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117 Polynomial Problems from the AwesomeMath Summer Program

Book · February 2019

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Navid Safaei Alessandro Ventullo

Sharif University of Technology University of Milan
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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 Basic
properties of polynomials - Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 The coefficients of xd in polynomial products . . . . . . 6
1.3 Factoring and its implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Values of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5 Division, GCD of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6 The composition of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.7 Odd and even polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2 Basic
properties of polynomials - Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1 Polynomial roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2 Integer and rational roots of polynomials . . . . . . . . 44
2.3 Intermediate value theorem, increasing and
decreasing polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 Second degree polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.1 The form ax2 + bx + c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2 The discriminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3 Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4 Vieta’s formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.5 Solving inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.6 Miscellaneous problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.7 More advanced problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 Third degree polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1 Roots and graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 Vieta’s formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 More advanced problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5 Fourth degree polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.1 Solving equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Vieta’s formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3 Number of real roots and graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6 On roots of polynomials - elementary problems . . . . . . . . . 111
 x Contents

6.1 Vieta’s formulas in the general case . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

6.2 Inequalities between coefficients and roots . . . . . . . . 115
6.3 Miscellaneous problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7 Number theory and polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.1 Number theory and low degree polynomials . . . . . . . 125
7.2 P (a) P (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8 Introductory problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9 Advanced problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
10 Solutions to introductory problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
11 Solutions to advanced problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
12 Other Books from XYZ Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

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