CHAPTER I - Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology

 Ancient Times - People were concerned with transportation and navigation,

communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as
well as health, aesthetics, and architecture.
 Transportation - People were trying to go places and discover new horizons.
They traveled to search for food and find better locations for their settlements.
They also traveled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they
lack.
 Communication - Communication was also essential and their in divorce to
discover and occupy new places. It was also vital to keep records of their history
and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with
other. culture and civilization.
 Weapon and Armors - It is important as well in the discovery of new places or
the stablish ment of new alliances with another tribes.
 Conversation of Life - A primary challenge they faced, the early people might
have been successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could
provide, but their survival posed a great problem . Different illnesses and
diseases both natural and man-made,hampehampthe the full potential of a
human bein.
 For better transportation, establishment of structures for protection from human
at
 tacks and natural disaster, and construction of bigger and strong infrastrures
known as the field of ENGINEERING. The development in engineering also
ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others might see architecture as a
mere style but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural design for
science of technologIcal advancement of a particular civilization.
 Summerian Civilization - Sumerian is located on the southernmost tip of ancient
mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with
one another and their desire for great things.
 Cuneiform - One of the major contributions of the sumerians is the development
of the first writing system . It is a system that utilize word pictures and triangular
symble which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
Sumerian keeps records of things with great historical value or their everyday life
.
 Uruk City - A great wonder not only because its is considered to be the first true
city in the world but also for the way it was erected. The sumerians were able to
build the city using only mud or clay from the river.
 The great Ziggurat of Ur - The ziggurat, also called the mountain of god where
only their priests were allowed to enter
 Irrigation and Dikes - This method was considered as one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works. The sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals
to bring water to farm lands and at the same time control the flooding of the
rivers.
 Sailboats - The main mode of transportation was through water ways such as
rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and we’re
able to cover large distances.
 Wheel - With the use of the wheel and axle mass production was made easier.
 The Plow - The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace, as the plow
bricks the ground the farmer would just drop the seed and farm work would
already be done.
 Roads - The Sumerians developed the first road in order to facilitate faster and
easier travel.
 Babylonian Civilization - Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The
babylonians were great builders engineers and architect. One of their major
 contributions is the hanging gardens of babylon one of the seven wonders of the
ancient world.
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon - The famous hanging gardens of babylon from
stories of history on sand paintings that portray the place Period it made up of
layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants trees and
vines. The great babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his
wife Queen Amytis. Its exact location is also unknown. Tanging gardens of
babylon may be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.
 Egyptian Civilization - Egyptian civilization located in north africa period
egyptians have contributed other particle things that the world now considered
as essential . It is does safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contribution
of the egyptian civilization to the modern world.
 Paper or Papyrus - One of the early contribution of egyptian civilization was the
paper for paper rose this invention was the major accomplishment in egyptian
record-keeping and communications.
 Ink - Egyptian invented ink by combining set with different chemical to produce
inks of different colors. the ink must withstand the elements of nature since it
was use to record history, culture, and codified laws. It must also be tempere-
proof so that people could not simply tinker widows written down by authorities.
 Hieroglyphics - The egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols.
Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and
culture of the ancient egyptians.
 Cosmetics - Cosmetics egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics, in the
modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of a person
their functions in ancient egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.
 Wig - Wig are used to enhance the appearance of the people who are balding or
those who wants to try new hair trends. In ancient egyptian times wigs are warm
for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes two we were also
used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy egyptians from the warm pool
rays of the sun.
 Water clock/Clepsydra - This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of the
water from the vessel to the other the water clock was widely used as the
timekeeping devices during the ancient times.
 Greek Civilization - Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of europe.
Known as the birthplace of western philosophy. The major achievements of the
greeks include in-depth work on philosophy and mathematics. Coliseums and
the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contribute much to the world especially
in the field of science and technology.
 Water Mill - Water mills were also considered as one of the most important
contributions of the greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in
agriculture process like milling of grains which has a necessary form of food
processing . By the use of watermills the mass production of rice cereals floors
and the like become common.
 Roman Civilization - The Roman Empire was percieved to be the strongest
political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics
and governance during that period.
 Newspaper - Known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people. When paper was invented, it became easier for the
Romans to "publish" matters that needed the attention of the Roman Citizens.
 Roman Architecture - One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world. Roman archetecture was considered a continuation of
Greek architecture, hence the resemblence. However, Roman architecture was
still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were ablebto adapt new building
and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past.
 Roman Numerals - Although other number systems had already been
established before the Roman numeral, these old systems could not keep up
with high calculation requirements due to increasing rate of communication and
trade among nations.Roman numerals are no longer widely used today due to its
inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it over other
more popular number system.
 Chinese Civilization - Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. Also known
as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east Asia. It was famous
among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade.
 Silk - One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk.
Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce
paper and clothing. The Silk Trade opened china to the outside world making
way for culture economic and scientific exchanges.
 Tea Production - Tea is beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over
crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the firat tea was drunk
by a Chinese emperor.
 Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a
machine that was able to shredded tea leaves into strips. The first tea was drunk
by a Chinese Emperor.
 Great Wall of China - Said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure
that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control
the boarders of China.
 Gun Powder - One of the most intereating inventions in China. Originally, it was
developed by Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieve immorality. They mixed
charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate,but instead of creating an elixir of life,
they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an insatant.
 Medieval/Middle Ages - The start of the middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. Such as, great
technology was needed in the fields od weaponry, navigation, mass food and
farm production, health.
 Printing Press - After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann
Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing
using cast type. The printing press was invented to address the need for
publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate.
 Microscope - In the Middle Ages is the Microscope. Growing populations caused
massive migration and urbanization during the period to develop the proper
medicine for elnas expert must understand the sickness through an
investigation. Zacharias janssen was able to develop the first compound
microscope. With this device people were able to observe organism that were
normally and unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering
new means and preventing and curing various illness
 Telescope - Since the Middle Ages was also known as the Age of Explorarion,
the need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast and empty
oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them
to navigate or to avaoid dangers at sea.
 War Weapons - Since wars werewidespread during the Middle Ages, great
development in the weaponry technology also occured. All sides must develop
weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments.
 Modern Times - The blooming world population during the nineteenth century
onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate.
 Pasteurization - As people were able to develop better means of production to
meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an
issue.The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater
 for dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve
the problem. He invented pasteurization,the process of heating dairy products to
kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
 Petroleum refinery - Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleom. Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it
was used at first to provide lighting to homes. The development of kerosene
established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec,2010)
 Telephone - The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more
they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time. The development of the telephone by Alexander Graham
Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.
 Calculator - Although an earlier version of the calculator had already benn
developed, circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute
more complicated equations.
 Philippine Inventions - The Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerables countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and
inventions made by the Filipino were therefore built from indigenous materials or
created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
 Salamander Amphibious Tricycle - Another Filipino innovation is the addition of a
sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more
passengers.H2O Technologies, headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto
Armada, together with chief Designer Victor "Atoy" Llave. Salamander, an
amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and
lakes.
 Salt Lamp - One of the major need in the Philippines , as a developing nation, is
electrification. A young Filipina inventor named Aiza Mijeno was able to invent a
lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines-saltwater. She
invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment-
friendly light source that runs on saltwater. The SALt lamp is safer as it poses no
risk of fire and emits toxic gases.
 Medical Incubator - A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality
rate of newborn babies. A Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman Dr. Fe
del Mundo admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator
made from indigenous abd cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Dr.
del Mundo's incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a
bigger one.
 Mosquito Ovicidal/larvicidal Trap System - Dungue, a mosquito-borne viral
illness, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, including Philippines. This
virus is usually ttansmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant during the rainy
season. In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology-Industrial
Technology Developmeng Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the
mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap
system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for
human and environment
 Ejeepney - A major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the
Philippines was the development of the jeepney.

CHAPTER 2-3 - Intellectual Revolutions

 Copernican Revolution - A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius

Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sum and the moon, moved in a
circular motion around the Earth. The sun and moons revolution explained the
 explained the existence of days and nights. He believed that the Earth was at the
center a concept known as GEOCENTRISM.
 In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus a polish mathematician and
astronomer, challenge the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept
known as HELIOCENTRIC which suggested that the center of the Solar System
was not the Earth but actually the sun.
 Darwinian Revolution - The darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the
most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. Charles Darwin 1859 an
english naturalist biologist and geologist published his book one of the origin of
species.
 Freudian Revolution - In the past, field of psychology was always classified
under philosophy.
 Psychology - was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late
19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people's perception to
psychology with his revolutionary theory of PSYCHOANALYSIS. Psychoanalysis
is the study that explains human behavior. He also argued that personality is a
product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego.
 Pre-Colonial Period - Scientific and technological development in the philippines
began in the pre-colonial period. Filipino settlers we’re already using certain
plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming and animal raising where
also implemented. Early filipinos had also developed different modes of
transportation weather terrestrial or maritime.
 The Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich past through their
folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic
dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors. The pre-colonial
period of Philippine literature is clearly evident that our fore fathers had
substantial way of life, commencing their own form of government lead by Datu.
The most determining of these folk speeches is the riddle which is tigmo in
Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilongo and patototdon in Bicol. The
proverbs or aphorisms express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs
or they instill values by offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse.
These facts are enough to identify that literature was already existed during the
pre-colonial period.
 Colonial Period - Colonization by the spaniards provided the philippines with
modern means of constructions. Walls roads, bridges, and other large
infrastructure were build using some of the engineering skills and toolsbrought
by the spaniards. Spanish government developed health and education system
that were enjoyed by the principalia class.
 The american occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the philippines.
They establish a government agency the bureau of science for the sole purpose
of north sharing development in the field of science and technology.
 Post-Colonial Period - After achieving independence from the colonizer the
philippines under different administrations continued to pursue programs and
science and technology. A resident Ferdinand Marcos cultured in advancements
in the science and technology. A science and technology established and
straighten
 Philippine atmospheric geophysical and astronomical services administration
(PAGASA).
 National academy of science and technology (NAST)
 Reconstitute national science and technology authority(1958). The progress in
science and technology continued even after his after dictatorial rule and the
presidents after his left their own legacy in the field.
CHAPTER 4 - Human Flourishing in Science and Technology

 The development of science and technology undergo many different views. It

includes a lot of discussions and disagreement if it brings human satisfaction or
just a product of destruction to the society.
 MARTIN HEIDEGGER ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Martin Heidegger
was a German philosopher who stands out as one of the greatest philosophers
in the present time.
 According to Heidegger, science and technology must be taken as a part of
human life that merits reflective and MEDITATIVE THINKING.
 According to Heidegger, “One cannot talk of technology without his reflection to
art”. He also stated the following :
- Technology is not evil but the abuse of technology is harmful.
- Technology is the basic characteristics of modern science which the subject
affect relation, reason, calculation and manipulation.
- Technology is practical and productive
- Technology is a means to an end.
- In which means that it helps you to achieve what you want although it may
not be enjoyable or important itself.
- Technology itself is a “contrivance” in latin word “instrumentum”
which means that technology is an instrument.
- Technology is a way of bringing forth or revealing which means the way in
which something comes into being in which humans take power over reality.
- Technology enhances mans standard of living. Technology is a “poiesis“
that discloses or reveals the truth.
 However, According to Heidegger there are some inhuman effects of technology
in the society whereas look at it outweigh the advantages which includes the
following observations like: Industrialization uses man as a means and not as an
end.
 E.g. Environmental pollution from technology, this pollution comes from industrial
waste and causes skin diseases, cancer which is one of the most deadly
diseases of this time.
 Slave to what man had produced.
 E.g. A person cannot think mathematically again without using calculator or cell
phone to calculate thing she/he buys in the supermarket
 E.g. Person cannot spell English words correctly without depending on the
computer.
 Modern ethics added to the artificialization and dehumanization of humanity by
inventing life taking and life sustaining devices. Technological advancement in
nuclear weapons seriously threatens the continued existence of humanity and
even the whole range of living things.
 CONCEPTS OF MARTIN HEIDEGGER ABOUT TECHNOLOGY:
- First, Aletheia means ; Unhiddenness or Disclosure
- Second, Poiesis means ; Bringing forth or Making something (but for
aristotle ; it means making or producing something for a purpose).
- Last, Techne, mean; skills, art, or craft.
 ENFRAMING: WAY OF REVEALING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY
•Enframing, challenges forth and setsupon nature is a way of
looking at reality.
•Heidegger distinguished betweenCalculative thinking and Meditative
thinking
•Calculative thinking ; one orders and puts a system to nature so it
can be understood better and controlled.
 •Meditative thinking ; one lets nature reveals itself better than the other.

CHAPTER 5 - Human Flourishing as Reflected in Progress and Development

 Forget ‘Developing’ poor countries, it’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich countries. By:
Jason Hickel
 Heads of State are gathering in New York to sign the UN’s new sustainable
development goals (SDGs). The main objective is to eradicate poverty by 2030.
Orthodox economist insist that all we need is yet more growth. More progressive
types tell us that we need to shift some of the yields of growth from the richer
segments of the population to the poorer ones. Growth isn’t an option any more-
we’ve already grown too much. Right now our planet only has enough resources
for each of us to consume 1.8 ‘’global hectares’’ annually.
 Economist Peter Edward argues that instead of pushing poorer countries to
‘’catch up’’ with rich ones. We should be thinking of ways to get rich countries to
‘’catch down’’ to more appropriate levels of development. In the US, life
expectancy is 79 years and GDP per capita is $53,000. But many countries have
achieved similar life expectancy with a mere fraction of this income.
 The idea of ‘’de-developing’’ rich countries might prove to be a strong rallying cry
in the global south. The problem is that the pundits promoting this kind of
transition are using the wrong language. They use term such as de-growth, zero
growth or – worst of all – de development. The idea of ‘’steady-state’’ economics
is a step in the right direction and is growing in popularity but it still doesn’t get
the framing right.
 Progress Developments of Humans in Society - Social Development
encompasses a commitment to individual and societal well-being. The
opportunity for citizens to determine their own and their society’s needs and to
influence decisions that affect these. Social change incorporates public concerns
in developing social policy and economic initiatives

Chapter 6 - The Good Life

 All human activities aim at some good. Every art and human inquiry, similarly
every action and pursuit, is thoughts to aim at some good; and for this reason
the good has been rightly declared as that at which all things aim. (Nicomachean
Ethics 2:2)
 … both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose that living
well and doing well are the same as being happy - (Nicomachean Ethics 1:4).
 `EUDAIMONIA - The word came from the Greek word eu meaning “good” and
daimon meaning “spirit”. Taken together, it generally refers to the good life,
which is marked by happiness and excellence.
 HAPPINESS - Is the ultimate end of human action. It is which people pursue for
its own sake. Financial stability for one’s family, the power achieved from
winning the elections, or the harmony and peace as a reward for taking care of
the environment all these and more are pursued for the sake of happiness.
 Now such a thing as happiness above all else, is held to be; for these we
choose always for itself and never to sake of something else, but honor,
pleasure, reason, and every virtue we choose indeed for themselves, but we
choose them also for the sake of happiness, judging that by means of them we
shall be happy. Happiness, on the other hand, no one choose for anything other
than itself. - Nicomachean Ethics 2:7
 VIRTUE - Happiness defines a good life. This happiness, however, is not the
kind that comes from living of life of virtue, a life of excellence, manifested from
personal to the global scale.
CHAPTER 7 - When Technology and Humanity Cross

 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) - The United Nation General

Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on
December 10, 1948 as the global standard of fundamental human rights for
universal recognition and protection.
“Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable
rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice
and peace in the world” – UDHR Preamble. Human dignity is an ultimate core
value or our existence.
 The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual's rights which,
although not legally binding in themselves, have been elaborated in subsequent
international treaties, economic transfers, regional human rights instruments,
national constitutions, and other laws.
 The first seven articles of UDHR encapsulate the spirit of this so-called
“milestone document in the history of human rights”. They are as follows
- Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one
another in a spirit of brotherhood
- Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis
of the political, jurisdictional or international status of county or territory to
which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or
under any other limitation of sovereignty.
- Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
- Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the
slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
- Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.
- Article 6: Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person
before the law.
- Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection
against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any
incitement to such discrimination.
 Human rights and human dignity are significant concerns
when dealing with socialization and issues on deviance, social control which
includes changes in social conditions and technological development.
 Human rights are considered to have the following characteristics:
1. They are universal becausetheybelong to all human beings
regardless of race, religion, gender and other characteristics.
2. They are fundamental since theycannot be taken away from
any
human being.
3. They are indivisible as various rights are interrelated and given equal
importance.
4. They are absolute since they cannot be qualified and are considered basic
necessities for living a genuine life.

 HUMAN VS. ROBOTS

 The rise of the machines accompanying the progress in science and
technology may render humans useless. Manual labor is gradually being
replaced by machinery.

 BPO- BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING - As of August 2017, it is

estimated that a million Filipino BPO workers may be affected and lose their
jobs with the adoption of artificial intelligence (Santos 2017). It may be exhibited
in exceptional scientific Methodologies, personal virtue, social responsibility, and
global concern.
 Bill Joy, Chie Scientist & CEO of Sun Microsystem “Why the future does not
need us” (2000)
 According to him Genetics, nanotech, and robotics (GNR) - are threatening to
make humans and endangered species.
 He argues that 20th-century technologies of destruction such as the nuclear
bomb were limited to large governments, due to the complexity and cost of such
devices, as well as the difficulty in acquiring the required materials.
 He uses the novel The White Plague as a potential nightmare scenario, in which
a mad scientist creates a virus capable of wiping out humanity.
 J. Robert Oppenheimer, Brilliant Physicist:
▶ Responsible for the research and design of an atomic bomb.
▶Often known as the “Father of Atomic Bomb”.
 Freeman Dyson, Theoretical Physicist & Mathematician
- The Day After The Trinity (1981), shared his thoughts and sentiments as a
scientist taking part in the development of nuclear power.
 The wasteland grows; woe unto him who harbors the wasteland within. -
Friedrich Nietzsche

CHAPTER 8 - Information Society

 INFORMATION- A word is a combination of sounds that represents something.

It is this significance which makes words distinct from just any kind of vocal
utterance. Wordsare made up of sounds and yet theytransmit something
more significant. They transmit a message.
The word are “informed” becausetheycarry “information” (Chaisson,
2006; Ben-Niam, 2015. Words are informed with meaning given by the
speaker and intended for the listeners. Simply put, they communicate meaning.
 THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE - In the human quest for understanding the natural
world, the ability to name and classify objects found in nature was seen as a
first step in knowing.
Thus, the scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of
language and the ability it gave to make sense of nature. For the ancient
Greeks, language was an object worthy of admiration. Words have power.
Thinking in terms of a common system being generated by the speaker and
received by the listeners is useful in the pursuit of knowledge. Science, from the
Latin word scire (meaning to know), is one kind of knowledge the Greeks
wanted to understand.
 Biologists devised a way to illustrate this principle using a system differentiating
between genus and species. Many species belong in one genus.

 The ability to think and conceptually comprehend nature and the principles it
follows eventually leads to SCIENCE.
 LOST IN ANTIQUITY is the first sailing vessel that worked through the power of
the wind.
 THE PRINTING PRESS AND BEYOND - The printing press is a device that
allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form
of books, phamplets and newspaper
 THE WORLD WIDE WEB - A more modern example of technology feeding upon
itself is the 20th century tour de force: the World Wide Web through the
internet. Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented it as a way of addressing data processing
and information sharing needs among scientists for the European Organization
for Nuclear Research (CERN). The telegraph and telephone had allowed the
transmission of information to transcend physical boundaries, processing a
veritable ocean and mountain of scientific data generated by the atom smasher
needed a new medium.

CHAPTER 9 - Biodiversity

 Is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial,
marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which
they are part.
 Why is biodiversity loss a concern?
- Biodiversity - is essential for ecosystem services and hence for human well-
being.
- Biodiversity goes beyond the provisioning for material welfare and livelihoods
to include security, resiliency, social relations, health, and freedoms and
choices.
 Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organism, or derivatives thereof,
to make or modify products or processes for a specific use.
 Genetic engineering - is a technique that allows genes and DNA to be
transferred from one source to anoth. Er and it leads to the production of
living modified organisms (LMOs) or genetically modified organism (GMOs).
 What is GMO?
- A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic  material has been
altered using genetic engineering. Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are
commonly  used in foods and medicines. This has led to concern about the
dangers they might  cause to the environment and to human health.

 The two most common types of GMO’s are:

1. Foods – canola , soya bean , golden rice corn and  aspartame
2. Medicines - Insulin, hormones and vaccine

 Food GMO’s - Crops are modified so when farmer kill weeds with  herbicides the
crops can with stand the exposure to the  herbicide – killing the weeds and not
the crop
 Medicine GMO’s - Genetically modified medicines can be produced cheaper 
and easier.
 Some GMO's are - insulin, thyroid hormones and the  hepatitis B vaccine (insulin
being the oldest).
 Genetic modification - is   the   process   of   altering  the genetic makeup of an
organism. This has been done indirectly for thousands of years by  controlled, or
selective, breeding of plants and animals.
The terms "modified" and "engineered" are often used  interchangeably in the
context of labeling genetically  modified, or "GMO," foods.The full name of the
Biosafety Protocol is "the Cartagena  Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity."
 Cartagena is the name of the city in Colombia where the  Biosafety Protocol was
originally scheduled to be  concluded and adopted in February 1999.
to save millions of lives in the Third World, Golden Rice  is still years away from
field introduction and even then, may fall short  of lofty health benefits; a new
study from Washington University in St.  Louis.
 “Golden Rice is still not ready for the market, but we find little support  for the
common claim that environmental activists are responsible for  stalling its
introduction. This gives the grains agolden colour, as opposed to  regular white
rice, which is practically devoid of  carotenoids.

CHAPTER 10 - NANOTECHNOLOGY
 The term “nano” refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to negative
nine (10 -9 ). Nano is an SI prefix and comes from the Greek word for dwarf -
nanos. While we know intuitively that a red blood cell (which can be observed in
the light microscope) is smaller than a marble, we have no experience with
objects that are billionths (10-9) of a meter (1 nanometer or nm) in length. Here
are a few comparisons to help understand how small a nanometer is:
 Nanostructures can be found in nature. Catalysts, minerals, and other particles
that are measured on nano scale. Since the nano world cannot be seen by the
naked eye, it was only recognized and identified after for the discoveries of
nanotechnology. But what is nanotechnology?
- Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of small things, and refers to
manipulation of matter on an atomic or subatomic scale.

 Potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology:

1. Risk - Scientists have identified for the first time a mechanism by which
nanoparticles cause lung damage and have demonstrated that it can be
combated by blocking the process involved, taking a step toward addressing
the growing concerns over the safety of nanotechnology.
2. Benefits - Numerous prospective benefits for health and the environment are
offered by nanotechnology. with engineered nanomaterials being developed
for renewable energy capture and battery storage, water purification, food
packaging, environmental sensors and remediation, as well as greener
engineering and manufacturing processes.

 Common microorganism that are important to know:

1. Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse

environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the
human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes
bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or
helping with our digestion.
2. Archaea are single-celled microorganisms with structure similar to bacteria.
They are evolutionarily distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes and form the
third domain of life. Archaea are obligate anaerobes living in environments
low in oxygen (e.g., water, soil).
3. Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-
celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic
matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
4. Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to
conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for
instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal
blooms in lakes.
 5. A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of
eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and
molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are
classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic
life kingdoms of plants and animals.
6. A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts.
When infected by a virus, a host cell is forced to produce thousands of
identical copies of the original virus at an extraordinary rate.

 Five Beneficial Effects of Microorganisms:

1. Environmental Benefits - Bacteria and fungi are required to maintain a

healthy environment. Not only do they recycle natural wastes and dead
animal and plant matter, they also produce many of the nutrients that plants
need to grow. Bacteria, in particular, are the only living things that can fix
nitrogen for use in plants. At the same time, microorganisms work in tandem
with certain plants to aid them.

2. Microorganisms in Food - In addition to their direct environmental benefits,

microorganisms are important partners when it comes to the work of creating
food. They can be used to increase the fertility of the soil and increase crop
yields, and they are necessary when making products like bread, beer and
cheese and when growing coffee. At the same time, foods with probiotic
properties, such as yogurt and certain types of chocolate, deliver helpful
microorganisms to our digestive systems.

3. Bodily Benefits - Microorganisms known as gut flora help us digest food

and regulate the production of vitamins and nutrients essential to keeping our
bodies strong and healthy. Bacteria are the first line of defense the human
body has against infection. The bacteria in our bodies produce natural
antibiotics to repel harmful microorganisms, and if a foreign virus does infect
us, many people are host to a beneficial virus that slows the rate of viral
spread in the body.

4. Medical Benefits -We regularly aid the microorganisms in our bodies by

adding more. Though certain species of microorganisms can make you sick –
strep throat, the flu and measles are nothing to laugh at – modern medicine
would not exist if not for the careful study of microorganisms. Technology and
the Future.

5. Applications of microorganisms in our world are constantly being studied.

Certain fungi have been theorized to have anti-cancer properties, and the
CRISPR Cas9 gene found in certain types of bacteria is currently being used
as a gene-editing tool.

 Kinds of microscope:

1. Simple Microscope - A Simple microscope is a microscope that uses only

one lens for magnification. It is the original design of the light microscope. It 
consisted of a small single converging lens mounted on a brass plate with a
screw mechanism to hold the sample or specimen to be inspected.
 2. Compound Microscope - A compound microscope is an instrument that is
used to view magnified images of small objects on a glass slide. It can
achieve higher levels of magnification than stereo or other low power
microscopes and reduce chromatic aberration. With two lenses, the
compound microscope offers better magnification than a simple microscope.

3. Stereo Microscope - The stereo microscope, also called a dissecting

microscope, provides magnification of up to 300 times. These binocular
microscopes are used to look at opaque objects or objects that are too large
to be viewed with a compound microscope, They provide a close-up, 3-D
view of objects’ surface textures, and they allow the operator to manipulate
the object during viewing.

4. Unlike Stereo - Unlike stereo and compound microscopes, which use regular
light for image formation, the confocal microscope uses a laser light to scan
samples that have been dyed. These samples are prepared on slides and
inserted; then, with the aid of a dichromatic mirror, the device produces a
magnified image on a computer screen. applications.

5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) - The scanning electron microscope,

or SEM, uses electrons rather than light for image formation. Samples are
scanned in vacuum or near-vacuum conditions, so they must be specially
prepared by first undergoing dehydration and then being coated with a thin
layer of a conducive material, such as gold. After the item is prepared and
placed in the chamber, the SEM produces a 3-D, black-and-white image on
a computer screen.

6. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - transmission electron

microscope (TEM) uses electrons in creating a magnified image, and
samples are scanned in a vacuum so they must be specially prepared.
Unlike the SEM, however, the TEM uses a slide preparation to obtain a 2-D
view of specimens. A TEM offers a high degree of both magnification and
resolution, making it useful in the physical and biological sciences,
metallurgy, nanotechnology and forensic analysis.

 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that caused Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), HIV cannot be transmitted by water or food. In fact,
HIV does not live long outside the human body. Even if the food contained
small amounts of HIV-infected blood or semen, exposure to the air, heat
from cooking, and stomach acid would destroy the virus. Based on the
current scientific evidence, WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) are of the opinion that food is not a source of HIV
infection.

CHAPTER 11 - Gene Therapy

 What is Gene Theraphy?

- An experimental technique for correcting defective genes that

are responsible for disease  development. The most common form of gene 
therapy involves inserting a normal  gene to replace an abnormal gene.
Method of inserting genes into cells as a drug to treat genetic diseases.
 There are many other approaches to correct a defective gene:

1. A normal gene is expressed (supplementation)

2. An abnormal gene exchanged for a normal gene (replacement)
3. Suppress the expression of the defective gene (suppression)
4. An abnormal gene repaired through selective reverse  mutation (repair)
5. Theodore Friedmann and  Richard Roblin in 1972 - proposed that people
with genetic  disorders be treated by replacing  defective DNA with good
DNA.

 In 1990- the first approved gene therapy  clinical research took place at the
National  Institutes of Health (NIH) under the team  of Dr. Anderson.
It was conducted on a four-year old girl who had ADA deficiency.

 In 1993- the somatic treatment that  produces a permanent genetic change was 
performed.

 Types of GENE THERAPY:

1. Somatic gene therapy - Involves alteration of the DNA of somatic cells

implicated in the  disease. Changes are not heritable.
2. Germline gene therapy - Involves alteration of the DNA of a gamete or
fertilized egg. Changes are heritable; passed from treated individual to
offspring. Currently, there is no germline gene therapy done in humans. Gene
therapy holds promise for treating a wide range of diseases.

Ex. Cancer, Heart disease, and Diabetes

 Advantage of Gene Therapy

1. Give a chance of a normal life to baby born with genetic  disease.

2. Give hope of a healthy life to cancer patient.
3. For certain disease that do not have any cure except gene  therapy, it could
save many lives.

 DisAdvantage of Gene Therapy

1. The genetic testing, screening and research in finding the  availability of

certain gene is very controversy. May increase rate of abortion if potential
test regarding baby  with genetic disease is done.
2. The cost is very high and the patient might need an insurance  to cover the
treatment.

3. Cosmetic industry may monopolized this gene therapy if it is  used in

enhancing beauty and in vanishing the aging effect,  rather than used for
treatment of a disease.
 STEM CELL THERAPY (SCT)
- Is introduction of new adult  stem cells into damaged tissue in  order to treat
disease or injury. The ability of stem cells to self-  renew and give rise to
different  cells, that can potentially replace  diseased and damaged areas in  the
body, with minimal risks of  rejection and side effects.
CHAPTER 12 - CLIMATE CHANGE
 Climate - is not similar to weather which is constantly changing.
 Klinein - Term comes from a Greek word meaning “to slope”
 Global Warming - is the long-term warming of the planet's overall temperature.
Though this warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has
significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels.
As the human population has increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels
burned.
 Greenhouse gases - are gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap heat. During
the day, the sun shines through the atmosphere, warming the earth's surface. At
night, earth's surface cools, releasing heat back into the air. But some of the heat
is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Some common greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming:
 Naturally occuring gases
1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Methane
3. Nitrous oxides
 Man-made gases
1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
2. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s)
3. Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s)
4. Sulfur hexafluoride

 Deforestation - is when humans remove or thin forests for lumber or to use the
land where the trees stood for crops, grazing, extraction (mining, oil, or gas), or
development as the population increases and people migrate.
 Effects of Deforestation - the loss of trees and other vegetation can
cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding,
increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for
Indigenous people.
 Strastopheric Ozone Depletion - A thin layer of ozone is maintained at the
stratosphere as protection from sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays.
 Ozone Depletion - gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous
chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities.
 EL NIÑO - refers to a warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea
surface temperatures, in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
 LA NIÑA - refers to the periodic cooling of ocean surface temperatures in the
central and east-central equatorial Pacific.
 Kyoto Protocol - In short, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized
countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases
(GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets.
 Montreal Protocol - The Montreal Protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global
agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production
and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
 National Disaster Risk Management - to build the disaster resilience of
communities and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing
disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing disaster
preparedness and response capabilities at all levels. It highlights, among others,
the importance of mainstream DRRM and CCA in the development processes
such as policy formulation, socioeconoimc development planning, budgeting and
governance particularly in the area of environment, agriculture, water, energy,
health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning and public
infrastructure and housing among others