CSM 166 Chapter 3 - Lecture Slides

CSM 166: Discrete Mathematics
for Computer Science

Complex Numbers
Isaac Afari Addo <addoisaacafari@gmail.com>

National Institute for Mathematical Science (NIMS) - Ghana
Department of Mathematics, KNUST
Kumasi-Ghana.
17/06/2021
Content
Introduction
Operations with Complex Numbers
Properties Of Complex Conjugates
Geometric Representation Of A Complex

Number
Operations In Polar Coordinates
CSM 166: Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Chapter 3: Complex Numbers, 17/06/2021
Complex Numbers
Definition 1 (Complex Numbers)

A complex number is a number that can be
expressed in the form z = a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers and i is the imaginary unit, that
satisfies the equation i2 = −1.
Let
z = a + bi (1)
Then a is the real part of z denoted by a = Re(z)
and b is the imaginary part of z denoted b = Im(z)
Complex Numbers
1. If Re(z) = 0 then z is purely imaginary:
z = bi
2. If Im(z) = 0 then z is a real number:
z=a
Conjugate Of A Complex Numbers
Definition 2
The complex conjugate of a complex number
z = a + bi is defined as
z = a − bi (2)
Operations with Complex
Numbers I
Let z1 = a1 + b1 i and z2 = a2 + b2 i. Then

1. Addition:
z1 + z2 = a1 + b1 i + a2 + b2 i
= (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )i
2. Subtraction:
z1 − z2 = a1 + b1 i − (a2 + b2 )i
= (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 − b2 )i
Operations with Complex
Numbers II
3. Multiplication:
z1 · z2 = (a1 + b1 i) · (a2 + b2 )i
= a1 a2 + a1 b2 i + a2 b1 i + b1 b2 i2
= (a1 a2 − b1 b2 ) + (a1 b2 + a2 b1 )i
4. Division:
z1 a1 + b1 i a1 + b1 i a2 − b2 i
= = ·
z2 a2 + b2 i a2 + b2 i a2 − b2 i
1
= 2 [a1 a2 + b1 b2 + (a2 b1 − a1 b2 )i]
(a2 + b22 )
Properties Of Complex
Conjugates
1. z = z
z+z z−z
2. Re(z) = and Im(z) =
2 2i
3. z + w = z + w
4. z − w = z − w
5. zw = zw
z z
6. =
w w
Conjugates
1. z = z
z+z z−z
2 2i
3. z + w = z + w
4. z − w = z − w
5. zw = zw
z z
6. =
w w
Conjugates
1. z = z
z+z z−z
2 2i
3. z + w = z + w
4. z − w = z − w
5. zw = zw
z z
6. =
w w
Conjugates
1. z = z
z+z z−z
2 2i
3. z + w = z + w
4. z − w = z − w
5. zw = zw
z z
6. =
w w
Conjugates
1. z = z
z+z z−z
2 2i
3. z + w = z + w
4. z − w = z − w
5. zw = zw
z z
6. =
w w
Conjugates
1. z = z
z+z z−z
2 2i
3. z + w = z + w
4. z − w = z − w
5. zw = zw
z z
6. =
w w
Geometric Representation Of A
Complex Number (Argand
Diagram)
Let z = x + yi
Absolute Value Of A Complex
Numbers
Definition 3
The absolute value of a complex number z = x + yi
is defined as q
|z| = x2 + y 2
Thus |z| is the distance from the origin to the

point z in the complex plane
Absolute Value Of A Complex
Numbers
Definition 3
The absolute value of a complex number z = x + yi
is defined as q
|z| = x2 + y 2
Thus |z| is the distance from the origin to the

point z in the complex plane
Argument Of A Complex Numbers
Definition 4
The angle θ is called the argument of the complex
number z.
The Principal Argument is 0 < θ ≤ 2π or

−π < θ < π
Deduction From The Argand
Diagram
From the Argand diagram, we deduce the
following
1. x = r cos θ
2. y = r sin θ
3. z = r cos θ + i sin θ
4. |z| = r
y
5. θ = arg z = tan−1 ( x )
Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

coordinates.
(r, θ) is called Polar Coordinate.
Diagram
following
1. x = r cos θ
2. y = r sin θ
4. |z| = r
y
5. θ = arg z = tan−1 ( x )

coordinates.
Diagram
following
1. x = r cos θ
2. y = r sin θ
4. |z| = r
y
5. θ = arg z = tan−1 ( x )

coordinates.
Diagram
following
1. x = r cos θ
2. y = r sin θ
4. |z| = r
y
5. θ = arg z = tan−1 ( x )

coordinates.
Diagram
following
1. x = r cos θ
2. y = r sin θ
4. |z| = r
y
5. θ = arg z = tan−1 ( x )

coordinates.
Diagram
following
1. x = r cos θ
2. y = r sin θ
4. |z| = r
y
5. θ = arg z = tan−1 ( x )

coordinates.
Theorem 1 (Euler)
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ (3)
This leads to De Moivre theorem.
Theorem 2 (De Moivre)
(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)
which is the polar coordinate representation of z
Note: If z = reiθ then z = re−iθ

Theorem 1 (Euler)

Theorem 1 (Euler)

Operations In Polar Coordinates I
Let z1 = r1 eiθ1 and z2 = r2 eiθ2 . Then
1. Addition :
z1 + z2 = r1 eiθ1 + r2 eiθ2
= r1 cos θ1 + ir1 sin θ1 + r2 cos θ2 + ir2 sin θ2
= (r1 cos θ1 + r2 cos θ2 ) + i(r1 sin θ1 + r2 sin θ2 )
2. Subtraction :
z1 − z2 = r1 eiθ1 − r2 eiθ2
= r1 cos θ1 + ir1 sin θ1 − (r2 cos θ2 + ir2 sin θ2 )
= (r1 cos θ1 − r2 cos θ2 ) + i(r1 sin θ1 − r2 sin θ2 )
Operations In Polar Coordinates
II
3. Multiplication :
z1 · z2 = r1 eiθ1 · r2 eiθ2 = r1 r2 ei(θ1 +θ2 )
4. Division :
z1 r1 eiθ1 r1 i(θ1 −θ2 )

= = e
z2 r2 eiθ2 r2
End of Lecture
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CSM 166: Discrete Mathematics

for Computer Science

Isaac Afari Addo <addoisaacafari@gmail.com>

Operations with Complex Numbers

Properties Of Complex Conjugates

Geometric Representation Of A Complex

Operations In Polar Coordinates

Definition 1 (Complex Numbers)

1. If Re(z) = 0 then z is purely imaginary:

2. If Im(z) = 0 then z is a real number:

Let z1 = a1 + b1 i and z2 = a2 + b2 i. Then

Thus |z| is the distance from the origin to the

Thus |z| is the distance from the origin to the

The Principal Argument is 0 < θ ≤ 2π or

Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

Thus z can be represented in (x, y) or (r, θ)

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ (3)

This leads to De Moivre theorem.

Theorem 2 (De Moivre)

(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)

which is the polar coordinate representation of z

Note: If z = reiθ then z = re−iθ

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ (3)

This leads to De Moivre theorem.

Theorem 2 (De Moivre)

(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)

which is the polar coordinate representation of z

Note: If z = reiθ then z = re−iθ

eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ (3)

This leads to De Moivre theorem.

Theorem 2 (De Moivre)

(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)

which is the polar coordinate representation of z

Note: If z = reiθ then z = re−iθ

z1 · z2 = r1 eiθ1 · r2 eiθ2 = r1 r2 ei(θ1 +θ2 )

z1 r1 eiθ1 r1 i(θ1 −θ2 )

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