Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hasinaah S. Candelario
hasinaahsadimcandelario@gmail.com
MIMAROPA Regional Science High School-Senior High School
Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro, MIMAROPA Region, Philippines, 5210
1
Introduction
The Philippines being a tropical country is subjected to various climates. During wet
climates, mosquitoes often see this instinctively as the beginning of mating season.
Akban and Nwaueze (2015) explained that with abundance of moist and water,
mosquitoes copulate and lay eggs due to careless waste disposal, irrigation and poor
drainage which proliferates the living conditions of the parasites. Interest in the control
of Aedes aegypti lies in the fact that they act as vectors of arboviruses such as dengue,
yellow fever and chikungunya. Meanwhile, as of July, 2019, the Department of Health
reported a total of 146,062 dengue cases; thus, the declaration of national dengue
epidemic. Aedes aegypti females has a habit of collecting blood with their stingrays
especially when they lay eggs. As such, they spread diseases to their victims. One of the
solutions to eradicate this problem in mosquito is to start mortality in its larval stage.
Over the years, synthetic insecticides were introduced but although these are effective,
the insect tends to develop resistance to such products (Jirakanjanakit et al., 2007). Aside
from being costly, the use of these repellents also generates problems such as
environmental pollution and has toxic side effect to humans (Sarwar, Ahmad & Toufiq,
2009). This imposes a need for other alternative methods which are efficient, economic
and environmentally safe. Currently, plant based bio-insecticides are intensively studied
attention has been paid to the study on many plant extracts for determining their
2
Mango, from the family Anacardiaceae, is a common domestic plant in the
Philippines. The tree often reach 15 to 18 m in height. The leaves in general are dark
green above and pale below, alternate, with no stipules, simple, leathery and varies in
shape. The roots are unbranched long taproots with a dense mass of superficial feeder
roots. The flowers are tiny, and yellowish or reddish. Native to Southern Asia, mango
has been cultivated, praised and even revered for its many uses. Mango contains
mangiferin (Ramirez et al, 2016); a unique phenolic compound known only to mango.
Although there are many various uses of mango, the leaves specifically have shown
(Helen, Aswathy, Deepthi, Mol, Joseph & Sre, 2013). Furthermore, mango is one of
the most common and most cultivated fruits in the country of the Philippines. There
are diverse mango cultivars available such as Indian Mango (Mangifera indica),
Mango (Mangifera altissima), and Apple Mango (Mangifera laurina). Thus, in this
study, ethanolic extracts of different mango cultivars leaves were evaluated for its
efficacy as potential natural larvicide. Specifically, this work aims to determine the
mortality rate of the 3rd-early 4th Instar Aedes aegypti larvae after exposing to the
examine the morphology of the used Aedes aegypti larvae before and after treatment
ethanolic extract.
3
This work promotes a simpler and cheaper natural larvicide which could help locals
to address problems on rapid increase of Aedes aegypti. In addition, the study will
mosquitoes in their early stage. Thus, the implementation of the practice simulated in the
Methodology
laurina) were collected in Gloria, Oriental Mindoro. Harvested leaves were sun-dried for
three days. Using an electric blender, the dried plant samples were powdered and 500g
The leaf samples of mango cultivars were brought to the National Institute of
authentication.
4
Ethanol Plant Extraction
Five hundred (500) g of dried of mango cultivar leaves were placed in a container
containing 1000mL of 95% ethanol. It was left soaked for 72 hours. The soaked sample
were poured into clean cheesecloth that was prepared and squeezed into another
Subsequent to the process, the extract were purified through the process of water
bath for 1 hour. The extracts were placed into clean amber bottles and placed in the
Figure 2. Maceration and water bath of the mango cultivars ethanolic extract
Phytochemical Analysis
The ethanol plant extract of the mango cultivars were subjected to qualitative
5
Table 1. Qualitative phytochemical screening procedures
Mosquito Acculturation
Larvicidal traps were used to collect A. aegypti eggs from open and closed habitats
and reared in a cup lined with filter paper strips and one third filled with tap water at the
homogenous population of late third to early fourth instars (5 days old and 4–5 mm in
6
Figure 4. Larvicidal traps used to culture eggs of Aedes aegypti
T1 (10,000 ppm) 5 45
T2 (15,000 ppm) 7.5 42.5
T3 (20,000 ppm) 10 40
T4 (25,000 ppm) 12.5 37.5
T5 (30,000 ppm) 15 35
T6 (Crude Extract) 50 ml crude extract
T7 (Negative Control) Distilled water
sylvatica (Pico Mango), Mangifera altissima (Paho Mango), and Mangifera laurina
7
Treatment Application
Batches of ten (10) third or fourth instar larvae were transferred by means of
treatments, crude extract and distilled water as negative control. Each cup was labeled
and then covered by a mosquito net. Small, unhealthy or damaged were removed and
replaced. After 48-hour exposure, larval mortality is recorded. Dead larvae are those that
cannot be induced to move when they are probed with a needle in the siphon or the
Morphology Analysis
The morphology of the 3rd and early 4th instar larvae were observed before and
after the application of the plant extract using a HD-digital microscope. Swelling,
aberrations in the midgut and rear part of the larvae samples after death were also
observed.
Statistical Analysis
Data from all replicates were pooled for analysis. The lethal concentrations to kill
50% (LC50) and 90% (LC90) of larval population were calculated using linear
difference in the number of dead mosquito larvae among the treatments. Meanwhile,
8
Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant
sylvatica (Pico Mango), Mangifera altissima (Paho Mango), and Mangifera laurina
After the experimentation, the treatments were thrown on one spot in which it was
poured with hot water. This method is according to the procedures given in using the
larvicide trap and following the Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Mosquito
the proper clean up cited in the Safety Data Sheet. They were disposed on inert solids or
According to the Safety Data Sheet of the Federal Register on rules and regulations
(2013), the use of chemicals demands personal precautions and emergency procedures in
case of accidental release measures. The use of protective equipment such as safety
glasses, gloves and protective clothing are basic standards. For safe handling, washing
possible exposed areas of the skin before the process and ventilation is required.
9
Results and Discussion
Saponin Foam
+ + + + +
Test
Tannin Lead
+ + + + +
Acetate
Test
Phenol Ferric
+ + + + +
Chloride
Test
Flavonoid Shindo’s
+ + + + +
Test
Quinone Sulfuric
Acid Test
+ + + - +
All phytoconstituents have large roles in subjecting mortality to the Ae. Aegypti
larvae. Dietary phenolics such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds are used as
10
defense compounds and they have antioxidant properties that are used as protecting
agents against free radical-mediated disease processes. Alkaloids have antibacterial and
antifungal properties that ensure endurance against microorganisms, insects, etc. and
growth, feed intake and reproduction in animals. Other than that, it is also an antioxidant,
it impairs the digestion of protein and the uptake of vitamins and minerals in the gut that
micro-organisms and reduce the risk of fungal infection. Tannins are astrigents and have
Table 4. Average Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different Treatments
of Mangifera indica (Indian Mango)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean
T1 (10,000ppm) 4 1 5 3 1 2.8
T2 (15,000ppm) 3 1 4 2 4 2.8
T3 (20,000ppm) 1 3 7 4 2 3.4
T4 (25,000ppm) 2 4 7 7 9 5.8
T5 (30,000ppm) 2 4 8 8 9 6.2
T6 (Crude extract) 10 10 10 10 10 10
T7 Negative Control 5 2 1 0 1 1.8
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Among the treatments of Mangifera indica, treatment six has the highest mortality
rate with mean of 10. This means that treatment six, or the crude extract of M. indica, has
and treatment 1 with 10,000ppm concentrations respectively. The lowest mortality rate is
exhibited by treatment 7 with mean of 1.8, being the negative control treatment using
distilled water. The mortality of Ae. aegypti is directly proportional with the
In the study of Yousaf and Zuharah (2015), M. indica extract is proven to have
strong larvicidal activity among the plants from the Anacardiaceae family tested, having
the the second lowest lethal concentration values. In addition to that, Mohammed and
Chadee cited that the toxic properties and efficacy of M. indica varies by the solvent
used or selected.
Table 5. Average Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different Treatments of
Mangifera rostrata (Carabao Mango)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean
T1 (10,000ppm) 2 2 3 1 2 2
T2 (15,000ppm) 3 3 4 2 4 3.2
T3 (20,000ppm) 2 3 5 6 4 4
T4 (25,000ppm) 5 5 5 6 8 5.8
T5 (30,000ppm) 7 8 8 9 8 8
T6 (Crude extract) 10 10 10 10 10 10
T7 Negative 2 1 0 2 1 1.2
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Among the treatments of Mangifera rostrata, treatment six has the highest mortality
rate with mean of 10. This means that treatment six, or the crude extract of M. rostrata,
has the highest possibility of larval death, followed by treatment 5 with 300,00ppm,
and treatment 1 with 10,000ppm concentrations respectively. The lowest mortality rate is
exhibited by treatment 7 with mean of 1.2, being the negative control treatment using
distilled water. The mortality of Ae. aegypti is directly proportional with the
Table 6. Average Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different Treatments
of Mangifera sylvatica (Pico Mango)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean
T1 (10,000ppm) 2 3 2 1 2 2
T2 (15,000ppm) 2 2 3 4 4 3
T3 (20,000ppm) 5 2 3 3 4 3.4
T4 (25,000ppm) 4 4 8 6 3 5
T5 (30,000ppm) 8 6 8 8 6 7.2
T6 (Crude extract) 10 9 10 10 9 9.6
T7 Negative Control 4 1 2 2 1 2
Among the treatments of Mangifera sylvatica, treatment six has the highest
mortality rate with mean of 9.6. This means that treatment six, or the crude extract of M.
sylvatica, has the highest possibility of larval death, followed by treatment 5 with
13
15,000ppm and treatment 1 with 10,000ppm concentrations respectively. The lowest
mortality rate is exhibited by treatment 7 with mean of 2, being the negative control
treatment using distilled water. The mortality of Ae. aegypti is directly proportional with
Table 7. Average Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different Treatments
of Mangifera altissima (Paho Mango)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean
T1 (10,000ppm) 4 3 2 2 3 2.8
T2 (15,000ppm) 5 2 3 4 3 3.4
T3 (20,000ppm) 4 2 4 4 5 3.8
T4 (25,000ppm) 6 5 7 5 8 6.2
T5 (30,000ppm) 7 8 7 6 8 7.2
T6 (Crude extract) 10 10 10 10 10 10
T7 Negative 5 2 1 0 2 2
Among the treatments of Mangifera altissima, treatment six has the highest
mortality rate with mean of 10. This means that treatment six, or the crude extract of M.
altissima, has the highest possibility of larval death, followed by treatment 5 with
mortality rate is exhibited by treatment 7 with mean of 2, being the negative control
treatment using distilled water. The mortality of Ae. aegypti is directly proportional with
14
Table 8. Average Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different Treatments
of Mangifera laurina (Apple Mango)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Mean
T1 (10,000ppm) 1 0 1 3 2 1.4
T2 (15,000ppm) 3 3 2 2 4 2.8
T3 (20,000ppm) 3 6 4 5 6 4.8
T4 (25,000ppm) 6 5 6 5 7 5.8
T5 (30,000ppm) 8 7 8 9 9 8.2
T6 (Crude extract) 9 10 10 10 9 9.6
T7 Negative 0 2 1 1 0 0.8
Among the treatments of Mangifera laurina, treatment six has the highest mortality
rate with mean of 10. This means that treatment six, or the crude extract of M. laurina,
has the highest possibility of larval death, followed by treatment 5 with 30,000ppm,
and treatment 1 with 10,000ppm concentrations respectively. The lowest mortality rate is
exhibited by treatment 7 with mean of 0.8, being the negative control treatment using
distilled water. The mortality of Ae. aegypti is directly proportional with the
15
Difference on Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 244.3429 6 40.72381 9.255411 1.282E-05 2.445259
Within Groups 123.2 28 4.4
For the results of mortality as shown in the table, there is significant difference
among the five mortality treatments on the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae at p
1.282E-05 < 0.05 level. These results suggest that high concentrations of the Mangifera
indica really have an effect on the mortality effect on the larvae of Ae. aegypti.
Table 10. Difference on Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different
Treatments of Mangifera rostrata (Carabao Mango)
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 311.1429 6 51.85714 55 3.31E-14 2.445259
For the results of mortality as shown in the table, there is significant difference
among the five mortality treatments on the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae at p
3.31E-14 < 0.05 level. These results suggest that high concentrations of the Mangifera
rostrata really have an effect on the mortality effect on the larvae of Ae. aegypti.
16
Table 11. Difference on Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different
Treatments of Mangifera sylvatica (Pico Mango)
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 247.2 6 41.2 29.42857 7.3942E-11 2.445259
Within Groups 39.2 28 1.4
For the results of mortality as shown in the table, there is significant difference
among the five mortality treatments on the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae at p
7.3942E-11 < 0.05 level. These results suggest that high concentrations of the Mangifera
sylvatica really have an effect on the mortality effect on the larvae of Ae. aegypti.
Table 12. Difference on Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different
Treatments of Mangifera altissima (Paho Mango)
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 245.4857 6 40.91429 31.47253 3.33E-11 2.445259
Within Groups 36.4 28 1.3
For the results of mortality as shown in the table, there is significant difference
among the five mortality treatments on the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae at p
3.33E-11 < 0.05 level. These results suggest that high concentrations of the Mangifera
altissima really have an effect on the mortality effect on the larvae of Ae. aegypti.
17
Table 13. Difference on Mortality Rate of Aedes aegypti Applied with Different
Treatments of Mangifera laurina (Apple Mango)
For the results of mortality as shown in the table, there is significant difference
among the five mortality treatments on the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae at p
4.52E-15 < 0.05 level. These results suggest that high concentrations of the Mangifera
laurina really have an effect on the mortality effect on the larvae of Ae. aegypti.
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Sample 4.457142857 4 1.114285714 0.105901521 0.980308959 2.431965056
Columns 17.2 4 4.3 0.408671253 0.802193113 2.431965056
Interaction 38.05714286 16 2.378571429 0.226059015 0.99928434 1.711346961
Within 1578.285714 150 10.52190476
Total 1638 174
difference among the mortality rates of Ae. Aegypti applied with the five mango cultivars
ethanolic extract. This means that any of the five mango cultivars can be used against Ae.
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Probit Analysis of Lethal Concentration of Mango Cultivars Ethanolic Extract
Using the regression equation, values of lethal concentration at 50% and 90% were
held at 23,988.33ppm and 86,963.689ppm for M. indica. This means that the guarantee
that half of the population was killed will be at concentration value of 23,988.33ppm and
at 50% and 90% were 20,090.93ppm and 50,118.72ppm. For M. sylvatica, values of
lethal concentration at 50% and 90% were 22,908.68ppm and 68,706.84ppm. For M.
altissima, values of lethal concentration at 50% and 90% were 20,417.38ppm and
68,391.165ppm. For M. laurina, values of lethal concentration at 50% and 90% were
19,998.62ppm and 42,657.95ppm. Out of the five mango cultivars, M. laurina exhibited
the lowest 50% and 90% lethal concentration needed, while M. indica the highest.
According to the OPP classification criteria for acute toxicity, oral toxicity of the
III. Both have the signal word “caution”. This means that there is no hazard statement
19
required however as caution, the product may be harmful when swallowed and harmful
20
Figure 9. Before and After Treatment of M. laurina ethanolic extract
The figures above showed the digital microscopic photos of the larvae before and
after treatments of the mango cultivars ethanolic extracts. In Figure 5, the body was
hollow yet there the midgut is still present. There is also presence of coloration. This is
due to tannin which acts as a dye and astringent that produces the capability to preserve
tissues (Schrijvers et al., 1989) and as a result, has been used as preservatives for wood
products (Asante et al., 2017). In figure 6, the midgut of the larvae separates or rips into
two after application of the ethanolic extracts. In figure 7, swelling of the Ae. Aegypti
Conclusion
Based on the results, the study showed that Indian Mango (Mangifera indica),
Carabao Mango (Mangifera rostrata), Pico Mango (Mangifera sylvatica), Paho Mango
(Mangifera altissima), and Apple Mango (Mangifera laurina) leaves ethanolic extracts
are effective against mosquito larvae. This is initially supported by the phytoconstituents
such as tannin, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds present in the
extract. In addition, it was found that there is significant difference among the prepared
21
treatments of the different mango cultivars ethanolic extracts wherein treatment 6 (crude
extract) exhibited highest mortality rate for Ae. aegypti larvae. This means that the five
mango cultivars ethanolic extract is dose dependent. The results of the study also showed
no significant difference among the five mango cultivars ethanolic extracts. It means that
any of the mango cultivars aforementioned can be used for its larvicidal potential. The
morphology of Ae. aegypti shows that there is serious aberration on the mid-gut and
Recommendations
For plant extraction, it is best if the ratio of the sample and the solvent is 1:3. This is
to ensure reserves in case complications occur in mosquito rearing. It is also best to use
rotary evaporator to purify the extracts properly. Make sure the cap of the bottle of the
plant extraction is sealed and keep the bottle refrigerated at all times.
Mischelle F. Puntod for providing great supervision during the experimentation period.
References
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Appendix
Flow Chart
26
Phytochemical Testing
Preparation of Chemicals and Putting a small amount of Test of Saponin: Extract was
Laboratory Equipment to be extract shaken with 2 ml of water.
used
PRESENT: All cultivars
Test of Flavonoid: A few Mg Test of Phenol: A few drops Test of Alkaloids: Extract
turnings and a few drops of of ferric chloride solution was mixed with little amount
hydrochloric acid were added were added in the extract of dilute hydrochloric acid
to the extract and were boiled and Mayer’s reagent
PRESENT: All cultivars
for five minutes
PRESENT: Carabao, Piko
and Apple Mango
Test of Quinone: The extract was mixed with Test of Tannin: Lead Acetate
few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to the extract
solution 27
PRESENT: All cultivars
PRESENT: Carabao, Piko and Apple Mango
Treatment Applications (Mangifera indica)
28
Treatment Applications (Mangifera rostrata)
29
Treatment Applications (Mangifera sylvatica)
30
Treatment Applications (Mangifera altissima)
31
Treatment Applications (Mangifera laurina)
32
33