Maps And Scale
Drawings.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bvk1n4I7iE
Example Of Direct Statement Scale….

The scale of a map is 1:50,000. If a road is represented in 2.5cm on the map, find the
actual length of the road in km.

Map : Actual

1 : 50000 2.5cm : 1.25km

1cm : 50000cm

1cm : 500m So therefore the actual length is 1.25km

1cm : 0.5km
Example Of Representative Fraction Scale….
Representative Fraction (RF)

RF = 1 : 48 000
1 cm on the map : 48 000 m on the ground

Representative Fraction (PF) to Statement Scale

RF = 1 : 48 000; Statement Scale = ????
Now as per the definition, RF 1 : 48 000 mean
1 unit on the map represents 48000 units on the ground.
Representative Fraction (RF)

Consider, 48 000 cm
Since, 1 km = 100 m = 1000 cm
Therefore, 48 000 cm = 480 m = 0.48km
Example of Linear Scale….

Lets try this!!

A map has a scale of 7 cm to 28 km. On the map, the distance between two towns
measures 12 cm. What is the actual distance between the two towns?
Example of Linear Scale…

Scale 7 cm : 28 km

Distance on the map 12cm

Actual Distance 12 * 28 = 336 km

The actual distance between the two towns is 336 km.

1 Strand Of Mathematical Proficiency.

Strategic Competence

It’s the ability to formulate, represent problems mathematically and to devise strategic
for solving them using concepts and procedures appropriately.
Reading Maps - Scales Drawing & Distance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqJrmnQ9sBs