Science and Technology Development:

a. Alarm Clock

One of the most utilized gadgets today was invented by ancient Greeks is the alarm
clock. Although the alarm clock during that time does not resemble the present-day
clocks, the purpose was just the same- to tell an individual when to stop or when to
start.  The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large, complicated mechanisms time to
alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into
drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to
signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The
upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to
be filled in each time. After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the
third vessel which caused the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise.
Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.
This invention according to the scientist resembles that of the Egyptians but this is more
complex but more accurate.

b. Water Mill

Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the
Greek civilization to the world. They were  commonly used in agricultural processes like
milling of grains which is necessary form of food processing during that time. Because
milling was made possible using watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours,
and the like became common with the help of watermills. Modern-day watermills also
help for converting mechanical energy into electricity which also leads to invention of
windmill and turbine.
II. ROMAN CIVILIZATION

Location:  Rome is the capital city of Italy. Roman civilization is characterized by a

government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the
Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Today it is known as “the eternal city”.
Latin is the language spoken by Romans.

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the
west. Political because of its huge population and territory and social because of
religion. It was considered to be the  cradle of politics and governance  during the
period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as
their model in terms of legislation and codified law. That is why many other civilizations
were conquered by the Roman Empire because of its existing laws which make it more
complex and more stable compared to the other civilizations or empire.

Science and Technology Development:

a. Newspaper

One of the major contributions of the Roman is the newspaper. The first newspapers,
known as gazettes, contained announcement of the Roman Empire to the people.
Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone
tablets and the publicly displayed. These documents were edited and published on the
same day that they were recorded. This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to
government information the same way we benefit from present-day newspapers.
b. BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX

With the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything
that happened in their time. Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily
break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. As a result, civilizations became
fond of record-keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly legislated
laws.

The earlier covers were made of wax but were later replaced by animal skin which
proved to be stronger and longer lasting. The ancient Roman Empire was able to
produce the first books or codex.

c. Roman Architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world. Roman Architecture was considered a continuation of Greek
architecture, hence, the resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering
technology on architectural designs established in the past. This development in the
field of engineering and architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman
government so they were able to implement major projects such as large churches
(cathedrals and basilicas) aqueducts, coliseum, amphitheaters, and even residential
houses. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman technology.

  

  

d. ROMAN NUMERALS

Since the Roman empire was expanding, it had to deal with many nations to maintain its
power. For this reason, the Romans devised their own number system specifically to
address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns. Although roman numeral is not long widely used
today due to its inherent limitations, quite several enthusiasts would still use it over
other more popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system, due to its aesthetic
and historical value.
e. Some of the Notable Roman Scientists

1. Galen (129-199 A.D.) great physician and surgeon; Galen influenced the development
of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology,
pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.

2. Vitruvius is another writer whose work has provided us with important knowledge
about Ancient Rome. He was also an architect and am engineer sometimes referred to
as first architect.

3. Pliny – described almost thousand species of plants, most of which were highly
valued for their medicinal uses.