THE LAW OF SUCCESSION

- The law of succession deals with the ways /manner in which the property of a deceased
person devolves/passes on to his heirs.
- A person may die before writing a will or after doing one .if he dies before doing a will he is
said to have died intestate while if he passes away after doing a will, he is said to have died
testate.
- The law governing these issues is known as the law of succession , cap 160(k) - Section 4
states that Except as otherwise expressly provided in this act or by any other written law
- a) Succession to immovable property in Kenya of deceased person shall be regulated by the
law Kenya, whatever the domicile of that person at the time of his death
; b) Succession to the movable property of a deceased person shall be regulated by the law of
the country of the domicile of that person at the time of his death.
- A male person who is of sound mind, female person, whether married or unmarried provided
he/she’s not a minor may dispose of all or any of his free property by will and may thereby
make any disposition by reference to any secular or religious law that he chooses.
- A “will” means the legal declaration by a person of wishes or intentions regarding the
disposition of his property after his death ,duly made and executed according to the provisions
of part 11 of the Act, and includes a codicil (a codicil is an addendum or addition to a will, which
may be modifying the will or annulling it.
- A will may be either orally or in writing. - An oral will shall be invalid unless
- a) It is made before two or more competent witnesses; and b) The testator dies within a
period three months from the time of making the will: - Provided that an oral will made by a
member of the armed forces or merchant marine during a period of active service shall be valid
if the testator dies during the same period of active service notwithstanding the fact that he
died more than three months after the date of making the will. –
(2) An oral will shall be invalid if, and so far as, it is contrary to any written will which the
testator has made whether before or after the date of the date of the date of the oral will and
which has no been revoked as provided by the act. - No written will shall be valid unless-
a) The testator has signed or affixed his mark to the will, or it has been signed by some other
person in the presence and by the direction of the testator;
b) The signature or mark of the testator, or the signature of the person signing for him, is so
placed that shall appear that it was intended thereby to give effect to the writing as a will;
c) The will is attested by two or more competent witness, each of whom must have seen the
testator sign or affix his mark to the will, or have seen some other person sign the will, in the
presence and by the direction of the testator , or have received from the testator a personal
acknowledgement of his signature or mark, or of the signature of that other person ;and each
of the witness must sign the will in the presence of the testator , but it shall not be necessary
that more than one witness be present at the same time and no particular form of attestation
shall be necessary.
- No will or codicil, or any part thereof, shall be revoked otherwise than by another will or
codicil declaring an intention to revoke it, or by the burning, tearing or otherwise destroying of
the will with the intention of revoking it by the testator, or by some other person at his
direction.
(2) A written will shall not be revoked by an oral will. - However, a will shall be revoked by the
marriage of the maker; but where a will is expressed to be made in contemplation of marriage
with a specified person, it shall not be revoked by the marriage so contemplated.

A “DEPENDANT” means-
a) The wife or wives, or former wife or wives, and the children of the deceased whether or not
maintained by the deceased immediately prior to his death;
b) Such of the deceased’s parents, step-parents, grand-parents, grandchildren, step-children,
children whom the deceased had taken into his family as his own, brothers and sisters , and half-
brother and half-sisters, as were being maintained by the deceased immediately prior to his
death; and
c) Where the deceased was a woman , her husband if he was being maintained by her
immediately prior to the date of her death.
- A court may make provision for dependants other than the way provided by the will. In
making provision for a dependant the court shall have complete discretion to order a specific
share of the estate to be given to the dependant, or to make such other provision for him by way
of periodical payments or a lump sum, and to impose such conditions ,as it thinks fit

INTESTACY - A person is deemed to die intestate in respect of all his free property of which
he has not made will which is capable of taking effect.
- Where an intestate has left one surviving spouse and a child or children, the surviving
spouse shall be entitled to
- a) The personal and household effects of the deceased absolutely; and
b) A life interest in the whole residue of the net intestate estate: - Provided that, if the surviving
spouse is a widow, that interest shall determine upon her re-marriage to any person. - A
surviving spouse shall, during the continuation of the life interest so provided, have a power of
appointment of all or any part of the capital of the net intestate estate by way of gift taking
immediate effect among the surviving child or children, but that power shall not be exercised by
will nor in such manner as to take effect at any future date.
- Where any child considers that the power of appointment under the above provision has been
unreasonably exercised or withheld, he or, if a minor, his representative may apply to the court
for the appointment of his share, with or without variation of any appointment already made.
- Where an application is made as is provided immediately above, the court may award the
applicant a share of the capital of the net intestate estate with or without variation of any
appointment already made, and in determining whether an order shall be made, and if so what
order, shall have regard to-
a) The nature and amount of the deceased’s property;
b) Any past, present or future capital or income from any source of the applicant and of the
surviving spouse;
c) The existing and future means and needs of the applicant and the surviving spouse;
d) Whether the deceased had made any advancement or other gift to the applicant during his
lifetime or by will;
e) The conduct of the applicant in relation to the deceased and to the surviving spouse;
f) The situation and circumstances of any other person who has any vested or contingent interest
in the net intestate estate of the deceased or as a beneficiary under his will. If any; and
g) The general circumstances of the case including the surviving spouse’s reasons for
withholding or exercising the power in the manner in which he or she did, and any other
application made under this section.
- Subject to the provisions of the act and subject to any appointment or award made under this
section. The whole residue of the net intestate estate shall on the death, or, in the case of a
widow, re-marriage , of the surviving spouse, devolve upon the surviving child, if there be only
one, or be equally divided among the surviving children.
- Where the intestate has left one surviving spouse but no child or children, the surviving
spouse shall be entitled out of the net intestate estate to
- a) The personal and household effects of the deceased absolutely; and
b) The first ten thousand shillings out of the residue of the net intestate estate, or twenty per
centum thereof. Whichever is the greater; and
c) A life interest in the whole of the remainder: - Provided that if the surviving is a widow that
life interest shall be determined upon her re-marriage to any person. - The minister may,
however, vary the amount specified above. - Upon the determination of a life interest as created
above, the property subject to that interest shall devolve in the order of priority set out in the act.

- Where an intestate has left a surviving child or children but no spouse, the net intestate
estate shall , subject to the provisions of that the property devolving upon a child be held in trust
and that any previous benefits be brought into account ,devolve upon the surviving child , if there
be only one, or be equally divided among the surviving children ,

Where an intestate has left no surviving spouse or children, the net intestate estate shall
devolve upon the kindred of the intestate in the following order of priority
– a) Father; or if dead
b) Mother; or if dead
c) Brothers and sisters ,and child or children of deceased brothers and sisters, in equal shares; or
if none
d) Half – brothers and half – sisters and any child or children of deceased half-brothers and half-
sisters, in equal shares; or if none
e) The relatives who are in the nearest degree of consanguinity up to and including the sixth
degree, in equal shares.
- Failing survival by any of the persons mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e) above, the net intestate
estate shall devolve upon the state , and be paid into the consolidated fund .

- Where an intestate has married more than once under any system of law permitting
polygamy, his personal and household effects and the residue of the net intestate estate
shall , in the first instance, be divided among the houses according to the number of children in
each house, but also adding any wife surviving him as an additional unit to the number of
children.
- The distribution of the personal and household effects and the residue of the net intestate estate
within each house shall then be in accordance with the rules set out herein above.
- A court may –
a) Where a deceased person is proved(whether by production of a will or an authenticated copy
thereof or by oral evidence of its contents)to have left a valid will, grant, in respect of all
property to which the will applies, either – i. Probate of the will to one or more of the executors
named therein; or ii. If there is no proving executor, letters of administration with the will
annexed;
- (b)If and so far as there may be intestacy, grant, letters of administration in respect of the
intestate estate.
- Court may according to the circumstances of each case, limit a grant of representation which it
has jurisdiction to make

SELF TEST QUESTIONS

A) A person from your home area has died. It is being said he died testate. Explain to your
family what this means and who is a dependent as per the law of succession?
B) Under the law of succession, the property of a deceased person should devolve to his
dependants if he died without having written a will. Briefly explain the various ways in
which the property of the deceased can be devolved to his heirs.