Gi 26.

1
d 1
sinθ 0.342
C' 6316.73
4
 0.85
Sl no Pointer y=Gf-Gi+d/2 Manometer u=√2g*d u/Uo y/
gauge reading h
reading Limb 1 Limb 2 dh=C'(h1-h2)*sinθ
Gf
h1 h2
0 0
1 26.2 0.05 23 22.1 1944.29 19.531 0.77459 0.05882
1 7 4
2 26.4 0.25 23.1 22 2376.35 21.593 0.85634 0.29411
5 9 8
3 26.6 0.45 23.2 21.9 2808.42 23.474 0.93094 0.52941
9 2
4 26.8 0.65 23.3 21.9 3024.45 24.36 0.96609 0.76470
2 2 6
5 27 0.85 23.3 21.8 3240.48 25.215 1 1
5
6 27.2 1.05 23.3 21.8 3240.48 25.215 1 1.23529
5 4
7 27.4 1.25 23.3 21.8 3240.48 25.215 1 1.47058
5 8

Uo 25.21474
 u vs y
1.4

1.2

1
y 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
u

log log
10

y = 0.1567x + 0.8127
log(u/Uo)

1
0.01 0.1 1 10

0.1
log(y/)
area of 0.0000785
nozzle
area of 0.184525
tank(a)
n 36

Run no discharge measurement W F'(N) F(N) error

Initial(cm) final(cm) time(sec) Discharge(m^3/s) (F-
F')/F*100

1 0 2 25 0.000148 9.8 0.272222 0.2776 1.93753

2 3 5 19 0.000194 19.6 0.544444 0.4806 -13.2818
3 7 8 15 0.000123 29.4 0.816667 0.1928 -14.8
4 10 13 14 0.000395 39.2 1.088889 1.9917 45.32908
5 15 18 12 0.000461 49 1.361111 2.7109 49.79202

average error 13.79537

 distance between pressure taps in m 5.26
L=
diameter of pipe in cm= 1.6
T= 20
kinematic viscocity(v)= 10^(-6)
sin(θ)= 1
A 2.00
96
Ru Discharge Piezometric hf/L Re=QD
n measurement reading /Av
no
tim Volum Q piezome piezome differe equivalent
e e(V) ter1 ter2 nce difference
(se (ml) (cm3/s h1(cm) h2(cm) Dh=h1 on vertical scale
c) ec) - hf=Dh*sinθ(cm)
h2(cm)

1 10 700 70 63.1 56.9 6.2 6.2 0.011 5573.2

787 48
2 10 850 85 69.5 59 10.5 10. 0.019 6767.5
5 962 16
3 10 930 93 72.5 59.9 12.6 12. 0.023 7404.4
6 954 59
4 10 960 96 73.9 60.3 13.6 13. 0.025 7643.3
6 856 12
5 10 1030 103 75.5 60.5 15 15 0.028 8200.6
517 37

hf/L vs Re
1
1 10 100 1000 10000
hf/L

0.1

0.01
Re
 Run Discharge measurement velocity of flow
no
h1(cm) h2(cm) time(sec) Discharge(Q) V=Q/a V2=Q/A

valve 1 3.5 4.7 10 348 71.02041 17.72797

90 elbow 2 4.7 6.2 10 435 88.77551 22.15996
contraction 3 6.2 7.2 10 290 59.18367 14.77331

90 bend Valve sudden

contraction
hL KL hL KL hL KL
0.6 2.397245 3.1 19.35276 0.9 0.504124
0.4 1.598163 2.6 16.23134 0.6 0.336083
0.7 2.796785 2.1 13.10993 3.5 1.960484
average KL 2.264064 16.23134 0.933564
D 0.08 a 0.001103
d 0.0375 A 0.005024
v 0.00000899
2

Run no Discharge Manometric reading Re=Qd/av C

measurement
h1(cm) h2(cm) time Q Limb1 Limb2 Dh=12.6*(h1-
h2)
h1(cm) h2(cm)
1 2 17 60 0.005 32.9 25.1 0.9828 18904.68 1.00712910
6 6
2 17 24 60 0.0047 32.8 25.1 0.9702 17770.40 0.95282894
5
3 24 30.6 30 0.0048 32.9 25.2 0.9702 18224.11 0.97715648
2 7 7
4 17 27.1 30 0.0067 37.7 20.2 2.205 25596.94 0.91039966
7 4 3
5 27.1 37.3 30 0.0068 37.7 20.1 2.2176 25861.61 0.91719612
4 6
6 37.3 47.5 30 0.0067 37.6 20 2.2176 25596.94 0.90780961
7 4 6
7 10 27.8 30 0.0097 44.4 10.4 4.284 36864.13 0.94064900
5 7 7
8 23.8 37.5 30 0.0097 44.4 13.3 3.9186 36864.13 0.98352831
5 7
9 37.5 51.5 30 0.0093 44.5 13.5 3.906 35313.95 0.94368808
4 3 9

0.94893170
5

C vs Re
1.02

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Diameter of pipeline 0.08
in m (D)
Diameter of orifice in 0.032
m (d)
Temperature of water in degree 25
centigrate
Area of orifice in m2 0.00080
(a) 4
Area of pipeline in 0.00502
m2 (A) 4
Tank area 0.8464
m2

Run Discharge measurement Manometer Cd averag Re=Qd/a

no reading e Cd v
h1(cm h2(cm time(se Q Limb Limb Dh=12.6(h
) ) c) 1 2 1-h2)

4 7 32 0.0007 23.8 22.6 0.1512 0.57 3543.7

3
7.5 10.8 30 0.0009 23.8 22.6 0.1512 0.67 0.6246 4158.0
2
10.8 14.4 35 0.0008 23.8 22.6 0.1512 0.62 3888.0
8
19.5 27.4 30 0.0022 26.8 19.4 0.9324 0.64 9954.0
8
23 30.4 36 0.0017 27 19.3 0.9702 0.49 0.5798 7770.0
5
30.5 40.5 40 0.0021 27.1 19.2 0.9954 0.59 9450.0
5
40.6 43.5 21 0.0011 24.4 22.1 0.2898 0.60 5220.0
9
43.5 45.8 16 0.0012 24.3 22 0.2898 0.63 0.6211 5433.7
4
45.8 49.2 26 0.0011 24.2 22.2 0.252 0.61 4943.1
9

average 0.6085
Cd
 Q vs Dh
1
0.01 0.1 1 10

0.1

y = 0.0014x + 0.0007

0.01

0.001

0.0001

Cd vs Re
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
 Area of discharge 2301
tank(cm2)
D 1.879
L(cm) 500

Run Discharge measurement manometric hf V Re f=2gDhf/

no measurement LV2
cm cm time(se cm3/s h1 h2
c) ec
1 3.4 3.8 10 92.04 34. 30.4 4.4 33.208 6239.9 0.02941
8 82 37 722
2 3.8 5.1 10 299.13 40. 21.9 19 107.92 20279. 0.01202
9 87 79 641
3 6.1 6.3 10 46.02 44. 17.6 26.5 16.604 3119.9 0.70868
1 41 68 764
4 6.3 7.3 10 230.1 38. 23.4 15.3 83.022 15599. 0.01636
7 04 84 667

1 3.9 5 10 253.11 39. 28.3 11.6 91.324 17159. 0.01025

9 24 83 514
2 5 5.7 10 161.07 34. 28.8 6 58.115 10919. 0.01309
8 43 89 858
3 5.7 7.8 10 483.21 45 15.6 29.4 174.34 32759. 0.00713
63 67 145
4 7.8 8.3 10 115.05 35. 29.2 5.9 41.511 7799.9 0.02524
1 02 21 533