Questions 30-40

1. Except for flies, all flying insects have two pairs of wings, one of which is attached to the upper
mesothorax and the other to the upper metathorax.
Tense : present tense
karena kalimatnya menggunakan verb1 seperti is
Adjective clause :which
Karena sebelumnya ada kata benda yakni one of dan setelah wich ada kata is attached itu
merupakan verb atau kata kerja
2. It is likely that their wings originated as flaps that could be extended from the thorax, allowing
wingless insects to escape danger by leaping from an elevated perch and gliding some
distance away.
Tenses :
3. Insect wings are unique. having evolved specifically for flight, while the wings of birds and bats
are merely modifications of preexisting limbs.
4. The earliest insects known to be capable of true flight had two pairs of wings that remained
extended and did not fold, even when the creature was at rest. Each pair flapped
independently of the other pair, a contemporary parallel to this feature being found in the
wings of dragonflies, which are members of a primitive but common order of insects.
5. Many advanced insects, such as beetles, butterflies, and wasps, have evolved means to link
their forewings and hind wings to form two coordinated flight surfaces rather than four.
6. Most insect wings are laced with veins.
7. These are distinct ridges, the pattern of which is often critical to the identification of individual
species.
8. The spaces between the veins are called cells; those extending to the wing margin are open
cells, and those enclosed by veins on all sides are closed cells.
9. Adult insects that emerge from a pupa have wings that at first look crumpled and useless.
10. Extensions of the tracheal respiratory system run through the veins, and blood circulates in
the spaces around the tracheae.
11. As air is pumped through the veins, the wings of these newly emerged insects unfurl and
straighten. As the veins harden, they provide both strength and a degree of flexibility, and the
wings become capable of sustaining flight.
12. The veins of the wings tend to be thicker and stronger near the body and along the forward,
or leading, edge and thinner and more flexible near the tip and along the trailing edge.
13. The trailing edge curls on both the upstroke and the downstroke, pushing against the air
behind it and producing not only lift but forward propulsion and reduced drag.