11/25/2021

Keynote Speak

OUTLINE

DC Nanogrid (Small Scale of DC Microgrid): Introduction

THE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR A SMALL
COMMUNITY ELECTRIFICATION
Control System of DC Microgrid
Dr. Iwan Setiawan
iwansetiawan@live.undip.ac.id DC Nanogrid project
ELECTRICAL DEPT. UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER OF ENGINEERING FACULTY, UNDIP

1 2

RESEARCH TREND ON
WHY DC MICROGRID ? DC microgrid is a hot research topic
DC MICROGRIDS

RESEARCH TOPIC IN DC
Most RES, such as photovoltaic module and fuel cells produce DC power MICROGRID
1. LOAD POWER SHARING:
Most Energy storage system store energy in DC power DROOP CONTROL DESIGN
2. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
DC Microgrid easy to be controlled CONTROL DESIGN
3. DC MICROGRID
PROTECTION
4. DC MICROGRID STABILITY
Many modern home appliances are DC power in nature 5. DC MICROGRID
INTERCONNECTION
6. COORDINATION CONTROL
7. ISLANDING DETECTION
8. OPTIMIZATION, ETC..

Source: European Network for Research, Good Practice and Source: Gao, Fei, et al. "Primary and secondary control in DC microgrids: a review." Journal of Modern Power
Innovation for Sustainable Energy Systems and Clean Energy 7.2 (2019): 227-242.

3 4

1

TYPICAL TOPOLOGY OF AN ISLANDED DC MICROGRID
Unit/component: Renewable
energy Sources RES (WT, PV,
fuel Cell, etc)
- Connected to the grid via a
Unidirectional converter or
AC/DC/DC converter
- The converter system act as
Grid Following Converter that
inject the available maximum
power to the grid via MPPT
Algorithm
5 6
GENERAL TOPOLOGY OF AN AUTONOMOUS/ISLANDED DC
MICROGRID (SINGLE BUS)
Unit/component: Load
- Connected to the grid directly or
via a DC/DC or DC/AC
converter
7 8
11/25/2021
GENERAL TOPOLOGY OF AN AUTONOMOUS/ISLANDED DC
MICROGRID (SINGLE BUS)
Unit/component: Energy
Storage System ESS (Battery,
Supercapacitor, flywheel)
- Connected to the grid via a
Bidirectional converter
- The converter system act as
Grid Forming Converter that
maintain DC bus voltage at
certain range
- DC bus voltage regulated by using
local controller: a droop
control
GRID-CONNECTED DC MICROGRID
Grid Connected DC microgrid System - In On-Grid Mode, the DC bus
voltage maintained by
bidirectional DC/AC inverter
(grid tied inverter system)
- Control strategy generally used in
grid tied inverter system is vector
control (dq current control)
- In On-Grid Mode, the Grid
forming converter regulate
current/power to maintain the
state of charge of ESS (battery)
- On-Grid Mode is still an open
research problem
2
 11/25/2021

INTERCONNECTION OF DC MICROGRIDS: MULTIPLE DC

MICROGRID HYBRID DC/AC MICROGRID
• The interconnection is • The interconnection is
realized by a bidirectional realized by a bidirectional
interlink DC-DC converter interlink DC-AC converter
(ILC) (ILC)
• ILC Control system : to • ILC Control system : to
share power proportionally share power proportionally
between sub-grids between sub-grids
• ILC Control System could • ILC Control System could
Interlink Converter
be implemented by using be implemented by using
droop control mode (or droop control mode
other modes) • ILC control system is still
an open research problem

9 10

HIERARCHY CONTROL ARCHITECTURE OF MULTIPLE DC

VOLTAGE LEVELS OF DC MICROGRID MICROGRIDS

Voltage levels currently adopted The main issues of DC

for DC power distribution
microgrid:
DC load power sharing
DC bus voltage regulation and power
quality

Optimization problems

presentation Focus
Source: Rodriguez-Diaz E, et al. Voltage-level selection of future
two-level LVdc distribution grids. IEEE Electrification Magazine.
2016;4(2):20-28. DOI: 10.1109/MELE.2016.2543979

11 12

3
 11/25/2021

PRIMARY CONTROL OF DC MICROGRID: FROM CONTROL

PERSPECTIVE CURRENT CONTROL: MORE DETAIL

Primary control Role: Current Control

-To regulate DC bus voltage at about -PI control
nominal voltage -PI parameter tune by pole placement
-The droop control principle- virtual method
output resistance is used for the -time sampling of controller: tens
controller microsecond
-Droop control principle: load power
sharing
-Composed from two level controller:
inner and outer loop

13 14

SIMULATION RESULT OF SEPARATED VS UNIFIED CURRENT

CONTROL DROOP CONTROL MODEL: MORE DETAIL

Principle of Droop control

Block diagram of droop controller

15 16

4
 11/25/2021

SECONDARY CONTROL SIMULATION

Principle of Droop control Block diagram of droop controller plus

bias

1. Tight regulator system

2. Droop control (primary control)
3. Droop control plus secondary control

17 18

SIMULATION RESULT: STIFF DC BUS REGULATION (VDC NOMINAL

48 VOLT) SIMULATION RESULT: DROOP CONTROL DC BUS REGULATION

DC bus voltage DC bus voltage response to

response to current injection and load
current injection change (Kd: 0.1)
and load change
(current: 2A, load:
20 ohm)-> V
nominal 48 volt

19 20

5
 11/25/2021

SIMULATION RESULT: DC BUS VOLTAGE REGULATION WITH

SECONDARY CONTROL DC NANOGRID PROJECT FOR A COMMUNITY

Dc bus voltage response

with secondary control
Energy research center of Engineering Faculty, Undip
MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT: provide electricity to the rural or
remote area communities
PRINCIPLE DESIGN : KISS
KEEP IT SIMPLE AND STRAIGHTFOWARD

KISS :
-Simple design
-Low cost
-Scalable
-Free/Less maintenance

21 22

TOPOLOGY OF DC NANOGRID PROJECT HARDWARE REALIZATION

Main feature/constraint of the

topology
-There is one grid forming converter
(bidirectional converter)-buckup
battery
-PV Power is extracted by using MPPT
algorithm (model: constant power
sources)
-Battery current charging requirement
could be monitor from battery SOC

23 24

6
 11/25/2021

PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT

Thank you

25 26