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The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

Calculation
Calculation and and analysis
analysis of of corrected
corrected thermal thermal resistance
resistance in in aa
common
Manufacturing dwelling
commonEngineering
dwelling building
building
Society in
in Romania,
International Romania,
Conference 2017, in
in various
various
MESIC 2017,thermal
thermal
28-30 June
2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
insulation
insulation options options – – The
The exterior
exterior wall wall
Costing models for capacity
Florin Babota a,optimization in Industry
a, *, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțana
a 4.0: Trade-off
Florin Babota *, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan
between used capacity and operational efficiency
0F

0F

a
Technical University
a
of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb

Abstract
Abstract a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
The present paper analyzes the value of thebUnochapecó,corrected thermal resistance
89809-000 Chapecó,ofSC,
theBrazil
exterior wall at a typical residential building in
The present paper analyzes the value of the corrected thermal resistance of the exterior wall at a typical residential building in
Romania. The study was conducted for 8 variants of thermal insulation, with a thickness between 5 and 40 cm. The calculus was
Romania. The study was conducted for 8 variants of thermal insulation, with a thickness between 5 and 40 cm. The calculus was
performed with the CIMPSPAT software, which makes use of a high accuracy numerical method for the thermal balance written
performed with the CIMPSPAT software, which makes use of a high accuracy numerical method for the thermal balance written
in the nodes of the calculus according to the provisions in SR EN ISO 10211:2008. When designing buildings from a thermal
in the nodes of the calculus according to the provisions in SR EN ISO 10211:2008. When designing buildings from a thermal
Abstract
point of view, only the unidirectional thermal resistances are generally considered, without taking into account the regulations of
point of view, only the unidirectional thermal resistances are generally considered, without taking into account the regulations of
the Norm C107/2010 and Order no. 2641/2017, which requires for different building elements (exterior walls, exterior carpentry,
the Norm
Under theC107/2010
concept and Order
of ground no. 2641/2017,
"Industry which requires for different building elements (exterior walls, exterior carpentry,
floors over the last level, slabs,4.0", production
attic floor), certainprocesses will be
minimum values for pushed to be
the corrected increasingly
thermal resistance,interconnected,
which also take
floors over
information the last
based level, ground
on abridges. slabs,
real time attic
basis floor), certain minimum values for the corrected thermal resistance,
capacitywhich also take
into account the thermal Thus, for and, necessarily,
the exterior much
wall, we moreuse
generally efficient.
a 10 cmInthick
thisextruded
context,polystyrene optimization
insulation. In
into account the thermal bridges. Thus, for the exterior wall, we generally use a 10 cm thick extruded polystyrene insulation. In
goes beyond
this case studytheontraditional aim of capacity
a typical residential maximization,
building in Romania, contributing also for organization’s
we want to determine profitability
the minimum thickness andthermal
of this value.
this case study on a typical residential building in Romania, we want to determine the minimum thickness of this thermal
insulationlean
Indeed, that satisfies the requirements
management of the Norm
and continuous C107/2010 and
improvement Order no. 2641/2017,
approaches which requires
suggest capacity for the exterior
optimization wallof
instead to
insulation that satisfies the requirements of the Norm C107/2010 and2 Order no. 2641/2017, which requires for the exterior wall to
have a minimumThe
maximization. valuestudy
of theof
corrected
capacity thermal resistanceand
optimization of 1,80 m2·K/W
costing models is an important research topic that deserves
have a minimum value of the corrected thermal resistance of 1,80 m ·K/W
contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
© 2018
© 2018
2019forThe Authors. Published
Thecapacity
Authors. Published by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
model
© The Published by
Authors. management based on
by Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
developed andaccess
This is an open it wasarticle
used to analyze
under the CCidle capacity and
BY-NC-ND to design
license strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
value. The
Selection andtrade-off
peer-reviewcapacity maximization
under responsibility vs 12th
of the operational efficiency
International is highlighted
Conference and itinisEngineering.
Interdisciplinarity shown that capacity
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
Keywords: corrected thermal resistance; exterior wall thermal insulation thickness; spatial temperature fields; mesh building layout; isothermal
Keywords:
© 2017 The
building corrected thermal
Authors.
surfaces resistance;
Published exterior wall
by Elsevier B.V.thermal insulation thickness; spatial temperature fields; mesh building layout; isothermal
building surfaces
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference
2017.

Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40-744-599663; fax: +40-264-550518.
* The
Corresponding
cost
E-mail author.
of idle
address: Tel.: +40-744-599663;
capacity fax: +40-264-550518.
is a fundamental
florin.babota@ccm.utcluj.ro information for companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail address: florin.babota@ccm.utcluj.ro
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789
This © 2018
is an Afonso.
open The Authors.
access Published by Elsevier Ltd.
* Paulo
This is an and Tel.:article
openpeer-review
access article
under
+351 253
under
the761;
510 CC BY-NC-ND
the CC fax: +351 253license
BY-NC-ND
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail address: under responsibility
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.238
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 442–449 443
2 Florin Babota, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

For this case study concerning the computation and analysis of corrected thermal resistance a common dwelling
building in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, was chosen [1]. Its level height is Basement + Ground floor + Upper floor and it
has a useful total area of Au=210 m2 [2].

Fig. 1 Basement plane

Fig. 2 Ground floor plane Fig. 3 Upper floor plane

The outer walls from the basement are made of 25 cm thick concrete, while the walls in the ground floor and the
rest of levels are made from 25 cm thick vertical void ceramic blocks on reinforced concrete pylons [6]. The main
constructive features are given by the basement plane (Fig. 1), ground floor plane (Fig. 2), upper floor plane (Fig. 3)
and the two vertical cross sections (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5).
This building is situated in the third climatic area, with outside temperature of θe = -18ºC [11], in a zone where
the minimal freezing depth is 80-90cm [9]; it is also situated in the wind area A [10].
The temperature of the unheated attic was taken as θu=-15ºC [11].
Because the rooms have different calculation temperatures (θj = 18ºC, 20ºC and 22ºC) [11], an average internal
temperature was determined (θi.med), proportional to the useful volume (Vuj) of the room, obtaining a median θi.med =
+19,35ºC:
444 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 442–449
Florin Babota, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

∑ θ j ⋅ Vuj (1)
θ i.med =
∑ Vuj
where:
- θj – interior temperature of calculation for directly heated building rooms [°C]
- Vuj – the useful volume of every directly heated building rooms (supplied with heating devices) [m3].

Fig. 4 Transverse vertical section Fig. 5 Longitudinal vertical section

The present thermal insulation of the building is of 10 cm thick expanded polystyrene on the outer walls, 10cm
thick extruded polystyrene for the soil slab and 20cm thick mineral wool for the attic floor [7].
The computations were made for the entire building and the results were analysed for the exterior wall.

2. Computation methodology

The computational software CIMPSPAT was used [13]; this software makes use of the most accurate numerical
method of the thermal balance written in the nodes of the computation grid, according to the provisions of SR EN
ISO 10211:2008 [12]. To simplify the introduction of input data and the processing of the results, the software
contains hundreds of constructive details specific to the types of thermal bridges met in the current design practice
for new buildings and in the energy assessment of the existing structures. The software library contains catalogues
with elements necessary to define the building envelope, displaced in constructive and dimensional typology. The
software also possesses modules for introducing input data, and the materials thermal features and contour
conditions, respectively. The software makes use of temperature space fields and energy equilibrium equations
written in the grid nodes. For the computation of the corrected thermal resistance R' it is necessary to solve the space
temperature field in stationary thermal regime, as described in the relationship below:

∂  ∂θ ( x, y )  ∂  ∂θ ( x, y ) ∂  ∂θ ( x, y )
 λ ( x, y ) ⋅  + λ ( x, y ) ⋅  + λ ( x, y ) ⋅ =0 (2)
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z 

where:
θ(x,y)- the temperature in the coordinate node (x,y);
λ(x,y)- the thermal conductivity of materials in the section in [W/(m·K)].
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 442–449 445
4 Florin Babota, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 6 Digitisation of basement plane Fig. 7 Digitisation of ground floor plane

Fig. 8 Digitisation of upper floor plane Fig. 9 Digitisation of the

building corner detail

In order to numerically solve the above mentioned differential equation with partial derivatives, the geometrical
model, contained between the horizontal and vertical cutting planes, was divided with cutting axes parallel to the
axes of the Cartesian space system with discrete steps Δx, Δy and Δz, so as to form the orthogonal computation grid
of the temperature space field.
The computation grid was taken in steps from 25 to maximum 100 mm along all directions. An example of the
space discrete grid of the concerned building is given in basement plane (Fig. 6), ground floor plane (Fig. 7), upper
floor plane (Fig. 8), building corner detail (Fig. 9), vertical longitudinal section (Fig. 10) and vertical transversal
section (Fig. 11) [13].
446 Florin Babota,Florin
RăzvanBabota
AndreietIernuțan / Procedia
al. / Procedia Manufacturing
Manufacturing 00 (2018)
32 (2019) 000–000
442–449 5

Fig. 10 Digitisation of longitudinal vertical section Fig 11 Digitisation of transverse vertical section

The thermo-technical study relative to this building was performed in eight variants of thermal insulation (Table
1). To have more conclusive results and to be able to make remarks with respect to the influence of thermal
insulation thickness, the material of thermal insulation was selected with thicknesses from 5 to 5 cm (Table 1); the
thermal resistances "R" and solar radiation penetration degree "g" for windows were selected according to the values
given in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of thermal insulation in the eight forms of thermal insulation

Exterior walls Slab on the soil Attic floor Glazed surface
Variant thickness thickness thickness R
material material material g
(cm) (cm) (cm) (m2·K/W)
T1 5 5 15 0,50 0,75
T2 10 10 20 0,60 0,65
T3 15 15 25 0,77 0,50
T4 expanded 20 extruded 20 30 0,80 0,40
mineral wool
T5 polystyrene 25 polystyrene 25 35 0,80 0,40
T6 30 30 40 0,80 0,40
T7 35 35 45 0,80 0,40
T8 40 40 50 0,80 0,40

3. Results

After running CIMPSPAT software [13], the results found are presented numerically, graphically and in the form
of isothermal surfaces
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 442–449 447
6 Florin Babota, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

3.1. Numerical results

The numerical results are presented in synthesis in Table 2, in relation with the thickness of the thermal insulation
of the exterior wall (d); it can be easily noticed the variation of the field thermal resistance (R), of the corrected
thermal resistance (R'), and of the thermal coupling coefficient (L) as well.
Table 2. The exterior wall - Variation of corrected thermal resistanceand thermal coupling coefficient

d R R' L
Variant
(cm) (m2·K/W) (m2·K/W) (W/K)
T1 5 2,33 1,77 145,72
T2 10 3,47 2,00 128,85
T3 15 4,60 2,35 109,75
T4 20 5,74 2,84 90,95
T5 25 6,87 3,09 83,45
T6 30 8,01 3,33 77,56
T7 35 9,15 3,52 73,19
T8 40 10,28 3,70 69,81

From this analysis, it is observed that the value of 1,80 m2·K/W for the minimum corrected thermal resistance is
obtained for a minimal thickness of the ground slab insulation of at least 10 cm. It is also noticed that a value close
to this (1,77 m2·K/W) is obtained for a 5 cm thermal insulation thickness, so it is possible that for some buildings
where the influence of thermal bridges is lower, this thickness of thermal insulation could be sufficient.

3.2. Graphical results

In order to have a better evaluation of the influence of the exterior wall, of its thermal insulation respectively, in
the entire building, we graphically represented the percentage of heat losses through the elements of building
envelope (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12 Percentage of heat losses through the elements of building envelope

Analysing the results presented in Fig. 12, it can be noticed that the thermal performances of the wall and the
windowpane are in good agreement. However, as the heat loss through the walls is diminished and their thermal
performance increased, the heat loss percentage through the glass surface rises. This process is explained by the fact
that while the thermal performance of the building envelope is improved, the thermal performance of the
windowpane is yet limited to the thermal performance of glass for passive buildings.
448 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 442–449
Florin Babota, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 7

Furthermore, is worth to mention that the heat loss through the exterior walls is about half percent of the total
thermal loss of the entire building including the attic floor, slab on the soil and the glazed surface.

3.3. Results in the form of isothermal surfaces

Based on the numerical results found for the entire building, for a better appreciation of thermal insulation
features relative to the exterior wall, in T2 thermal insulation variant (which is actually the current situation),
isothermal surfaces in several characteristic sections are presented, in plane (Fig. 13, Fig. 14 and Fig.15) and vertical
sections of the building, respectively (Fig. 16 and Fig. 17). The vertical sections include the building contact area
with the soil, reflecting the temperature variation in the sections concerned in conformity with the colour range
given in the legend.

Fig. 13 Isothermal surfaces - basement plane

Fig. 14 Isothermal surfaces - ground floor plane Fig. 15 Isothermal surfaces - upper floor plane
 Florin Babota et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 442–449 449
8 Florin Babota, Răzvan Andrei Iernuțan / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig.16 Isothermal surfaces – longitudinal vertical section Fig.17 Isothermal surfaces – transverse vertical section

4. Conclusions

The present paper shows that the requirements in Norms C107/2010 [11] and Order no. 2641/2017 [8] on the
minimal corrected thermal resistance for the outside walls, of 1.80 m2·K/W can be generally reached in a typical
Romanian dwelling house when the thickness of expanded polystyrene insulation is 10 cm (Table 1) and in some
cases even for a thickness of 5 cm [3]. This aspect shows that for the outside walls, the requirements in Norms
C107/2010 and Order no. 2641/2017 on the minimal corrected thermal resistance are very limited as for the same
building the attic floor required a mineral wool thermal insulation of 30 cm [5], while the slab on the soil needed a
extruded polystyrene thermal insulation thickness of 25cm [4]. In other words, if the requirements in Norms
C107/2010 and Order no. 2641/2017 on the minimal corrected thermal resistance for the attic floor (5,00 m2·K/W)
and slab on the soil (4,50 m2·K/W) are difficult to fulfill as larger thicknesses are required (25-30cm), in the case of
the outside walls, a thickness of 10 cm or even 5 cm is sufficient. And all these, in the context in which the largest
heat losses, of about 50%, occur through the external walls (Fig. 12).

References

[1] Babota, Florin - Increase Energy Efficiency and Comfort in Homes by Incorporating Passive Solar Design Features. The Bulletin of the
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Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, Construction. Architecture Section, 60.2 (2014) 39-50.
[3] Bogdan Brumă, Ligia Moga, Ioan Moga - Aspects Regarding Dynamic Calculation of Plan Building Elements Having Thermal Bridges,
Energy Procedia 85, (2016) 77-84.
[4] Florin Babota, Ligia Moga - Computation and analysis of corrected thermal insulation in a common dwelling building in Romania, in various
thermal insulation variants – The slab over the soil, Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 352-357.
[5] Moga L., Moga I., Abrudan A. - Corelation between the Thermal Coupling Coefficient and the Thermal Performance of a Building, Nano,
Bio and Green - Technologies for a Sustainable Future Conference Proceedings Sgem II (2016) 63-70.
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[8] Order no. 2641/2017 regarding the modification and completion of the Romanin regulation "Methodology for calculating the energy
performance of buildings", approved by Order of the Minister of Transport, Constructions and Tourism no.157/2007.
[9] Romanian Standard STAS 6054/77 – Maximum freezing depths.
[10] Romanian Standard STAS 10101/20-90 – Wind loads.
[11] Regulation C107/1-2005 Normative on the calculation of global thermal insulation coefficients in residential buildings.
[12] SR EN ISO 10211:2008 - Thermal bridges in building construction - Heat flows and surface temperatures - Detailed calculations
Construction and Management of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
[13] CIMPSPAT – Expert type computer program of the expert type, developed by the Building Physics team from the Department of Civil.